Practical Research

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3
MERSEL M. BARBA, LPT

2. Elements of the
Research Methodology:
❖ Research Design
❖ Population of the Study
❖ Locale of the Study
❖ Instrument of the Study
❖ Data Gathering Procedure

3. Questions to be answered
by the researchers:
❖ What are the gaps in existing
knowledge that the study
seeks to fill?
❖ What kind of information is
needed to fill those gaps?

4. Questions to be answered
by the researchers:
❖ How will the study collect that
information?
❖ How does one ensure that the
information collected in the
research is the kind needed to fill
the gaps and answer the initial
inquiry?

5. method
methodology
research design

6. method
a technique which the
researcher uses to gather and
generate data about the
subjects of their study

7. Main METHODS Used in
Qualitative Research
❖ Individual Interview
❖ Group Interview
❖ Observation

8. methodology
the section of the research
paper which explains why the
researcher chose to use
particular methods

9. research design
a plan which structures a study to
ensure that the data collected and
generated will contain the
information needed to answer the
initial inquiry as fully and clearly
as possible

10. COMMON
RESEARCH DESIGNS

11. Phenomenological Design
❖ focuses on obtaining descriptions
of the subjects' or respondents
lived experiences either in writing
or through interviews

12. Phenomenological Design
❖ uses the process of bracketing
researchers set aside their own
feelings and expectations towards
the study to wholly understand the
subjects experiences

13. Phenomenological Design
Example:
What are the experiences of
a student who failed in his or
her subject?

14. Characteristics of Phenomenological Design
1. applies bracketing
2. uses unstructured or semi-structured data
collection
3. uses appropriate and systematic data
analysis methods or adapts established and
credible processes to suit the study's
purposes

15. Characteristics of Phenomenological Design
4. research process is transparent
5. uses the first-person perspective
6. identifies the phenomenon not just in
themes or categories
7. collects data in groups,

16. Historical Design
❖ focuses on the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis
of data or evidence from the past to
confirm or reject a hypothesis

17. HISTORICAL DESIGN
(SOURCES OF DATA)
✓ Documents
✓ Relics & Artifacts
✓ Oral Reports

18. HISTORICAL DESIGN
(CLASSIFICATION OF DATA SOURCES)
Primary Sources
materials
providing first-
hand
information
Secondary Sources
materials
providing second-
hand
information

19. HISTORICAL DESIGN
(CLASSIFICATION OF DATA SOURCES)
Primary Sources
✓ oral histories
✓ written records
✓ diaries
✓ eyewitness accounts
✓ pictures
✓ videos
Secondary Sources
✓ accounts based
on original source
✓ abstract of the
original materials

20. HISTORICAL DESIGN
(VALIDATION OF MATERIALS)
Internal Criticism
involves establishing
the authenticity or
originality of the
materials by looking at
the consistency of
information
External Criticism
based on analysis
of the printed
material

21. Case Study Design
❖ a comprehensive, in-depth examination
of a specific individual, group of people, or
institution
❖ it may be used to gain insights into an
obscure or specific problem; provide
background data for broader studies; or
explain socio-psychological and socio-
cultural processes

22. Characteristics of Case Study Design
1. time-consuming and may be quite costly
2. needs in-depth analysis of single or multiple case/s
3. uses multiple sources of data such as documentation,
interviews, observation, and environmental detail
4. may result in descriptions of themes and assertions
5. clarifies cases and contexts
6. can select and develop issues

23. Ground Theory Design
❖ a systematic research approach developed by
two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
❖ has rigorous procedures (such as open coding
identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing
phenomena encountered in the study, as well as
their characteristics) are used to collect data,
analyze that data, and formulate a theory on the
matter at hand

24. Action Research Design
❖ involves a cycle of identifying a problem
regarding a situation or process, developing a
strategy for intervention (the action ) with the
purpose of improving said situation or process,
implementing said intervention, and observing
and analyzing the results until a sufficient level
of understanding of (or valid solution to) the
problem is achieved

25. Action Research Design
❖ Participatory action research
action research is a special kind of
community-based action research in
which there is a collaboration between
the respondents or participants and the
researcher in all the steps of the study

26. Meta-Analysis Design
❖ a systematic evaluation of multiple
individual studies on a topic in order to not
only summarize the results, but also
develop a new understanding of the
research problem
❖ may prove difficult, expensive, and time-
consuming.

27. Steps in Planning the
RESEARCH DESIGN

28. 1. Establishing the purpose
❖ Why do you want to address this
research?
❖What are its expected benefits?
❖Who will benefit from the
research?

29. 2. Methodological location
❖ What methods and strategies do
you intend to use?

30. 3. Scoping
Revisit the scope and delimitation of your
research.
❖What will the study cover? What will
it not cover?
❖What major and sub-variables will
you focus on?

31. 4. Nature of the data
Take a look at the research problem.
❖ What kind of data is needed to
answer the inquiry?
❖ What sorts of data are relevant and
available?
❖ How should the data be handled?

32. 4. Nature of the data
❖ What research methods will most likely
generate the data needed?
❖ Does the study intend to focus on specific,
isolated subjects, or generalize to a greater
population?
❖ Will the study implement or avoid direct
intervention in generating and collecting data?

