The Government is proposing modification of state enactments and city level master plans for upward revision of FAR/FSI to accommodate land allocation for LIGs. Tremendous economics is involved in the process of the mass housing schemes. An overview is needed to be taken to reduce the construction costs and make these constructions affordable which can be done on several levels .The review areas include economising construction materials costs, proper usage of technologies-conventional and alternate and project management. Several Developers are adapting these methods to reduce the construction costs of their projects.. It is estimated that overall employment generation in the economy on account of additional investment in the Construction/Housing Sectors is eight times the direct employment (IIM Ahmedabad : 2005). In view of the substantial use of cement, steel, marble/ceramic tiles, electrical wiring, PVC pipes and various types of fittings; construction activity has a multiplier effect on industrial demand for these items.

1. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
International Conference On Human Habitat
Topic-Affordable Housing In Megacities
Author
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande

2. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
International Conference On Human Habitat
Topic-Affordable Housing In Megacities
Author Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect Ar,Sarita Deshpande

3. Housing Scenario and Urbanization : India
1. India is undergoing transition from rural to
urban society.
2. Increasing migration from rural to urban
areas.
3. Mismatch between demand and supply of
sites and services.
4. Disparity between high land costs of
construction and lower incomes leading
to non sustainable situation.
5.Lack of equitable supply of land, shelter and
services at affordable prices.
6. Depletion of resources in construction and
negligence of ecology in design.
7. Lack of application of cost effectiveness
and energy efficiency in construction.

4. Housing Scenario and Urbanization : India
1.28% urban population growth (Census 2001).
2.40% by 2020 (Vision 2020 – Planning Commission).
3. 50% by 2041 (draft Urban India Report).
4.Growing urbanisation has led to :
a) pressure on the availability of land and infrastructure
b) deterioration of housing conditions of the weaker sections of society
c) increased number of slums and squatter settlements.

5. Necessity of Providing Affordable housing
1.Urban population
likely to grow from
285.3 million in
2001 to 360 million
in 2010
2.Nearly 36% of
India’s population
likely to be
urbanised by 2005.
3.Employment in Rise in population in last ten years
services and real is 790.2 millions
S0urce-Registrar General Of India
estates show a
sharp rise.

6.  Housing Requirement
 Housing shortage at the beginning of 11th Five Year
Plan(1.4.2007)24.71 million dwelling units
 Additional Housing Requirement for the 11th Plan (2007-2012)1.82
million dwelling units
 Total housing requirement during 11th Plan Period including the
carried over housing shortage 26.53 million dwelling units.
 Estimated Urban Housing Unit Shortage as on 1.4.2007:
 More than 99% shortage is for EWS/ LIGsegments
 )
 Total : 24.71 m
 EWS : 21.78 m
 LIG : 2.89 m
 MIG/HIG : 0.04 m
( Source-Technical Committee set up by Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviat

7. Demand side indicators
Housing shortfall of 11.84 million units by 2013 –14 in 37
most populated cities
Approximately 90% of shortfall in EWS, LIG & Lower MIG
category
Significant share of 21% of shortfall concentrated at Lower
MIG segment
Concentration of demand varying in different cities primarily
depending upon economic drivers of the city
Source- 4.Mr Gulam Zia_Knight Frank

8. Concentration of housing Requirements Population spread over top 10 cities
Across income segments
Source-.Mr Gulam Zia_Knight Frank

9. Housing Scenario In Larger Cities-
Why Affordable Housing-from a developers
perspective.
1.Large housing segment largely ignored.
2.Property prices unaffordable for middle income
group.
3.Economic slowdown has rendered buyers
cautious.
4.Consequently, developers forced to shift focus
from the luxury segment to the middle income
housing segment.
5.‘Value for money’ has now gained prominence.

10. Duties Of Various Sections Towards Affordable Housing
Developers Government Financial Institutions
1.Use of technology to 1.Creation of a committee 1.Accord Affordable
reduce Cost of which fast track reforms Housing Projects same
construction. in affordable housing. status as that of other
2.Ensuring Infrastructure PPP projects.
2.Use of Incremental and Housing go hand in
Housing Techniques for hand to faster growth. 2.Ensuring Developers are
non metros. 3.Speeding up the approval protected from volatile
process. shift in interest rate.
3.Creating awareness 4.Provide incentives to LIG
among the EWS and LIG and EWS to relocate. 3.Encourage affordable
to improve standard of Housing in tier I and II
living. 5.The population in our cities.
metros keep on increasing
4.Create a win-win manifolds every year while
situation by economies of planning is based on
scale rather than inflated historical assumpions.
price points. The need is to have
flexible Structural and
Design plan.

