This document provides an overview of English grammar, including its constituent parts of phonetics, lexicology, and grammar. It defines grammar as the science studying a language's structure, divided into morphology and syntax. Syntax is further explained, including classifications of sentences by purpose (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and structure (simple, compound, complex). Examples are provided to illustrate different sentence types and transformations.

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
The Beginning

2. In richness, good sense, and convenience,
no other of the living languages may be
put beside English.
Jakob Grimm

3.  Phonetics is a science which studies the phonic system
of the language (sounds, intonation, etc.)
 Lexicology is a science which studies the word-stock of
the language, its building material (words, phrases, etc.)
You can have perfect pronunciation and the richest vocabulary imaginable, but you won't be
able to speak a language if you don't know how to make up sentences with the help of
which we communicate, that is if you don't know the grammar of the language.
 Grammar is a science which studies the structure of the
language. The two parts of English Grammar are:
Morphology and Syntax.
Morphology deals with parts of speech. Syntax studies the
sentence, different types of sentences and their
meanings.

4.  Language is a means of human
communication. Language is also the most
basic and marvellously complex instrument
of culture.
 The English language consists of three
constituent parts: the phonological system,
the lexical system, the grammatical system.

5. SYNTAX
 The word «Syntax» comes from Old Greek,
where it meant «военный строй». In Old Greek
grammar schools the term was transferred to
Grammar to stress the importance of word order
in the sentence.
 The sentence is a unit of speech which
expresses a complete thought, and has a
correct grammatical form and intonation. Every
sentence has modality, which shows the
speaker's attitude towards reality.

6.  Sentences are classified on two principles:
- according to the aim of communication
- according to their structure.

7. I. According to the aim of communication
sentences may be declarative,
interrogative, and imperative.
 Declarative sentences express statements,
facts in the affirmative or in the negative
form.
 Interrogative sentences ask for some
information.
 Imperative sentences express commands,
requests and invitations

8. Ex. I. Define the type of the sentence according
to the purpose of the utterance.
1. Ireland is often called the «Emerald Isle» because
of its lush green countryside. 2. What's the best
way to learn a foreign language? 3. Respect other
people's customs when you travel. 4. Example is
the only way of educating (Albert Einstein). 5. Get
out of the car right now! 6. Would you give him my
message, please? 7. You are forgetting yourself!
8. English is a member of the Indo-European
family of languages. 9. Do you believe in UFO
(Unidentified Flying Objects)? 10. Be careful
driving while it is snowing! 11. Curiosity is the
beginning of knowledge. 12. What a beautiful
sunset it is! 13. What do you know about
marketing? 14. Watch out! 15. Finish your work,
please. 16. In this part of the country birds fly
south in winter.

9.  Ex. II. Construct a declarative, an
interrogative, an imperative or an
exclamatory sentence.
 1. Аn interesting book (excl.). 2. My friend's
address (inter.). 3. Peter's library (decl.). 4. A
map of the United States (imper.). 5. A small
island (excl.). 6. Mountains of Great Britain
(decl.). 7. Shakespeare's birthplace (inter.). 8.
An exciting thriller (excl.). 9. A different
example (imper.). 10. The capital of the
Republic of Ireland (inter.). 11. An
inexpensive way to travel (decl.). 12.
Astrange remark (excl.). 13. The largest
fresh-water lake in the world (inter.). 14. A
good time (imper.). 15. New ways of
communication (decl.).

10.  Ex. Ill. Put the sentences below into the
negative and interrogative.
1. A small child sees the world differently from an
adult. 2. The world changes very fast. 3. She gets
a lot of faxes every day. 4. Our grammar lesson
lasts two hours. 5. Jack works at a new computer
company. 6. California has a lot of rain in winter. 7.
A tree grows in height as well as in diameter. 8. A
disjunctive question takes a comma before its tag
(tail). 9. Nancy likes to work in the library. 10. He
translates a lot of articles into English every day.
11. Each day brings new events and meetings. 12.
He understands French better than he speaks it.
13. He has a doctorate degree in linguistics. 14.
Brad likes to cook for his friends when he has
time. 15. Our teacher gives us a lot of homework.