33. 5. Thinking ahead
Researcher/s must be analytical and
skeptical. Asking other researchers can
help in planning the design best suited to
the study.
❖How big will the data be?
❖ What is the intended result of the
study?

34. Sample
RESEARCH DESIGN

37. Research Sampling
❑ process through which a
researcher selects a portion or
segment from the population at
the center of the researcher’s study

38. Population
❑ a group of persons or objects that
possess some common characteristics
that are of interest to the researcher;
and about which the researcher seeks
to learn more

39. 2 Groups of Population
➢ Target Population
➢ Accessible Population

40. Target Population
❑ composed of the entire group of
people or objects to which the
researcher wishes to generalize the
findings of the study

41. Accessible Population
❑ a portion of the population to
which the researcher has
reasonable access

42. 2 Groups of Population
(Examples)
➢ Target Population
~ senior high school in
Camarines Sur
➢ Accessible Population
~ senior high school students of
Dominican School of Calabanga

44. INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS
❖ subjects
~ individuals or entities which
serve as the focus of the study
❖ respondents
~ individuals or groups of people
who actively serve as sources of
information during data
collection

45. TYPES and SUBTYPES
of Sampling

46. TYPES and SUBTYPES
1. Probability Sampling
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling

47. TYPES and SUBTYPES
2. Non-probability
Sampling
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling

48. 1) Probability Sampling
❑ a type of sampling in which all
the members of an entire
population have a chance of
being selected
❑ also called scientific sampling

49. a) Simple Random Sampling
❑ method of choosing samples in
which all the members of the
population are given an equal
chance of being selected
❑ sample are drawn by chance

50. b) Stratified Random Sampling
❑ the population is first divided
into different strata, and then the
sampling follows

51. c) Cluster Sampling
❑ used in large-scale studies,
where the population is
geographically spread out
❑ may be difficult and time-
consuming

52. d) Systematic Sampling
❑ a method of selecting every
nth element of a population
(e.g., every fifth, eighth, ninth, or
eleventh element until the
desired sample size is reached)

53. 2) Non-Probability Sampling
❑ process of selecting respondents in
which not all members of the entire
population are given a chance of being
selected as samples
❑ commonly used in QUALITATIVE
research
❑ also called non-scientific sampling

54. a) Convenience Sampling
❑ called accidental or incidental
sampling

55. b) Quota Sampling
❑ somewhat similar to stratified sampling,
in that the population is divided into
strata, and the researcher deliberately
sets specific proportions in the sample,
whether or not the resulting proportion
is reflective of the total population

56. c) Purposive Sampling
❑ involves handpicking subjects,
usually to suit very specific
intentions
❑ also called judgmental sampling

61. Most
Frequently
Used Data
Collection
Methods
❑ Interviews
▸ individual
▸ group
❑ Observation
❑ Survey & Questionnaires

62. INDIVIDUAL
INTERVIEW

63. ❖ are conversations that are designed to
obtain specific kinds of information
❖ narrative self-disclosures about the
individual's life experiences
❖ may be recorded on audiotapes or
videotapes with the permission of the
respondent

64. ❖ The instrument often used in this
method is the INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
❖ Researchers can use this to ensure
that the interview stays on track, and
even to give their interview the
desired amount of structure.

65. Types of
Individual
Interview
➢ Unstructured
➢ Structured
➢ Semi-structured

66. o the researcher/interviewer must be
skilled in steering the course of the
interview and must be knowledgeable
on the subject or topic of concern
o can be in the form of normal
conversations or a freewheeling
exchange of ideas


67. o conduct of questioning follows a
particular progression and has a well-
defined content
o the interviewer does not ask questions
that are not part of the questionnaire
but he or she asks the interviewee to
clarify his or her answers.


68. o There is a specific set of questions,
but there are also additional probes
that may come in the form of follow-
up questions that are not included in
the list of original questions.


69. GROUP
INTERVIEW

70. ❖ conducted with several respondents simultaneously,
ideally 6 to 10 people
❖ may be used when a certain effect is desired, or if a
topic calls for it
❖ For example: If the study seeks to examine a
communal experience like commuting to school or
work, rather than a personal experience, then
engaging respondents via group interview may yield
better results.

71. ❖ Researchers conducting group interviews
often use instruments called
TOPIC GUIDES,
❖ which resemble interview schedules, but
are less restrictive in structure to allow the
respondents a more free and dynamic
exchange of ideas

72. Types of
Group
Interview
➢ Focus Groups
➢ Natural Groups

73. o participants are selected by the
researcher according to specific
sampling criteria
o Exampleː licensed dermatologists who
have been practicing for at least ten
years,; current college students majoring
in English who are vying for honors.


74. o the participants belong to a group
that exists independently of the study
o Exampleː all members of the
marketing department of a certain
company, members of a local sports
team.


75. observations
conducted to document and
analyze behavior and social
phenomena as they occur in their
natural context

76. surveys & questionnaires
requires that the questions be
structured to be open-ended, with
few to no restrictions on the
respondent’s answers resembling
an interview but in written form