course material

1. KD4010 Electricity, Magnetism And Electronics
Answer:
Introduction
To manage electronics effectively, they must be monitored and tested frequently. To
determine the electrical component's properties, an LCR meter is utilized. L, C, and R denote
inductance, capacitance, and resistance. The LCR meter is a high-precision meter
(Djermanova et al., 2014, pp.170-173). It's simple to harm a precision instrument if the
procedure isn't conventional, lowering the measurement accuracy. A versatile tool is used
to examine such components and characteristics when the power goes out. Its best
frequency range is 100KHz from 100Hz, making it an important tool. A quality management
system for a company that manufactures LCR meters is reported in this study.
LCR Meter Manufacturing Industry
Since 1935, Hioki has only produced electrical measuring equipment. Electrical
measurement instruments in R&D are called "mother tools" due to their relevance in
service, maintenance, and production processes. They help society grow and progress by
reflecting on technological advances and anticipating changing desires. The industry seeks
technological advancements. Hioki has a long history of experimenting with new
technologies to add value to customers.
After its founding in 1935, its business centred on mass-producing meters and testers. We
reorganized our management in 1974 and began focusing on research & development,
leading to the birth of our four product lines. As a result, cutting-edge technologies like no-
metal-contact voltage and current measuring have arisen. We can contribute to society by
creating new product groups that are the industry's tentpole by embracing unique
challenges.
LCR Management Procedures
Electronic quality control is required in the production process. Therefore, this top-level
priority directly affects industrial production standards.

2. It affects the life expectancy of your equipment. Businesses need to determine how long
their products will work for their customers to provide warranties. Unsatisfactory products
might easily add to high prices (Velychko et al., 2019, pp.171-177).
Government regulations often require it. Due to the possible danger to the lives of its users,
product quality is crucial in the automobile sector.
Quality Control Methods
Quality control can be performed in various areas during the manufacturing process,
including component selection, data processing, and process optimization.
Components
Circuit boards, which are vital to electronic systems, are constructed from various
minuscule components, which are measured using an LCR meter. The selection of
components and the assembly of the board are two areas where you may meet challenges. If
your supplier goes out of business, you want to ensure that your items are available to you
on an ongoing basis. Furthermore, it is critical to avoid the usage of counterfeit components.
These risks are mitigated by verifying the availability of components ahead of time and only
working with vendors with a proven track record in the industry.
Data
When it comes to equipment assembly, precision data is critical. Data is required to do risk
analysis and track down production line failures on a production line. This data must be
traceable throughout the entire organization to be useful. When no other standard is stated,
the electronics sector typically offers the ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems standard
as an alternative.
Processes
A standard that incorporates performance classes is the IPC-6011 Generic Performance
Specification for Printed Boards, an example of a standard that does so. There are three
categories of electronic products, each defining a maximum number of defects that can be
introduced into the system. Several standards, like J-STD-001 and IPC 610-A, can be
beneficial to electronic assembly workers since they provide guidelines for acceptable
electronic assemblies and requirements for soldered electrical and electronic assemblies.
Procedures For Quality Control
There can never be enough emphasis on the need for a quality control station on an
electronics manufacturing line. To be effective, a quality assurance strategy must include
the following procedures.

3. Taking Care Of Business In The Face Of Risk
When setbacks are eliminated, it is possible to reduce losses in the Electronics
Manufacturing industry. Therefore, it is critical to deliver products on time and meet
deadlines as part of risk management procedures. It is possible to avoid problems from
affecting the rest of the procedure and reduce liability if you go about things in this manner.
Engineers Who Have Earned Their Certification
People who work for quality control programs are only as good as the programs they
oversee. Therefore, it is critical to select the most qualified engineers with whom to
collaborate. Consider the reality that some engineers work for a variety of different
companies.
Certifications
Even though quality certifications are not required, they can help fill in the gaps left by most
quality control procedures. Certifications are intended to address the overall quality of the
equipment and the competencies of the personnel who use it. These can aid in brand
awareness by raising the company's reputation, which is beneficial for brand recognition. It
is so comparable to a service guarantee that clients are likely to be impressed as well.
The IPC Conducted An Inspection.
Many organizations rely on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IPC), a trade
organization established to standardize electronic Manufacturing, as their first line of
quality acceptance. This official body specifies the acceptable quality level (AQL) of an
electronic component, and parts that produce many defective units are rejected from use.
The First Article Has Been Approved.
The First Article Approval (FAA) procedure is used when a factory produces a batch of
products and tests the first to ensure that the products are of high quality. The entire batch
will be produced in large quantities if the test proves to be a success.
Traceability
As an added benefit, a traceability system helps ensure the safety and dependability of your
products.
LCR Meter Manufacturers' Consideration While Maintaining Quality
A manufacturer's Quality Assurance Process begins with the receipt of raw materials. From

