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DH2016
Krakow , July 14th 2016
METAPHOR MINING IN HISTORICAL GERMAN NOVELS:
USING UNSUPERVISED LEARNING TO UNCOVER
CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS IN LITERATURE.
STEFAN PERNES
UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG
‣ a systematic mapping, or rather, the projection of one
domain (e.g. light) onto another (e.g. beauty)
‣ a (usually abstract) concept can be experienced through
another (usually concrete) concept
DEFINITIONS
Der Mensch ist ein Wolf.
Die Tante meckert.
Es ist strahlend schön.
‣ linguistic metaphor
Man is a wolf.
The aunt bleats (complains).
It is radiantly beautiful.
‣ conceptual metaphor
DEFINITIONS
Wie geht’s?
Es läuft gut.
Es geht voran.
LIFE IS A JOURNEY ARGUMENT IS WAR
Das Argument ist vernichtend.
Die Theorie hält stand.
Die Kritik trifft gezielt.
‣ a cognitive ‘bracket’ that encompasses all possible specific realisations
‣ a cognitive phenomenon that expresses itself in language
It’s going well. The theory withstands.
DEFINITIONS
lexicalized novel
‣ conventionality
“Tischbein”
“Spaß machen”
conventional
“spitze Bemerkung”
“strahlend sauber”
“Schwarze Milch
der Frühe”
“table leg” “black milk of
the morning”“making fun”
“sharp comment”
“shiningly (spotlessly) clean”
‣ metaphor as lexeme vs. metaphor as an utterance
DEFINITIONS
‣ noun metaphor
‣ copula-construction (“ist”, “wie”, “als”)
“Peter ist ein schräger Vogel.”
‣ genitive metaphor
“der Strom des Lebens”
‣ compound metaphor
“Geistesblitz”
FEATURES
“the stream of life”
“Peter is an awkward
bird (a crazy guy)”
“flash of inspiration”
‣ verb metaphor:
‣ adjective metaphor:
FEATURES
“die Ideen sprudelten”
“ein strahlender Tag”
overview on metaphor constructions in
German, cf. Skirl & Schwarz-Friesel 2007
“ideas gush”
“a radiant (bright) day”
‣ preposition metaphor
“in Gedanken versunken”
“deep in thought”
FEATURES
‣ based on a sample of 5000 sentences, 50% containing metaphors
FEATURES
‣ based on a sample of 5000 sentences, 50% containing metaphors
PREPROCESSING
‣ process corpus with POS-tagging and dependency parsing
‣ extract metaphor candidate constructions
‣ build similarity matrix using a distance/divergence measure
(here: Jensen-Shannon divergence)
CLUSTERING
cf. Shutova & Sun 2013
EVALUATION
"HGFC operates with a precision of P = 0.69, whereas the baselines
attain P = 0.36 (AGG) and P = 0.29 (WN). The precision of annotator
judgements against each other (the human ceiling) is P = 0.80,
suggesting that this is a challenging task."
Shutova & Sun 2013
➡ a manually annotated metaphor corpus for German is in the works
‣ a combination of texts from TextGrid's digital library and from
the Gutenberg project
‣ 1418 works
‣ 116,423,486 tokens
DATASET
‣ Datengrundlage: 383 Romane (41 Mio. Tokens), aus den Jahren 1780-1940
DATASET
CLUSTERING RESULTS
feuer-wehmut
source: feuer
targets: wehmut verzweiflung kummer jahrhundert erregung
features: brennen herd kamin werfen-prep groß anzünden
sitzen-prep geben setzen-prep sehen lager gehen-prep klein
schüren stehen-prep schlagen fangen lauf hell heilig lodern
löschen gewehr zünden sehen-prep legen-prep freuden
erlöschen kohlen entzünden legen nehmen-prep kommen-prep
kommen lodernd anmachen werfen sein-prep flackern sprühen
leuchten höllisch bringen-prep flammen werden-prep wild
speien ausbrechen liegen-prep höllen
fire-despair
CLUSTERING RESULTS
organismus-nation
source: organismus
targets: nation kunst kreuz bibel verkehr
features: ganz menschlich staats gesamt eigen gesund lebend
hoch groß welt lebendig klein zerstören zart weiblich tierisch
erschüttern elterlich übrig wunderbar stehen neu natürlich
müssen krank geben staat sein-prep scheinen schaffen niedrig
liegen-prep kräftig jung größern finden familie besitzen
wirkung-prep vorgang-prep volks vertragen versuch-prep