11.  In the negative form the auxiliary verb «do»
is used.
Don't be so noisy!

12.  Ex. IV. Make the following imperative
sentences negative.
1. Come over at five, please. 2. Call him in the
evening. 3. Give him this file. 4. Turn down
the TV, please. 5. Think about something
else, please. 6. Relax! 7. Show me around
this place, please. 8. Send him a fax
tomorrow morning. 9. Read this paragraph,
please. 10. Look over there! 11. Bring me
some paper, please. 12. Check the answer-
ing machine in the morning. 13. Warm up the
tea, please. 14. Open the window, please. 15.
Wait for us outside, please. 16. Add some
more salt to the soup.

13. There are the following types of interrogative sentences in
English:
A general question. It asks whether the statement is positive or
negative and requires an affirmative or a negative answer.
— Is it cold today? — Yes, it is.
— Do you like cold weather? — No, I don't.
A special question. It may refer to any word in the sentence
and it begins with an interrogative word (who? what? which?
when? where? why?)
When and where do you meet?
Why is she so cross with you?
A special question to the subject (what? who? which?) doesn't
require any auxiliary verb.
What makes you so sad ?
Who knows the answer?
Which of them helps you?

14. An alternative question. It means choice.
Is Dan in or out? Do you learn French or Spanish?
A disjunctive question (a tag question). It is a
very short question which follows the statement
and repeats its meaning. If the statement is
affirmative, the question is negative; if the
statement is negative, the question is
affirmative.
You are happy, aren't you? You aren't happy, are
you?
He never smokes, does he? She smokes, doesn't
she?

15. Ex. V. Put disjunctive questions to the
following sentences.
1. They will be at home tonight. 2. The lecture
begins at 12 o'clock. 3. She can do it
tomorrow. 4. The examination was difficult. 5.
He has returned to Moscow. 6. She has a big
dog. 7. He lives in that house. 8.1 am the
best student in the class. 9. There are twelve
months in a year. 10. There were too many
people at the party. 11. Nick likes to tell jokes.
12. He can fix anything. 13. Customs are
different in every country. 14. Talk shows
have become very popular on our TV. 15. He
won the first prize.

16. Ex. VI. Put general and alternative questions
to the following statements.
1. It is cold outside. 2. There is a VCR in his
room. 3. Barbara does her shopping twice a
week. 4. There are three computers in the
office. 5. David comes home late on
Mondays. 6. He is fluent in English and
German. 7. This office gets a lot of faxes
every day. 8. There is tea and coffee on the
table. 9. He needs a sleeping-bag for the trip.
10. Allan can solve this problem. 11. Jennie
has a great new backpack. 12. My brother
likes vanilla ice-cream. 13. She has black hair
and blue eyes. 14. There are several
unopened letters on her desk. 15. Bison is
another name for buffalo.

17. II. ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE
SENTENCES MAY BE DIVIDED INTO SIMPLE,
COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX.
A simple sentence can be extended or
unextended. A sentence, which consists
only of a subject and a predicate is called
unextended.
Life is wonderful. Time is short.
They met. We had a talk.
A sentence which has some secondary parts is
called extended.
Last night we went for a walk in the centre of
Moscow.

18. A compound sentence consists of two or more
coordinated simple sentences.
The night was warm, and we walked to the sea.
It was late, and I was tired.
A complex sentence consists of a principal
(independent) clause and of one or more
subordinate (dependent) clauses.
Nobody knows when she'll come back.
How I wish it were true and I hadn't imagined it all.
• Although it was hard work, I enjoyed the job.

19. Ex. I. Classify each of the sentences below according to
their structure.
1. Great Britain is a small island, but it is rich in minerals. 2.
What an interesting book I bought yesterday! 3. I know
that he is in London now. 4. Ask her where he is now. 5.
Alicia, Joy, and David came in. 6. Read about the weather
and then decide on your vacation. 7. Don't forget! 8. Can
you explain the term «brainstorming» to us? 9. My boss
gets angry if he is interrupted. 10. I can't explain what it
means. 11. Leave me and my friend alone, or I shall call
the police. 12. Mike smiled at his colleague, but Steve
frowned at him. 13. Is there any hope? 14. If you listen
attentively, the meaning will not escape you. 15. To know
everything is to know nothing.

20. Ex II. Model: She has a pleasant personality. What a
pleasant personality she has!
Model: These are expensive towels. What expensive
towels these are!
1. He has made a stupid remark. 2. She has long
eyelashes. 3. The store is crowded today. 4. She
wears old-fashioned clothes. 5. The story sounds
unbelievable. 6. The noise was frightening. 7. He
has told us an amusing story. 8. The costume
looks elegant. 9. He has made a terrible mistake.
10. He is an extraordinary man. 11.The lesson is
difficult. 12. Mr. Grayson is a fine speaker. 13. I
see a bright star in the sky. 14. The pie is
delicious. 15. He has done a superb job.