4. the start, LCR contract manufacturers must fully engage in-house engineers to examine the
design and component needs. If the bill of materials is acceptable, the reviewer will look for
concerns: Specific circuits may require component replacements or design changes to
improve LCR performance. A high-quality circuit board cannot be built with pricey or
difficult-to-find components. Components must be withdrawn earlier than intended for
circuit board production to be affected. Replace obsolete or end-of-life parts before
Manufacturing to avoid rework. A thorough technical analysis is required for optimal circuit
board manufacture.
LCR manufacturers must use procurement workers to ensure high-quality parts are
purchased and counterfeits are prevented. This organization will have gathered an
extensive list of pre-screened part makers, distributors, and brokers.
Production environments must be clean, organized, and ready to work. In this aspect, LCR
meters are controllable. To accomplish precise LCR assembly, production equipment must
always be running at maximum capacity. Second, the contract manufacturer should be
qualified to develop your custom electronic devices. IPC-certified production technicians
should also perform soldering and other assembly techniques. Third, assembled products
containing LCR parts must meet strict quality and consistency standards (Simi?, 2014, pp.
769-773). A list of locations to check out. Rather than examining everything at the end of
the process, many inspection points should be built during LCR production. Optical
inspection equipment can detect faulty solder joints and misplaced components. To assure
the highest quality, the circuit board should be tested once designed. Lastly, an LCR contract
maker will test the board at the last circuit board assembly quality control stage. Final
Quality Checks The most typical tests are in-circuit and flying probes. Assemblers can count
on them to keep things running smoothly. Input signals come from the test system, which
uses probes to contact test sites. Look for signals to determine appropriate pin soldering. A
produced circuit board that has passed strict quality control inspections will be provided to
the customer once testing is completed if the components and circuits work as expected.
Also, quality control is a top priority at our company.
LCR Manufacturing And Testing
Producing And Testing
LCR has a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in the United States that services the
defence industry's needs for embedded computer systems, including assembly,
manufacture, integration, and testing.
The Assemblage Of High-Quality Mechanical Parts
To provide the most reliable embedded computing devices for mission-critical defence
applications, we have a team of highly skilled, highly driven employees. To guarantee
consistency and repeatability in our products, we use formal protocols to guide every step

5. of the manufacturing, assembly, and testing processes. In addition, our production staff
teaches automated assembly procedures, and our manufacturing area is very adaptable.
They work together so that product mixtures and demand cycles can be swiftly re-adjusted.
We Are Assembling And Testing The Cables.
Our cable team's knowledge of a wide range of wire types, from discrete wire assemblies to
Quadrax cable assemblies and fibre optic cable assemblies, sets them apart from the
competition (Geurkov, 2008, pp. 1-4). A wide range of splicing, wire stripping, and crimping
operations can be performed using automated processing equipment, allowing high mix-
low volume production. All copper cable types up to 1,536 test points can be tested using
automated Fiber Optic test equipment, LC and MPO format fibre optic assemblies.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining
At LCR's machining centre, we support all of our precision ATR, 19" and custom enclosure
lines of products. LCR's expert machinists provide the finest quality outcomes in engineered
electronics packaging solutions from prototypes to entire production units.
Printing In Three Dimensions
Our ideas are supported by various early-stage prototypes and tools such as engineering
models and manufacturing components such as connectors. In addition, our staff is well-
versed in the design and fabrication process using cutting-edge printers and numerous
high-strength materials like onyx, fibreglass, Kevlar, and carbon fibre.
The Capability To Perform Environmental Testing
Engineers at LCR can perform a wide range of environmental testing, including MIL-STD-
810, 901D and 167 testing and EMI/EMC testing to MIL-STD-461, in-house and offsite. In
addition, a wide range of ambient temperatures is used for temperature testing, including a
full thermal cycle and airflow.
Systematic Testing
Our manufacturing team may perform a comprehensive set of bespoke tests to guarantee
that the system's foundational backbone is application ready for integrated system
production. An array of possibilities for signal flow analysis and data read/write
correctness can be included in testing, as can basic communications, network connectivity,
and signal I/O.
Sample Test Addresses Failures Of Lcr Meter