stören schön schwächen psychisch physisch nieder nennen
organism-nation
CLUSTERING RESULTS
ferne-klarheit
source: ferne
target: klarheit ferne lampe appetit hett
features: weit sehen-prep hören-prep liegen-prep blicken-prep
kommen-prep klingen-prep blau schauen-prep verlieren-prep
ziehen-prep stehen-prep rücken-prep tönen-prep vernehmen-
prep rufen-prep erblicken-prep unendlich verschwinden-prep
zeigen-prep blick-prep schweifen-prep richten-prep groß welt
betrachten-prep scheinen-prep tauchen-prep beobachten-prep
erkennen-prep unbekannt starren-prep sein-prep gehen-prep
erscheinen-prep dringen-prep suchen-prep schimmern-prep
ertönen-prep halten-prep verhallen-prep haben-prep erheben-
prep rollen-prep folgen-prep erschallen-prep unbestimmt
leuchten-prep bemerken-prep antworten-prep
distance-clarity
CLUSTERING RESULTS
drohung-ton
source: drohung
targets: ton gespenst bemühung erscheinung stirne
features: ausführen leer ausstoßen wild zwingen-prep
furchtbar schrecklich klingen nehmen hören versteckt stoßen
fürchterlich lachen-prep gehen-prep bringen verwirklichen letzt
erfüllen sprechen sein-prep scheinen hart einschüchtern-prep
liegen heftig enthalten dunkel bewegen-prep aussprechen
schrecken antworten-prep vater hinreißen-prep helfen gelten
führen erschrecken-prep ernst ergehen-prep bringen-prep
wütend wirken werfen verlassen-prep unverständlich setzen-
prep schwer sagen-prep mann
threat-tone
CLUSTERING RESULTS
segen-kindheit
source: segen
targets: kindheit ausgang sonntag jungfer winter
features: geben bringen sprechen empfangen gott abend
erteilen kinder bitten-prep ruhen groß himmel reich gut vater
letzt väterlich haus priester nehmen ernte spenden wahr eltern
herr gottes erflehen bleiben verwandeln-prep liegen kommen
wünschen recht mutter erbitten voll rufen morgen gereichen-
prep gehen ganz fehlen verbreiten tragen kirche wetter
sprechen-prep mütterlich erhalten arbeit
blessing-childhood
PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
blessing-childhood
PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
birth-word
PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
poem-journey
PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
cradle-heart
THANK YOU!
• Shutova, E. and Sun, L., 2013, June. Unsupervised Metaphor Identification Using
Hierarchical Graph Factorization Clustering. In HLT-NAACL (pp. 978-988).
• Skirl, Helge, and Monika Schwarz-Friesel. 2007. Metapher. Universitätsverlag Winter.
• Yu, K., Yu, S. and Tresp, V., 2005. Soft clustering on graphs. In Advances in neural
information processing systems (pp. 1553-1560).
References

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Metaphor Mining in Historical German Novels: Using Unsupervised Learning to Uncover Conceptual Systems in Literature

  • 1. DH2016 Krakow , July 14th 2016 METAPHOR MINING IN HISTORICAL GERMAN NOVELS: USING UNSUPERVISED LEARNING TO UNCOVER CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS IN LITERATURE. STEFAN PERNES UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG
  • 2. ‣ a systematic mapping, or rather, the projection of one domain (e.g. light) onto another (e.g. beauty) ‣ a (usually abstract) concept can be experienced through another (usually concrete) concept DEFINITIONS Der Mensch ist ein Wolf. Die Tante meckert. Es ist strahlend schön. ‣ linguistic metaphor Man is a wolf. The aunt bleats (complains). It is radiantly beautiful.
  • 3. ‣ conceptual metaphor DEFINITIONS Wie geht’s? Es läuft gut. Es geht voran. LIFE IS A JOURNEY ARGUMENT IS WAR Das Argument ist vernichtend. Die Theorie hält stand. Die Kritik trifft gezielt. ‣ a cognitive ‘bracket’ that encompasses all possible specific realisations ‣ a cognitive phenomenon that expresses itself in language It’s going well. The theory withstands.
