1. The Evolution of Philippine
Society and Culture

2. Pre-Colonial Culture, was it
Indigenious Culture or
Civilization?

3. Webster
• Defines civilization as the advanced
state of human society in which a
high level of

4. Jocano
• ‘’The Vision of our Future must be rooted in
our Image of the Past,’’ however, strongly
contends that: ‘’Filipinos possessed an
elaborate civilization in the past. This
achievement did not become part of Filipino
consciousness, even today, because of the
advent of colonization during which a
systematic distortion of our perspectives
about ourselves was carried out.’’

6. Egyptian Pyramid

7. Great Wall of China

8. Cambodian Angkor Wat

9. Origin of
the
Philippines

10. Earlier accepted theories about the
origin of the Philippines

14. The Filipino Race

15. H. Otley Beyer (eminent anthropologist
of the American period
• The racial mixture of the Filipinos is as follows:
– Malay (40%)
– Indonesian (30%)
– Negrito (10%)
– Chinese (10%)
– Indian (8%)
– American (3%)
– Arab (2%)

17. The Earliest People

18. • Dr. H.O. Beyer’s migration
theory arranged the peopling
of the Philippines with the
coming of the Dawn Man, the
prehistoric cousin of the Java
man and Peking man of
250,000 years ago.

19. Asian Migrations

20. • According to Prof. Beyer,
three Asian peoples are:
–Negritos
–Indonesians
–Malays

22. Negritos

25. Indonesians

26. The Malays
Came in three waves;
First: brought their mining and smelting
technology, and their agricultural system.
They were headhunters who chiefly
depended on hunting, fishing, and fruit
gathering. They developed terrace
agriculture with elaborate irrigation
systems.

27. • Second wave: brought their syllable system of
writing. They were known as the alphabetusing Malays.
• Third wave: the Muslim Malays introduced
Islam in the Philippines.
– More advanced culturally and economically than
the Indonesians.
– Their culture belonged to the Iron and Porcelain
periods.
– Lived in organized communities and had domestic
and foreign barter trade, wet agriculture, and
industries.

29. Malays

30. The First Filipino
• Tabon Man (22,000-30,000 years ago) – who
lived in Palawan.
– The skull cap of this Stone Age human was
discovered by Dr. Robert Fox inside Tabon Cave in
1962.
– Medium height, and had a high eyebrow and
sloping forehead,.
– Depend on forest fruits, roots and edible plant,
and by hunting wild animals.

35. First Filipino Communities
• Barangays
– Units of social organization with broader political,
economic, and religious features than the family
(Jocano 1975).
– 30-100 families had distinct culture of their own.
– As political organization, it was a consultative
monarchy and was considered the barangays carried
on trade and commerce not only among themselves,
but also with other foreign entities.
– They concluded treaty of friendship and alliance with
each other through ritual sanduguan (blood
compact).

38. Social Classes
• Traditional history divided pre-Spanish cosiety
into three classes:
– The nobles or upper class
• The chiefs (Datu or Rajah), their families and relatives
– The freemen or middle class
• Free-born or freed slaves constituted the majority of the
social classes
– The dependents or alipins
• Aliping namamahay – owned house and properties
• Aliping sagigilid – had no right, could be sold anytime by his
master, generally they were captives of war

39. Spanish Colonial Society
• Ferdinand Magellan
– The first European to reach the Philippines
– A Portuguese explorer commissioned by the Spanish
ruler to search for the Spice Islands.
• Villalobos
– Named the islands “La Felipinas” in honor of Prince
Philip, who later became the King of Spain.
• Legazpi (1565)
– Successfully established the first Spanish settlement in
Cebu.

41. Roy Lopez de Villalobos

43. Encomienda System
• Established a feudalistic society which was
characterized by a master-slave relationship
between the conquistadores and the Indios
(natives).

45. Doctrine of Limpieza de Sangre (purity
of blood)
• Creating a social ranking among various
groups.

46. Peninsulares

47. Insulares

48. Indio

49. Frailocracy (Quasi-Theocratic
Society)
• “Frailocracia” – “rule of the
friars”

51. American Colonial Society
• Education
– The main vehicle of peaceful pacification through
education was the establishment of the Public
School System by the American-controlled Second
Philippine Commission under Taft.
– The Commission’s Act No. 74 provided initially for
free primary education with English as the
medium of instructions.

52. • Pensionado system or the scholarship grant to
the United States
– Another subtle device created by the Americans
to project better their benevolence.
– It was recorded that by 1912 more than 200 of
this pensionados or “Americanization trainees”
had obtained their university degrees in the
United States.

53. Politics
• Introduction of democracy
– Cooper Act
– Jones Law
– Tydings-McDuffie Law
– Bill of Rights

54. Economic Relations
• Free trade relations with the United States
made the Philippines economically dependent
on the United States.

55. Miseducation and Colonial
Consciousness
• Colonial or “Stateside mentality
Literature-Agent of Deculturization
Literature during this period was divided into two
schools of thought:
• reactionary school – whose clientele were the
collaborators or “Americanistas”
•progressive school – whose proponents were
from the “irreconcilables”