11. Achieving Affordability Through Matrix of
1) Appropriate Technology-
1.Use of renewable resources for building Materials
2.Use of raw materials resources based on waste products
3.Efficient use of existing conventional materials by producing factory
made (precast)building components
4.ndustrialization of housing sector
5.Affordability and sustainability.
2)Public private Partnership-
1.Timely delivery by developers.
2.Ease of working by the government.
3.Transparency by both the parties.

12. 3.Project Management
Source- Conference ‘Innovations in Affordable Housing India
2010’
Source.Mr.Uday Dharmadhikari-Usha Breco Realty
ltd.

13. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Alternate And Low Cost Building Technologies
Author Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect Ar,Sarita Deshpande

14. Conventional Building Materials Finite Resource
Base Demand of Materials
CONVENTIONAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
Brick, cement, steel, stone, timber,glass, plastics, ceramics and other
metals
DIRECT CONSEQUENCE
cost escalation leading to increased cost of shelter
IN-DIRECT CONSEQUENCE
Rapid & irrationally managed utilization of finite natural Resources
POSSIBLE MANIFESTATIONS
1.Environmental degradation;
2.Enhanced use of fertile top-soil, Deforestation,
3.Lime-quarrying, Surface working in stone belts
4.Factory made products like cement, steel etc. calls for high energy
input
5.Enhanced cost on account of transportation

15.  Construction Cost Savings
 Innovative construction means and methods.
 Improved construction schedules.
 More efficient structural designs.
 Simplified specifications and submittal process.
 Optimized mix designs.

16. Construction Systems in India
1.Vernacular systems
1.Based on local materials & skills
Refined over centuries
2.Calls for fair degree of maintenance & varying
degree of durability
2.Conventional systems
1.Based on mass produced items having predetermined
Properties
2.Modern civil engineering practice
3. Lesser maintenance & long durability
3.Industrialized systems
1. Based on factory produced components
(partial/total)
2. Less labour intensive
3. High performance specifications
4 Alternative systems
1. Middle of the road approach
2. Acknowledges local materials and skills
3. Rationalises use to suit specific needs
4. Adopts rational engineering practices
5. Cost effective and eco-friendly

17. Innovative Concrete Technologies
High-Performance Concrete
High-Strength Concrete Self- Consolidating Concrete

18. Improved Quality Systems
Testing Labs
Product Development
Material Handling

19. Low Cost Housing Materials And Technologies
At Dindigul,Tamilnadu
Funded by-CAPART
Developed by
Dr.Mahendran.

20. Precast Window Frames,Stone Platforms
Precast Slabs And Beams

21. Anangpur Building Center
Arched Foundation Perforated Mud Blocks Funicular shells
Herringbone Bond Hyperbolic Parabloid
Interlocking Blocks

22. Reinforced Concrete Blocks
Environmental Friendly
As it SAVES,
100% Bricks,
50% Steel & Shuttering
40% Concrete,
25% Utility Bill.
Source-Ganaka Engineers and

23. Commercialisation Of Technologies by BMTPC

24. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
International Conference On Human Habitat
C.B.R.I Technnologies
Author Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect Ar,Sarita Deshpande

27. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
International Conference On Human Habitat
Appropriate Building Technologies
Author
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect

28. Public Private Partnership
Partnership Expectations
1.Timely delivery by developers
2.Ease of working by the government
3.Transparency by both the parties

29. Public And Private Partnership in Affordable housing
The public-private partnership can be formally defined
as:
In these partnerships, private developers, non-profit agencies, and
in some cases religious agencies receive some funds or support
from the municipal, state, or federal government (or all three, in
some cases) in order to build or renovate and manage affordable
housing. This can be used both for rental housing and as a means
of encouraging low-income home ownership. This is also an
approach that has been used in a number of other countries.
A contractual relationship where a private party takes
responsibility for all or part of a government’s (departments)
functions… a contractual arrangement between a public sector
agency and a private sector concern, whereby resources and risks
are shared for the purposes of delivering a public service or for
developing public infrastructure. (Hardcastle & Boothroyd, 2003, p.
31).