  • 4. DEFINITIONS lexicalized novel ‣ conventionality “Tischbein” “Spaß machen” conventional “spitze Bemerkung” “strahlend sauber” “Schwarze Milch der Frühe” “table leg” “black milk of the morning”“making fun” “sharp comment” “shiningly (spotlessly) clean”
  • 5. ‣ metaphor as lexeme vs. metaphor as an utterance DEFINITIONS
  • 6. ‣ noun metaphor ‣ copula-construction (“ist”, “wie”, “als”) “Peter ist ein schräger Vogel.” ‣ genitive metaphor “der Strom des Lebens” ‣ compound metaphor “Geistesblitz” FEATURES “the stream of life” “Peter is an awkward bird (a crazy guy)” “flash of inspiration”
  • 7. ‣ verb metaphor: ‣ adjective metaphor: FEATURES “die Ideen sprudelten” “ein strahlender Tag” overview on metaphor constructions in German, cf. Skirl & Schwarz-Friesel 2007 “ideas gush” “a radiant (bright) day” ‣ preposition metaphor “in Gedanken versunken” “deep in thought”
  • 8. FEATURES ‣ based on a sample of 5000 sentences, 50% containing metaphors
  • 9. FEATURES ‣ based on a sample of 5000 sentences, 50% containing metaphors
  • 10. PREPROCESSING ‣ process corpus with POS-tagging and dependency parsing ‣ extract metaphor candidate constructions ‣ build similarity matrix using a distance/divergence measure (here: Jensen-Shannon divergence)
  • 12. EVALUATION "HGFC operates with a precision of P = 0.69, whereas the baselines attain P = 0.36 (AGG) and P = 0.29 (WN). The precision of annotator judgements against each other (the human ceiling) is P = 0.80, suggesting that this is a challenging task." Shutova & Sun 2013 ➡ a manually annotated metaphor corpus for German is in the works
  • 13. ‣ a combination of texts from TextGrid's digital library and from the Gutenberg project ‣ 1418 works ‣ 116,423,486 tokens DATASET
  • 14. ‣ Datengrundlage: 383 Romane (41 Mio. Tokens), aus den Jahren 1780-1940 DATASET
  • 15. CLUSTERING RESULTS feuer-wehmut source: feuer targets: wehmut verzweiflung kummer jahrhundert erregung features: brennen herd kamin werfen-prep groß anzünden sitzen-prep geben setzen-prep sehen lager gehen-prep klein schüren stehen-prep schlagen fangen lauf hell heilig lodern löschen gewehr zünden sehen-prep legen-prep freuden erlöschen kohlen entzünden legen nehmen-prep kommen-prep kommen lodernd anmachen werfen sein-prep flackern sprühen leuchten höllisch bringen-prep flammen werden-prep wild speien ausbrechen liegen-prep höllen fire-despair
  • 16. CLUSTERING RESULTS organismus-nation source: organismus targets: nation kunst kreuz bibel verkehr features: ganz menschlich staats gesamt eigen gesund lebend hoch groß welt lebendig klein zerstören zart weiblich tierisch erschüttern elterlich übrig wunderbar stehen neu natürlich müssen krank geben staat sein-prep scheinen schaffen niedrig liegen-prep kräftig jung größern finden familie besitzen wirkung-prep vorgang-prep volks vertragen versuch-prep stören schön schwächen psychisch physisch nieder nennen organism-nation
  • 17. CLUSTERING RESULTS ferne-klarheit source: ferne target: klarheit ferne lampe appetit hett features: weit sehen-prep hören-prep liegen-prep blicken-prep kommen-prep klingen-prep blau schauen-prep verlieren-prep ziehen-prep stehen-prep rücken-prep tönen-prep vernehmen- prep rufen-prep erblicken-prep unendlich verschwinden-prep zeigen-prep blick-prep schweifen-prep richten-prep groß welt betrachten-prep scheinen-prep tauchen-prep beobachten-prep erkennen-prep unbekannt starren-prep sein-prep gehen-prep erscheinen-prep dringen-prep suchen-prep schimmern-prep ertönen-prep halten-prep verhallen-prep haben-prep erheben- prep rollen-prep folgen-prep erschallen-prep unbestimmt leuchten-prep bemerken-prep antworten-prep distance-clarity
  • 18. CLUSTERING RESULTS drohung-ton source: drohung targets: ton gespenst bemühung erscheinung stirne features: ausführen leer ausstoßen wild zwingen-prep furchtbar schrecklich klingen nehmen hören versteckt stoßen fürchterlich lachen-prep gehen-prep bringen verwirklichen letzt erfüllen sprechen sein-prep scheinen hart einschüchtern-prep liegen heftig enthalten dunkel bewegen-prep aussprechen schrecken antworten-prep vater hinreißen-prep helfen gelten führen erschrecken-prep ernst ergehen-prep bringen-prep wütend wirken werfen verlassen-prep unverständlich setzen- prep schwer sagen-prep mann threat-tone
  • 19. CLUSTERING RESULTS segen-kindheit source: segen targets: kindheit ausgang sonntag jungfer winter features: geben bringen sprechen empfangen gott abend erteilen kinder bitten-prep ruhen groß himmel reich gut vater letzt väterlich haus priester nehmen ernte spenden wahr eltern herr gottes erflehen bleiben verwandeln-prep liegen kommen wünschen recht mutter erbitten voll rufen morgen gereichen- prep gehen ganz fehlen verbreiten tragen kirche wetter sprechen-prep mütterlich erhalten arbeit blessing-childhood
  • 20. PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS blessing-childhood
  • 21. PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS birth-word
  • 22. PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS poem-journey
  • 23. PROOF OF CONCEPT: DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENTS cradle-heart
  • 24. THANK YOU! • Shutova, E. and Sun, L., 2013, June. Unsupervised Metaphor Identification Using Hierarchical Graph Factorization Clustering. In HLT-NAACL (pp. 978-988). • Skirl, Helge, and Monika Schwarz-Friesel. 2007. Metapher. Universitätsverlag Winter. • Yu, K., Yu, S. and Tresp, V., 2005. Soft clustering on graphs. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 1553-1560). References