21. THE MAIN PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
A sentence may have main and secondary members. The main
members of the sentence are: the Subject and the Predicate.
The Subject of the sentence is the topic being discussed. The
Subject may be expressed by personal pronouns, nouns,
indefinite pronouns, infinitives, gerunds, substantivised
parts of speech.
We all hope for the best.
A doctor should be competent.
Something is wrong.
To know you is a privilege.
Travelling broadens your mind.
The unknown is always interesting.

22. The Predicate of the sentence is what is said
about the subject.
According to its meaning the predicate may be
either verbal or nominal.
Predicate
Verbal Nominal
We study We are
students

24.  The Nominal Predicate expresses facts,
states, qualities, characteristics (it cannot
denote an action).

25. Ex. IV. Name the members of the sentence and discriminate
between the main and the secondary parts. Say what
they are expressed by.
1. She is a first-year student. 2. He is playing outside. 3.1
shall be very glad to see you at my place. 4. My friend's
sister is an engineer. 5.He didn't tell us anything about it.
6. She is a very pretty child. 7. There are a lot of
interesting stories in this book. 8. We knew nothing about
it. 9. She had a son and a daughter. 10. You must go
there today. 11. AI and Jack found the missing child. 12.
Language students often read, write, and listen to new
words. 13. Friday is my birthday. 14. Last year a library, a
museum, and a movie theatre were built in our district. 15.
The boat suddenly jumped, increased its speed and
passed the other racers.

26. Ex. V. Point out the subjects and say what they are
expressed by.
1. Oxford is one of the oldest towns in England. 2. She
went out of the room. 3. To live long is the wish of all
men. 4. Reading is her favourite occupation. 5. Two is
a company and three is a crowd. 6. «On» is a
preposition. 7. It was difficult to do it. 8. There is a
lamp on the table. 9. A stranger came up to their
table. 10. None of the chairs look comfortable. 11. Is
London hot in summer? 12. To be or not to be — this
is the question. 13. Who could live without water? 14.
Not everybody is so lucky. 15. To read is to be
transported to another world.

27. Ex. VI. Discriminate between verbal and nominal
predicates. Say what they are expressed by.
1. He went home after the lecture. 2. His voice sounded
cheerful. 3. «Thank you, I am feeling much better
now». 4. «The dress is rather expensive», she
remarked. 5. The night was dark and a cold wind was
blowing. 6. The roses smell sweet. 7. He didn't know
what to say and remained silent. 8. They are
colleagues. 9. He took no interest in his story. 10. He
has received a letter from his father. 11. He must post
the letter at once. 12. We had a snack at the Russian
bistro. 13. This file is mine. 14. The room was in
disorder. 15. The child felt sleepy.

28. Ex. VII. Translate into English choosing the right word.
1. Он довольно веселый человек (cheerful, cheerfully). 2. Это был
веселый спектакль (cheerful, cheerfully). 3. Это было смелое
решение (brave, bravely). 4. Он действовал смело и решительно
(brave, bravely). 5. Он робко посматривал на девушку, сидящую
напротив него (timid, timidly). 6. Он очень умно пишет (clever,
cleverly). 7. Он умный писатель (clever, cleverly). 8. Билл с
гордостью рассказывал об успехах сына (proud, proudly). 9.
Диана очень гордилась успехом своей команды (proud, proudly).
10. Дорога была хорошая, и поездка была приятной (good, well).
11. По радио звучала хорошая мелодия (good, well). 12. Ручка
хорошо пишет (good, well). 13. Это хорошая ручка (good, well).
14. Пирог выглядит отлично (good, well). И на вкус он тоже
хорош (good, well). 15. Он подозрительно посмотрел на
сторублевую банкноту (suspicious, suspiciously). Банкнота
действительно выглядела подозрительно (suspicious,
suspiciously). 16. Запах газа был очевиден (distinct, distinctly). Мы
его явно ощущали (distinct, distinctly). 17. Этот цвет выглядит
совсем по-другому при свете дня (different, differently). 18. Он
сделал это совсем по-другому в этот раз (different, differently). 19.
Его предложение звучит (отдает) нечестно(стью) (dishonest,
dishonestly). 20. Он поступил нечестно (dishonest, dishonestly).