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Horse Owner 101 : Things Every Horse Owner Needs to Know
1. Horse Owner 101:Things EVERY Horse Owner Needs to Know Monday, January 24, 2011 South Shore Equine Clinic & Diagnostic Center 151 Palmer Road Plympton, MA www.ssequineclinic.com
2. Welcome to SSEC Horse Owner Education Series ! Mark T. Reilly, DVM, Diplomate ABVP (Equine) Linda J. Cimetti, DVM Travis M. Tull, DVM (surgeon) Rachel A. Oberholtzer, DVM (intern)
3. TERMS and ANATOMY Foal Weanling Yearling Colt or Filly Stallion (Gelding)or Mare Senior Geriatric
12. DEWORMING 1960’s – First dewormer developed Every 8 weeks (1966) 1970’s & 80’s– New Drug Classes Rotational Deworming 1990’s & 2000’s- Adaptations ERP shortened Resistance Small Strongyles > Large Strongyles 2010’s – New Strategies based on EBM
13. DEWORMING Evidence Based Medicine (EBM): The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Improves the quality of care Improves the standard of care
14. DEWORMING Example of EBM: Sick Horse with bacterial infection Therapy based on specific diagnosis and the veterinarian’s clinical experience and knowledge of the recommendations of experts. Ex: Antibiotic for the sick horse BUT not for the other horses – they could develop antibiotic resistance or develop an antibiotic induced problem (diarrhea).
15. DEWORMING Example of EBM: Same Barn with no horses showing signs of parasites. What is appropriate therapy? Deworm all horses with the same dewormer every 6-8 weeks. Deworm with cheapest one (on sale?) Only deworm those that move on and off the premises Use EBM to formulate a plan
16. DEWORMING Is there a clinical justification for treating this horse? What parasite am I trying to eliminate? What stages of that parasite are likely to be present? Why this dewormer? (3 classes of dewormers) Will it kill the desired parasite(s) and stage(s)? Will it work as expected? (Confidence) Are there better options? Are there any other management techniques that might help me achieve my goal?
17. DEWORMING STRATEGY 1960s: 90% of colics due to migrating stages 1970s: S. vulgaris – 90-100% prevalent 1960s and 70s: Interval dose program Prevent egg shedding by deworming every 8 weeks year round Worked against S. vulgaris (large strongyles)
18. DEWORMING STRATEGY 1980s: Large strongyles eliminated BUT…… Now 100% of strongyles are now SMALL strongyles (a change in species) 1990s: Recognize Drug Resistance Severe weight loss Chronic diarrhea and edema
19. PARASITE RESISTANCE 1983 – most recent dewormer drug class Name??? IVERMECTIN Shortening ERP = 1st step in resistance 1995 - MOXIDECTIN (Quest) = same class 2005 - New drug class in cats and dogs (Emodepside) 2009 - New drug class in ruminants in New Zealand (Monepantel)
20. PARASITE RESISTANCE ROTATION of DEWORMERS Does NOT prevent resistance 2 of 3 classes already show high resistance Potentially dangerous, if not illogical (www.getrotationright.com) = marketing
21. DEWORMING STRATEGY IS THE DEWORMER EFFECTIVE? FECAL EGG COUNT REDUCTION TEST The ONLY way to know Measure levels before and 14 days after treatment Failure to achieve high levels of reduction = RESISTANCE on that farm 2 of the 3 classes show high resistance
22. DEWORMING STRATEGY Step 1 : Fecal Egg Count (FEC) Before deworming Step 2 : FEC 2 weeks later Tests for resistance (> 90%) If minimal reduction, change drug class and repeat Step 3 : FEC at Egg Reoccurence Period (ERP) 4-5 weeks – Benzimadazoles (Panacur) 6-8 weeks – Pyrantel (Strongid) 8-10 weeks – Ivermectin/Moxidectin (Zimectrin, Quest)
24. DEWORMING STRATEGY Which drugs are effective? Which horses require less or more frequent treatment? Evaluate success by using FEC at regular intervals ** Small numbers of worms do not cause any significant health impairment (<100-200) ** All horses are not the same – 20% of horses harbor 80% of the worms
25. DEWORMING STRATEGY Refugia – unselected portions of population Helps with parasite control These are the worms not exposed to drugs, or in horses not treated Do not make resistant genes = low FECs (<100-200) are ok
26. DEWORMING STRATEGY COST? Dewormer is cheaper than a FEC program Optimal Horse Health Millions of tubes used each year that are killing very few parasites either because there are very few to kill, or because the drug is ineffective
27. DEWORMING STRATEGY Denmark – dewormers are prescription only since 1999 Requires a diagnosis Disallows prophylactic treatments Sweden, Finland, Netherlands now similar Rest of European Union to follow
30. Strategic Vaccination Types of Vaccines Diseases to protect against Time of Year Identify Animals at Risk Number of visits Reaction History?
