1. Motivation
For the Coach
In a sport setting.
By Chris McPhail.
For Sports Coaching Pedagogy,
8914
12/4/2013

2. What is Motivation?
Motivation is defined by,
• Effort
• Perseverance
• Choice These three attributes are representative
Burton, D. Raedeke,T.(2008) of motivation they do not necessarily
describe it fully.
Roberts, G. (1992)
Motivation incorporates these three things and more.
These are the symptoms of the disease.

3. • Motivation has been looked at in psychology since its
inception.
• Need Achievement Theory
– Success-Seeking, Failure Avoidance.
– McClelland 1961, Atkinson 1957/58
Roberts, G. (1992)
Motivation: A History
• Behaviorism (Skinner)
• Extrinsic Motivation

4. Focus began with success seeking and failure avoiding, i.e. Mechanistic drives.
Research was based on behaviorist theories.
Reasons for participation.
Shift towards cognitive theories of motivation.
“humans are active and initiate action through subjective
interpretation of the achievement context.”(Roberts, G. 2001)
Research in Motivation

5. Cognitive Theory
Cognition allows for the theory that we as people interact
with and make conscious decisions regarding our environment.
Roberts, G. (2001)
Reasoning,
the Mental Process
• Self-Efficacy
“High efficacious athletes are not
• Achievement afraid to pursue challenging goals;
they cope with pain; and they
• Goal setting persevere through setbacks…”
Feltz, D. Short, S. Sullivan, P. (2008)
Roberts, G. (1992)

6. Functional significance
Deci,E. Koestner, R. Ryan, R. (1999.)
Rewards
Intrinsic Rewards.
Burton, D. Raedeke, T. (2008)

7. Why Motivation?
Because motivation is a As a coach one wishes
key ingredient to success in a to encourage
sporting context. lifelong participation.
For creating a way to
To help get the best have athletes learn and
out of our athletes. improve in sport and life.

8. Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Self-Determined Non Self-Determined
What Motivation?
Amotivation

9. Mastery-Oriented people!
Derivation of Joy and Satisfaction
Vallerand, R. (2001)
Intrinsic Motivation
Self-Determined vs Non Self-determined Extrinsic Motivation
People work longer with intrinsic motivation as demonstrated by many
different experiments, least of all Deci’s work from 1972.
Internalising of Goals
Mageau, G. Vallerand, R. (2003)

10. Basic Needs
1. Fun
2. Acceptance & Belonging
3. Control & Autonomy
4. Competence
Burton, D. Raedeke, T. (2008)

11. How to? Motivation
Across many of the most recent articles pertaining to motivation in
sport we see that the idea is to create an atmosphere where
intrinsic motivation can flourish, alongside self-determined extrinsic
motivation.
Three basic psychological needs have to be met for strong
motivation, the role of the coach is to nurture these needs.
• Social belonging
• Competence • Task
• Autonomy • Authority
• Recognition
• Grouping
• Evaluation
• Time.
Mageau, G. Vallerand, R. (2003)
Epstein (1988,1989) in Ames, C. (1992)

12. Process
“Preparation is where success is truly found…”
John Wooden
In Burton and Raedeke (2008)

13. Conclusions…

14. References
Ames, C. (1992). Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes. In
Roberts, G (Eds), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 161-176). Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics
Burton, D. Raedeke, T. (2008). Sport psychology for coaches. Champaign, IL. Human
Kinetics
Deci, E. (1972). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement and inequity. Journal of
personality and social psychology, 22(1), 113-120. Retrieved from http://
ww.selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/1972_Deci_JPSP.pdf
Deci, E. Koestner, R. Ryan, R. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining
the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological bulletin, 125(6),
627-668.
Feltz, D. Short, S. Sullivan, P. (2008). Self-efficacy in sport. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics.
Mageau, G. Vallerand, R. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model.
Journal of sport sciences, 21, 883-904. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140374

15. References cont.
Roberts, G. (1992). Motivation in sport and exercise: conceptual constraints and convergence.
In Roberts, G (Eds), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 3-30). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Roberts, G. (2001). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in physical activity: The influence
of achievement goals on motivational processes. In Roberts, G (Eds), Advances in
motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 1-50). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Vallerand, R. (2001). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and
exercise. In Roberts, G (Eds), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 261-320).
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.