Plants, Powered by Activity Club

1. PLAN
T LIFE
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2. Introduction
Plants play very important role on earth. They
provide food and oxygen to all other living
things. Plants are seen almost everywhere. They
grow on land, on mountains, in deserts and
under sea. We know plants grow mostly from
seeds when they get enough water, sunlight and
air.

3. Try This
Try out this activity, take a small plastic glass
and place some wet cotton in it. Put some
moong on it. Keep the cotton wet but don’t add
much water. Place the glass in warm place.
Leave it for few days. What do you observe? Do
you see something coming out of the seeds?

4. Observation
We can see a tiny plant coming
out from seed. This young plant
developing out from seed is
called seedling.
A typical seedling has 3 main
parts: root, shoot and leaves.
Sprouting of seedling from a seed
is called germination.

5. Parts of
Plants

6. The ‘typical’ Plant Body
consists of 2 systems
The Root System
(Usually
Underground)
The Shoot System
(Usually Above
ground)

7. The Root System
Root is the underground part
of the plants body and
grows towards the force of
gravity. It fixes the plant
within the soil and absorbs
water and mineral nutrients
from the soil. It stores
excess food.

8. Types of Roots
Tap Roots
It consists of one main long thick
root growing downwards from
which many thinner roots develop.
Taproot goes deep into the soil for
searching for water and minerals .
Examples: sugar beet or carrot,
bean, tea, peepal etc. have tap
root.
Fibrous Roots
In case of fibrous root there is no
main root. It consists of a dense equal
size roots that arise from the stem.
The roots grow downward and
outward from the stem, branching
repeatedly to form a mass of fine
roots. Fibrous root does go very deep
in the soil. Example: lilies, grasses,
wheat, rice, palm etc. have fibrous
root.

9. Modified Roots
In some plants the roots are modified to do special tasks. They are called Modified
Roots.
Some of them are:-
Storage roots- These consist of a thickened roots due to the accumulation of high-
energy storage compounds, usually starch. Example: carrot, sweet potato, cassava,
raddish etc.
Aerial roots- These fibrous roots remain aerial, i.e. they do not enter the soil. It
performs special functions such as water retention, photosynthesis, and support.
Example: Old banyan trees have aerial roots hanging down. It provides support to the
tree.
Aquatic Roots - These are specialized roots in some plants that grow in watery
places and which function mainly for water and nutrient absorption. Its root system
consists of long fibrous roots.
Example: water lily

11. Function of roots
1. Roots attach the plant body to the ground. It provides
support to the plant and helps in holding the plant firmly in the
ground.
2. Root hairs of the plant absorb water and mineral from the
soil and pass it to the stem.
3. Some roots like carrot, radish etc. store food.
4. Root bind the soil which otherwise may be blown away by
wind or washed away by water. Root prevents soil erosion.

12. THE SHOOT
SYSTEM

13. The Shoot System
It is the aerial part of the plant body and enables a
plant to grow taller to gain access to energy-giving
light, and helps plant to prepare food. It is
composed of erect stems on which are attached
leaves, flowers, branches and buds. Leaves are
attached to the stem at regions called nodes.

14. Stem
It supports the upper parts of plants. It
carries the water and nutrients needed for
plants to grow from roots to leaves and food
produced by the leaves to other part of
plants. Big trees like neem, mango, peepal
etc. have strong, thick and woody stem.
Such stem is called trunk. Some plant have
thick but soft stem, example banana. Some
plants have weak, soft and green stem as in
case of climbers and creepers, example
watermelon, money plant etc.

15. Modified Stems
Typical stems are located
above ground, but there
are modified stems that can
be found either above or
below ground.

16. Runners or stolons
Stems that grow in a creeping fashion horizontally above
the surface of the soil are called runners, or stolons.
Nodes of these stem if touches soil, give rise to new
plant. Example –water melon, pumpkin etc.

17. Water storing stem
Some cacti and a few other kinds of plants have stems
that look like leaves. They are green and thus
manufacture and store food.

18. Underground modified stem
potato, garlic, onion and ginger are example
of underground stem.

19. Functions of stem
1. Stem provide support to the plant above the ground. It
bears branches, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits.
2. Stem transport water and minerals from root to other
parts of the plants. It also transport food prepared by the
leaves to different part of the plants.
3. Some underground stem stores food such as sugarcane,
potato, ginger etc.

20. Leaves
Leaves are of different shapes and
sizes. The outer surface of the leaf
has a waxy coating which protects the
leaf. The flat surface of the leaf is
called leaf blade or lamina. It has veins
running across within the leaf. Tiny
opening on the surface of the leaves
called stomata helps in the exchange
of gases. Stomata can be seen only
under microscope.

21. MODIFIED LEAVES

22. Spines
leaves are modified as spines in
cactus for protection. Due to the
scarcity of water in desert, in some
plants leaves are modified to form
spines.

23. In plants like onion, the
leaves are modified
as storage organs.
These leaves protect stem
at the base of the
onion. Example: Onions.

24. Needle Leaves
The most modification in leaves is related to the need of
water by the plant. Needle like leaf modification is seen
in plants like pines, firs etc.

25. Venus fly trap
Venus fly trap plants are designed to capture and
digest insects between the folds of their specialized
leaves.

26. Function of Leaves
1. These are the parts of the plant where food is made by the
process of photosynthesis. That’s why leaves are called the food
making factories of green plants. Chlorophyll (green pigment)
present in the leaves uses the energy in sunlight to turn water
(H2O) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into sugar and oxygen gas
(O2).
2. Leaves gives out oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. All
living beings need oxygen to live.
3. Some leaves store food in them such as mint, cabbage etc.

27. VENATION

28. What is Venation?
The arrangement of veins
on the lamina is known as
venation.

29. Types of venation
Parallel
Venation
Reticulate
Venation
Network
venation

30. Reticulate Venation
Reticulate venation refers to the
arrangement of veins in a leaf where
they form a web-like structure.
Smaller and more delicate veins
emerge from the midrib and spread in
the entire leaf. For example, mango
and rose leaves; their veins form a
network.

31. Parallel Venation
In some leaves, the veins
run parallel to each other.
Such leaves have are said
to have parallel venation.
Example: banana, grass
and wheat.

32. Network Venation
When Plants are having veins
arranged in a fine network a
net-veined leaf. Examples of
plants showing reticulate
venation include rose, tulsi,
hibiscus, papaya,
Mangifera.

33. Flowers
Flowers are the most attractive part of a
plant. Each flower types have a different
physical structure, color and scent from
those of other flower type plants. Buds of the
plants grows into flower and flower finally
becomes fruit enclosing the seed or seeds.
Some fruits have one seed such as mango
and cherry. Some fruits have many seeds
such as papaya and watermelon.

34. Uses of flower
1. Many flowers such as rose and jasmine are used for making
perfumes.
2. Some flowers edible such as cauliflower, broccoli and
banana.
3. Some spices are obtained from flower such as saffron or
kesar from crocus flower and cloves is dried flower.
4. Flowers are used for decoration on different occasions and
for preparing bouquets, garlands and rangoli.

35. Fruit and Seed
The fruit is a fleshy or dry ripened (mature) ovary of a
plant, enclosing the seed or seeds. Most plants grow
from seeds. A seed (mature ovule) is a miniature plant
with a protective outer covering called the seed coat,
usually with some stored food. Seeds are dispersed
either by wind, water or animals. On getting air, water
and sunlight, seed grow into baby plant. Most plants
grow in the ground, with stems above, and roots below.

36. THANK YOU