31. Strategic Vaccination Types of Vaccines Killed Vaccine – Dead portion of virus Modified Live – Inactivated virus Bacterin – Vaccine vs. Bacterial disease
32. Strategic Vaccination Types of Vaccines Killed Vaccine PROCON Safety Adjuvant Required Broad Response No Replication
33. Strategic Vaccination Types of Vaccine Modified Live PRO CON No adjuvant necessary Short Shelf-life Broad Response Safety in Pregnancy Limited Replication Revert to virulence
34. Strategic Vaccination Diseases to vaccinate against : Influenza Rhinopneumonitis (Herpes) Rabies Eastern/Western Encephalitis West Nile Encephalitis Tetanus Potomac Horse Fever Strangles (Strep. Equi)
35. Strategic Vaccination Timing of Vaccination Spring Fall Prior to Shipping Prior to Exposure After Exposure Annually vs. Biannually vs. Tri-annually
36. Strategic Vaccination Animals at Risk Young or Naïve Mature/Adult – resident Mature/Adult – competitive/traveling Senior – isolated Breeding Stock Prior to Breeding During Pregnancy
37. Strategic Vaccination Number of Visits Necessary to Complete Vaccination Series “ANTIGEN” = foreign protein used to promote immune response
38. Strategic Vaccination Number of Visits Necessary to Complete Vaccination Series “ANTIBODY” = Immune System Response to foreign protein
39. Strategic Vaccination Number of Visits Necessary to Complete Vaccination Series “ADJUVANT” = necessary to enhance the Antigen presentation and help drive the Immune Response. ***Causes INFLAMMATION***
41. Strategic Vaccination Number of visits Necessary ?? # Adjuvants -- limited to 2 or 3 per visit # Antigens – limited to 4 or 5 per visit Use of combinations and similar products Visits no sooner than 12 to 14 days apart
42. Strategic Vaccination EXAMPLES Visit #1: Influenza/Rhino, Rabies Visit #2: EWT, West Nile, (PHF) Visit #3: Strangles (Rhino & Influenza boosters every 3 to 6 months) (EWT boosters at 6 months, if necessary)
43. Strategic Vaccination EXAMPLES Visit #1: West Nile, Rabies, Influenza Visit #2: EE/WE/Tetanus, Rhino, (PHF) Visit #3: Strangles (Rhino & Influenza boosters every 3 to 6 months) (EWT boosters at 6 months, if necessary)
44. Strategic Vaccination EXAMPLES Pregnant Mare Visit #1: 3-5 months: Rhino Visit #2: 7 months: Rhino Visit #3: 9 months: Rhino Visit #4: 10 months: EWT, Influenza, West Nile
46. Strategic Vaccination Vaccination Reactions Expected or Adverse? Individuals in a population? Appropriate Immune Response? 2 – 3 days or longer?
47. Strategic Vaccination History of Reactions Which vaccine? Adjuvant? Antibody? Manufacturer? Number of vaccines given at same time? Lump? Fever? Does Pre-treatment Help? Any other horses affected? Help from the Pharmaceutical Company?
48. Strategic Vaccination Vaccinate all horses in a herd “Just a single unprotected horse in a herd can provide a reservoir of infection to all the others.”
49. Strategic Vaccination Preventing a disease through proper vaccination programs is far safer, easier, and moreeconomical than treating the disease after the horse is already sick.
52. EMERGENCY PLANNING Rule #1 : STAY SAFE!! Horses can be very dangerous when injured or panicked You cannot help your horse if you are injured The most important thing is your SAFETY and the safety of those around you
53. EMERGENCY PLANNING Is it safe to approach the horse? If so: Catch and calm the horse. If possible, take the horse to a safe place such as a stall or paddock. Get someone to help you.
54. EMERGENCY PLANNING Phone numbers you need to have available: A friend or neighbor who can assist you in an emergency. Your veterinarian, including how to reach after hours. Your insurance company.
55. EMERGENCY PLANNING TRAILERING If you do not own a trailer, make arrangements in advance for transportation in case of an emergency. Know how to hitch up, road worthy. Make sure your horse is well accustomed to loading and riding Keep a well maintained First-Aid Kit in the truck or trailer.
56. EMERGENCY PLANNING It always helps to have assistance in times of an emergency. Be sure to prepare and practice your plans. This will help you to act calmly and efficiently during times of an emergency.
60. EMERGENCIES As a horse owner you must know how to recognize serious problems, respond promptly and take appropriate action while waiting for the vet to arrive.