6. As a quality manager, there are common failures that are addressed in the manufacturing
company through critical corrections and keen consideration to ensure effective product
production; these failures are:
Test analysis failure: the most common failure is the phase and abnormal frequency tests.
Interface failure: here, the issue arises when the control system and storage medium that
are supposed to be identified fail to connect (Tran et al., 2019, pp.5727-5735).
Displayed failure: commonly occurs when the meter screen appears black or is broken.
A power failure occurs when there is an issue while turning on the LCR meter, and it cannot
turn on normally.
Critical failure corresponds to the failure of the adjustment knob or any other key to
respond.
Input terminal failure usually occurs due to abnormal signal amplitude or impedance
(Ronanki and Williamson, 2019, pp.2585-2594).
The Proper Response To LCR Meter Failures
As a company, such failures have been recognized, and to achieve our goal of providing
quality products, here are some of the responses:
Ensure there is appropriate grounding. This is suitable because it prevents static electricity
and its generation that are harmful to the operator of the LCR meter.
Ensure appropriate use of AC power with three phases in the LCR meter.
Use protective grounding conductors in autotransformers, power cords, and lead wires to
avoid protection failures.
Factory Actions To Control The Quality
Qualitative, quantitative, or semiquantitative laboratory examination methods have
different quality control procedures. The following are some of the differences between
these exams. Quantitative tests quantify the amount of an analyte present in the sample, and
precise and accurate measurements are required. A numerical value is expressed in a
specific unit of measurement (Jain et al., 2021, pp.349-353). The presence or absence of a
material or the shape of cells are examples of qualitative examinations. Positive or negative,
"reactive" or "nonreactive" are adjectives used to describe the outcomes rather than
numerical ones. Other terms used to describe the results include "normal" and "abnormal,"
and "growth" or "no growth." There are two types of qualitative examinations:
semiquantitative and quantitative.
However, the difference is that a substance's concentration is estimated using these assays.
When they put in place quality control measures, they can keep an eye on the
manufacturing process. Process control includes quality control (QC), an integral part of any
quality management system. Testing system faults can be detected and corrected using this
software, which keeps track of everything that happens during the examination part of the
test. The failure of the testing system, unfavourable environmental circumstances, or poor

7. performance by the operator could all be to blame. Before patient findings are given, QC
gives the lab peace of mind that test results are correct and dependable. In addition, there
are two types of controls: those that contain the analyte and those that do not. Patients'
samples and controls are tested simultaneously and in the same way. The control's goal is to
verify the test system's dependability and assess the operator's skills and any external
factors that could affect the results.
Once the proper control materials are procured or developed, the following step is to define
the acceptable range for the control material. This will let the lab know if the test run is "in
control" or if the control variables are not reading correctly—"out of control". Repeated
assays of the control material are used to achieve this goal. To facilitate daily monitoring,
the laboratory will find it extremely helpful to display the range graphically once the
necessary control value ranges have been defined. Levey–Jennings charts are frequently
used (Pokatilov al., 2010, (pp. 408-409). A QC sample can now determine if daily runs are
"in control" by comparing it to the patient samples. A control sample must accompany each
set of patient samples. Furthermore, the use of quality control data Experiments is labelled
as "out of control" when their quality control sample fails to meet predetermined standards.
In summary, I recommend the following concerning our company's efforts to secure high-
quality LCR meter reading equipment. Clients now receive the specifications papers before
operations by providing operation guidelines and specific requirements. Not only does this
help novice users, but it also helps experienced users avoid power outages. Clients' faith in a
product's quality is built and maintained when certified. For the product to be made, flaws
and other failures must be discovered, corrected and used for the proper purpose.
References
Ronan, D. and Williamson, S.S., 2019. Failure prediction of submodule capacitors in the
modular multilevel converter by monitoring the intrinsic capacitor voltage fluctuations.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 67(4), pp.2585-2594.
Geurkov, V.L., 2008, June. Built-in self-test for direct-conversion digital LCR-meters. In 2008
IEEE 14th International Mixed-Signals, Sensors, and Systems Test Workshop (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Simi?, M., 2014, October. Realization of digital LCR meter. In 2014 International Conference
and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE) (pp. 769-773). IEEE.
Velychko, O., Shevkun, S. and Dobroliubova, M., 2019. Features of Calibration of Precision
LCR Meters. Sensors & Transducers, 237(9/10), pp.171-177.
Pokatilov, A., Satrapinski, A., Kübarsepp, T. and Märtens, O., 2010, June. Verification of
performance of commercial LCR meters. In CPM 2010 (pp. 408-409). IEEE.

8. Tran, N.T.M., D’Elia, V., Callegaro, L. and Ortolano, M., 2019. A capacitance build-up method
to determine LCR meter errors and capacitance transfer. IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, 69(8), 5727-5735.
Djermanova, N.J., Kiss’ovski, J.G. and Vatchkov, V.A., 2014. Portable Arduino-Based LCR–
Meter. Annual Journal Of Electronics, pp.170-173.
Jain, P., Kumar, S., Mandal, J., Singh, N., Biswas, J.C. and Saxena, A.K., 2021. Determination of
Inductance through capacitance using commercial LCR Meters. JAPAN, 36(2), pp.349-353.