The document discusses cancer screening and some of its potential harms and benefits. It notes that screening can potentially avoid 3-35% of premature cancer deaths depending on assumptions, but also has several potential downsides. These include false positives that cause unnecessary anxiety and procedures, overdiagnosis of conditions that would not have become clinically significant, and false negatives that delay diagnosis and treatment. The document also provides information about breast cancer screening methods like clinical breast exams and mammograms, as well as cervical cancer screening via Pap tests.

1. Cancer screening
Simenar-1
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2. Introduction to Screening
 Estimates of the premature deaths that
could have been avoided through
screening vary from 3% to 35%, depending
on a variety of assumptions. There
are, however, several potential harms that
must be considered against any potential
benefit of screening for cancer.
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3. Con” Introduction to Screening
 Another harm is the false-positive
test result, which may lead to anxiety
and unnecessary invasive diagnostic
procedures.
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4. Cont” Introduction to Screening
 A less familiar harm is over
diagnosis, i.e., the diagnosis of a condition
that would not have become clinically
significant had it not been detected by
screening. This harm is becoming more
common as screening tests become more
sensitive at detecting tiny tumors.
 Finally, a false-negative screening test
may falsely reassure an individual with
subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of
cancer and thereby actually delay
diagnosis and effective treatment.
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5. Cont” Introduction to Screening
 Finally, a false-negative screening test may
falsely reassure an individual with
subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of
cancer and thereby actually delay
diagnosis and effective treatment.
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6. gehad abdullah

7. breast cancer statistics in saudi
arabia
 A woman has a one in eight chance of developing
breast cancer in her lifetime.
 Number one diagnosed cancer of women in the
KSA.
 6,922 female breast cancer cases were recorded in
the Saudi Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2008. The
highest overall percentages (38.6% and 31.2%) of
female breast cancer cases were documented in
women who were 30–44 and 45–59 years of
age, respectively. gehad abdullah

8. breast cancer statistics in saudi arabia
 The eastern region of Saudi Arabia had the
highest overall ASIR, at 26.6 per 100,000
women, followed by Riyadh at 20.5 and
Makkah at 19.4. Jazan, Baha, and Asir had
the lowest average ASIRs, at 4.8, 6.1, and
7.3 per 100,000 women, respectively.
 Men can develop breast cancer too, but it
occurs less frequently.
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9. Signs and Symptoms
Change in the
appearance
A change in the appearance of nipple including a nipple that is turning inward that •
of the nipple normally has pointed outward or is scaly or cracked.
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10. • A change in the appearance of nipple
including a nipple that is turning inward that
normally has pointed outward or is scaly or
cracked.
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11. Signs and Symptoms
Nipple
discharge that
comes
• Nipple discharge that comes without any prompting.
without any
prompting.
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12. Signs and Symptoms
•A lump or
thickening in or
near the breast
or in the
underarm area.
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13. Clinical Breast Exam
A clinical breast exam
is when a health-care
provider looks for and
feels for any changes
in your breasts.

14. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
• A clinical breast-exam or CBE is when a health-
care provider looks for and feels for any changes
in your breasts. This includes checking the breasts
and under the arms for lumps or other unusual
changes.
• For women who are still menstruating, a CBE
should be scheduled during the time of the month
when the breasts are the least tender. This would
be 5 to 10 days after the start of their period.
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15. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
• For women who are not longer menstruating, a
CBE can be scheduled at any time.
• A clinical breast exam can find a lump that may be
missed on a mammogram. A lump should never
be ignored just because it is not visible on a
mammogram. Talk to your health-care provider
about what additional tests may be needed
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16. Mammogram
A mammogram is
important.
A mammogram is
an x-ray of the
breast. It can detect
breast cancer two to
three years before a
lump can be felt.
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17. Mammogram
• A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast. The breast is
placed between two plastic plates which presses the
breast to make it flat.
• It usually involves two x-rays of each breast.
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18. Mammogram
• Mammograms can detect breast cancer 2-3 years
before it is large enough to feel.
• For women 40 years of age and older, talk to your
health-care provider about when to begin having
mammograms and how often.
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19. A change in your breast
you see or feel does not
mean it’s breast cancer.
However, any change should be
checked by a health care provider
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20. Cervical Cancer Screening
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21. What do you know about cervical
cancer screening ?
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22. Where is the cervix?
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23. What is a Pap test?
•Can find abnormal changes on the cervix.
•Treating early changes can prevent cancer of
the cervix.
•The Pap test is free.
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24. What causes abnormal
changes on the cervix?
•HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
•HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI)
•You can pass this virus without knowing it to men or
women
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25. HPV
•HPV can cause abnormal changes on a
woman’s cervix
•Sometimes abnormal changes can become
cancerous.
•A Pap test can find these abnormal changes
before they turn into cancer.
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26. Pap test…
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27. Pap test…
-a speculum is inserted into the vagina in order to get a good view of
the cervix
-your health care provider will use a thin wooden stick called a spatula
and a soft cervical brush called a cytobrush to remove cells from the
cervix.
-the Pap test should not be painful, however, some
women do find this test uncomfortable. If you do
experience some discomfort let your health care provider
know.
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28. Pap test ..
•All women who have ever been sexually
active (sexual intercourse and intimate
touching), regardless of sexual
orientation, should have regular Pap
tests.
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29. When should I have a Pap test?
•Pap testing should begin 3 years after first
sexual activity
•Most women need a Pap test every two
years.
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30. What should I do before a Pap test?
•Must not do sexual intercourse for 24 hours before the
test.
•To repeat Pap test, must wait at least 3 months in
order to allow cells on the cervix to grow back.
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31. Remember…
•Most cervical cancers can be prevented if women have
regular Pap tests with follow-up for abnormal changes.
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32. Any questions ?
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