61. EMERGENCIESWhat you should know … Temperature Heart Rate Respiratory rate Abdominal sounds Normal behavior
62. What you should know Temperature < 101.5º F Taken rectally with digital or mercury thermometer
63. What to know.. Heart Rate Normal: 28 - 44 beats per minute
64. What to know… Respiratory Rate Normal is 8-12 breaths per minute **watch nostrils or sides
65. What to know… Manure Gas Gut sounds (borborygmi) Decreased Increased Absent
66. What to know… Mucous membranes Color Hydration Capillary refill time (CRT)
67. Normal values Every horse is different Keep a daily record Wider range in foals
68. When you think you may have an emergency note the following: In addition to Temp, HR, RR, Gut sounds Attitude BAR, lethargic, anxious, painful, quiet, etc. Appetite/H20 consumption Manure production
69. More Obvious Signs Rolling, pawing, strecthing, etc. Sweating Ataxia/Wobbly Nasal Discharge Labored breathing Bleeding Lameness
76. EYE INJURIES WAIT FOR VETERINARY EVALUATION Treating a corneal ulcer with a single dose of a steroid will delay healing for up to 3 weeks Could result in rapid decline and loss of the eye even with surgical intervention
77. EYE INJURIES WAIT FOR VETERINARY EVALUATION They only have 2 eyes and delay of treatment can be devastating and have long lasting negative effects Uveitis, cataracts, scarring
78.
79. WOUNDS Horses frequently get cuts and scrapes It is important to know which wounds need veterinary attention If you do not know, then you should call your vet
80. WOUNDS Examples of wounds that need immediate attention Puncture wounds Deep Lacerations (where you can see bone, tendons, etc.)
81. WOUNDS Examples of wounds that need immediate attention Wounds near joints or tendons Severely contaminated wounds
82. WOUNDS Examples of wounds that need immediate attention Wounds near joints or tendons Severely contaminated wounds
83. WOUNDS Examples of wounds that need immediate attention Puncture wounds Large OR small
84. PUNCTURE WOUNDS If possible penetrating objects should be left in place until you contact your vet Removal could result in further damage Blood loss
85. PUNCTURE WOUNDS If possible penetrating objects should be left in place until you contact your vet Leave nail in place if stepping on it will not drive it further into the foot Vet may want to x-ray prior to removal
86. PUNCTURE WOUNDS If possible penetrating objects should be left in place. If removed: Mark exact point of entry on foot Mark exact depth of penetration on object (nail) removed Clean and bandage area
87. WOUNDS BLEEDING Blood squirting or flowing steadily from a wound needs to be controlled Apply a sterile or clean pad and apply firm pressure (vet wrap/polo/belt)
88. WOUNDS BLEEDING Keep Pressure applied for 30 minutes If blood soaks through, add more padding over top and continue with pressure until veterinarian gets there
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90. LAMENESS Acute, severe lameness Abscess (most common) Fractures Laminitis Tendon Injury Nail/Foreign Body Puncture
91. LAMENESS Call your veterinarian immediately if…. Your horse cannot bear any weight on the affected limb The leg is being held at an abnormal angle Bone is protruding out of the skin or hoof *Try to keep the horse calm
92. LAMENESS Laminitis Very painful condition caused by inflammation within the hoof Can result in detachment of the coffin bone from the hoof wall
93. LAMINITIS Signs Horse is unwilling to walk forward or has “walking on eggshell” gait May rock back on hind end (saw horse stance) Shifting weight Lying down a lot Heat in feet and coronary bands Increased digital pulses
94. LAMINITIS Numerous causes Unpredictable course of disease Early medical attention yields better outcome Call your vet if you suspect your horse has laminitis or any other severe, acute onset of lameness
97. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Allergic Reactions – Signs Hives Swollen face/muzzle Difficulty, noisy or labored Breathing Sweating Colic **Call your vet immediately if you notice any of these signs
98. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Allergic Reactions – Treatment Corticosteroids Antihistamine Epinephrine *Severe hypersensitivity reaction can be life threatening *Usually responds well to treatment
99. COLIC Term used to describe abdominal pain usually indicating a digestive disorder Can be life threatening Every colic should be taken seriously
100. COLIC Common signs: Repeatedly lying down and getting up Rolling Pawing Looking at or biting flanks Stretching out as if to urinate
101. COLIC Common signs: Curling upper lip or grinding teeth Depression Loss of appetite Sweating Increased heart or respiratory rates Decreased gut sounds/manure production
102. COLIC Key medications to have on hand: BANAMINE MILK OF MAGNESIA Be prepared to trailer if necessary Withhold all food – follow instructions Write it down!! Remember: 90% of colics resolve without surgical intervention
103. COLIC Important to call the vet at the first signs noticed prior to giving any oral meds or feeding Be sure to tell the vet about any changes in feed, housing, medications, etc.
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105. Emergency Preparedness:Have a plan of action!! STAY CALM Have a list of friends who may be able to assist you if needed Phone chain Trailer if needed
106. Emergency Preparedness: Things to tell the vet: Recent changes Significant medical info TPR, Gut sounds Manure in last 24 hours DO NOT GIVE ANY MEDICATION OR HOME REMEDY UNLESS OK’D by your veterinarian
112. QUESTIONS?? COMMENTS?? Drawing of Emergency Kit – Donated by Equine Essentials – Route 53 Kingston SSEC Emergency Kits – 10% discount tonight For Attending tonite, in your packet is a coupon: 20% off a Farm Call OR 10% off SSEC Wellness Plan Next Talk – Monday, February 7th Unveiling the Mysteries of Foot Lameness : Laminitis, Navicular Disease, Coffin Joints