30. The Scheme of Affordable Housing in Partnership as per National
Urban Housing & Habitat Policy (NUHHP) 2007
1.The Scheme of Affordable Housing in Partnership aims at
operationalising the strategy envisaged in the National Urban
Housing & Habitat Policy (NUHHP) 2007,
of promoting various types of public-private partnerships – of the
government sector with the private sector, the cooperative sector,
the financial services sector, the state parastatals, urban local
bodies, etc. – for realizing the goal of affordable housing for all.
2. It intends to provide a major stimulus to economic activities
through affordable housing for the creation of employment,
especially for the construction workers and other urban poor who
are likely to be amongst the most vulnerable groups in recession. It
also targets the creation of demand for a large variety of industrial
goods through the multiplier effect of housing on other economic
activities.

31. Need for PPP in Housing
1.Synergy
2.Capitalize and maximise on core domain of respective
players
3.Scale of Development
4.Humongous need for combined capabilities
5.Investment Gap Funding
6.Cost spread over project lifecycle in PPP model rather
than being front loaded in traditional procurement model
7.Improving Quality &Efficiency
8.Returns for private players linked directly to
efficiency and quality delivery
9.Risk Mitigation
10Appropriate allocation between stakeholders
11On-Time Delivery
12Faster and time approvals, payments also linked to
timely completion

32. Philosophy For Recommended models
Source-Mr Gulam Zia_Knight Frank.

33. Role OF National Housing Bank Towards Affordable Housin
Some Basic Facts Regarding Construction Industry.
1.A basic human necessity supporting economic activities .
2.Second largest employment generator, next to agriculture.
3.Has forward and backward linkages with over 250 ancillary
industries.
4.Every Rupee spent on construction, an estimated 75-80 paise is
added to GDP.
5.GOI created enabling Fiscal, Monetary and Legal Environment
6.Housing Industry Growth in last 5 years –
Physical Terms 3.0 % p.a.
Financial Terms 30% p.a.
7.Contribution of Housing in GDP is about 6%
8.Percentage of Mortgage Debt to GDP is 8.50% (E) in 2005-06,
still way below China’s (12%), Malaysia (22%), Hong-Kong (40%) and
US (65%).

34. Focus Areas And Strategies
Rural Housing Urban Renewal Market Development
Customized Products Customized Products Risk Mitigation
 Supplementing Govt.  Supplementing Govt.  Mortgage Credit
Schemes Schemes
 Productive Housing  Financing SHGs Guarantee/Insurance
(PHIRA) - Partnership Approach  Rural Risk Fund
 Financing SHGs  Slum Redevelopment
- Partnership and up gradation RMBS
Approach  Integrated Township Credit Enhancement
 Rural Industrial/Agro Development Projects  Reverse Mortgage
enterprise clusters  Social Housing
 Using Local  Rental Housing Other Measures
Institutional  Housing for Working  NHB Residex
Mechanism for Women, Sr. Citizen  Electronic filing of
origination Mortgages
 Active participation of
and Servicing of
Loans NGOs/MFIs/25A Cos.
 Schemes in and Private Sector
convergence

35. NHB Support For Private Sector
35
1.Any private sector housing initiative with a EWS component
2.Integrated township in rural/semi-rural with housing and part
commercial, other related infrastructure
3.Equity participation and refinance support to HFCs with focus
on rural housing
4.Housing for workers of units in rural/semi-rural areas and of
their vendors/ancillary units, including SEZs/ AEZs.
5.Develop and Finance Public Private Partnerships to implement
township projects and mass housing. NHB can take equity in
the SPV and provide medium/long-term debt.

36. Some Real Challenges towards Appropriate Housing
1.Land &
Infrastructure
2.Financing
3.Taxation:-
4.Approvals
5.Marketing
Conference-Affordable Housing-2010

37. A Quote By Pt.Jawaharlal Nenru.
We need to have an integrated framework in
which spatial development of cities goes hand in
hand with improvement in the quality of living
of ordinary people living there. An important
element of our strategy has to be slum
improvement and providing housing for the
poor…….. The Mission has to walk on two legs
of improved infrastructure and improved basic
services…..”

38. ICHH-2012 Rizvi College of
Architecture
THANK YOU
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Resources:
1.Mr Shridhar,www.nhb.org.in
2.Dr Shailesh Agarwal-BMTPC
3.Mr.Uday Dharmadhikari-Usha Breco
Realty ltd.
4.Mr Gulam Zia_Knight Frank.
5.Er Ganesh Kamat-Ganaka Engineers
Architects
6.Dr Mahinran-Gandhigram Institute
Author Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect Ar,Sarita Deshpande