ENVIRONEMNT

1. Mineral reserves or Ore reserves that are valuable and legally and economically
and technically feasible to extract
Mineral resources in India are adequately rich, widespread and are of huge
varieties which provide the nation with a strong industrial base.
The most important mineral resources that India possesses include Manganese
Ore, Coal, Bauxite, Mica, Iron, Monazite, and Salt.
Further, there other varieties too that are not found in abundance.
The Mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes
significantly to the economy of India. The GDP contribution of the mining industry
varies from 2.2% to 2/5% only but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector it
contributes around 10% to 11%

2. Surface mining :(also commonly called strip mining, though this is actually
only one possible form of surface mining), is a type of mining in which soil and
rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed.
Shaft mining or shaft sinking refers to the method of excavating a vertical or
near-vertical tunnel from the top down, where there is initially no access to the
bottom

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Prospecting : Searching for Minerals
Exploration : Assessing the size, shape,
location and Economic Value of the
deposit
Development : The work of preparing access to
deposit
Exploitation : Extracting minerals from the
mines

4. Ecological Impacts:
Deforestation
Loss of forest cover
Loss of biodiversity
Water logging
Ground water depletion
Ecosystem Degradation
Physical Impacts:
Land subsidence
Underground fires
Landscape destruction
Soil Erosion
Environmental Pollution:
Air, water, Soil, Noise pollutions
Socioeconomic Problems:
Encroachment and evacuation
Rehabilitation and Resetllement Issues
Occupational Health Impacts:
Impacts on health due to long term exposure
Accidents

6. Effects of Overgrazing:
Soil Erosion,
Land degradation,
Loss of Useful species
Changes caused by
agriculture and overgrazing

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Effects of Agriculture:
a. Traditional Agriculture:
 Forest clearing,
 Soil erosion and
 depletion of nutrients
b. Modern Agriculture:
 Impacts related to high yielding varieties,
 Fertilizer related impacts,
 pesticide related impacts,
 water logging,
 Salinity

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i. Fertilizer related impacts:
Micro nutrient imbalance,
Nitrate Pollution,
Eutrophication
ii. Pesticide related impacts:
Pest resistant problems,
Biomagnification,
Non target species death

9. 1. High yielding variety (HYV) seeds –
Loss of genetic diversity
2. Effect of Chemical Fertilizers –
Blue baby syndrome,
Eutrophication
3. Effect of Chemical pesticides –
Bioaccumulation of toxic elements into the plants
and Biomagnification
4. Killing of Non target Organisms:
Birds which will depend on insects and pests
present in agriculture.
5. The over irrigation leads to
loss of ground water, energy, soil erosion.
Effects of modern agriculture

10. i. Fertilizer related impacts
Micro nutrient imbalance,
Nitrate Pollution,
Eutrophication
ii. Pesticide related impacts
Pest resistant problems,
Biomagnification,
Non target species death
Effects of Fertilizers and pesticides

11. EUTROPHICATION
• Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in
aquatic ecosystems.
• It alters the dynamics of a number of plant,
animal and bacterial populations; thus, bringing
about changes in community structure.
• It is a form of water pollution and like all other
forms of pollution is the result of human activities
influencing ecological cycles.

13. Bioaccumulation: The accumulation of a contaminant or toxin in or on an
organism from all sources (e.g., food, water, air).
An increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over
time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment.
Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and
stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.
Biomagnification describes a process that results in the accumulation of
a chemical in an organism at higher levels than are found in its food.
It occurs when a chemical becomes more and more concentrated as it
moves up through a food chain - the dietary linkages between single-
celled plants and increasingly larger animal species.

15. Osprey Food Web
Large Mouth Bass
Crayfish
Plant material and algae
3-76 µg/g ww
1-2 µg/g ww
0.2- 1.2 µg/g ww
0.04 µg/g ww
DDT Concentration
Osprey

16.  Maintaining seed banks
 Usage of Biofertilizers
 Usage of Biopesticides
 Drip irrigation
 Crop rotation
 Educating the farmers
 Soil, water and biomass management
 Rain water harvesting and water shed management
Sustainable agricultural Management Methods

17. ENERGY RESOURCES
• Energy : Capacity to do work
• Sun : Primary source of energy
• Earth is the large store house of Energy

18. Presently oil 40%, natural gas 22.5%, coal 23.3%, hydroelectric 7%,
biomass 5% and others 0.7% provide almost all of the world’s energy
requirements.
The increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several
decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe’s reserves of natural
resources in the future.
Approximately 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels

19. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption whereas
more than 70% of its primary energy in the form of crude oil and
natural gas.
India has increased installed power capacity from 1362 MW to over
1,12,058 MW since independence and electrified more than 5,00,000
villages.
It is a mater of concern that 44% of house holds do not have access to
the electricity [census 2001] and as many as 80,000 villages are yet to
be electrified).

20. 1,00,000 MW
India has a vast hydro potential of 1,50,000 MW out of which only
17% has been tapped so far. Then there are coal reserves to last
for more than 200 years along with other exploitable energy
reserves such as oil and gas et.,
Till now, the total installed capacity based on these sources is
only about 6422 MW consisting of 3595 MW wind, 1705 MW small
hydro, 750 MW biomass, 264 KW solar, 66 MW gasifiers and 42
MW from urban/ industrial waste energy.

21. Domestic
Agricultural
Industrial
Transportation
Activity:
List out various home appliances that are used in our daily life?
Estimate the average electric bill for month
Energy – Uses

22. World Energy Sources
hydropower.org

23. Renewable energy sources also called non-conventional energy, are sources that
are continuously replenished by natural processes.
For example, solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy - bio-fuels grown sustain
ably), hydropower etc., are some of the examples of renewable energy sources
A renewable energy system converts the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling-
water, sea-waves, geothermal heat, or biomass into a form, we can use such as
heat or electricity.
Most of the renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and
wind and can never be exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable.
Renewable Energy

24. ENERGY
TYPE
ADVANTEGES DISADVANTAGES
RENEWABLE Wide availability Unreliable supply
Lower running cost Usually produced in small
quantities
Decentralized power production Often very difficult to store
Low pollution Currently per unit cost of energy
is more compared to other types
Available for the foreseeable
future
NON
RENEWABLE
Available in highly concentrated
form
Highly polluting
Easy to store Available only in few places
reliable supply High running cost
Lower cost per unit of energy
produced as the technology is
matured
Limited supply and will one day
exhausted

25. SOLAR POWER
•sun
Solar energy can be utilised through two different routes, as solar
thermal route and solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes.
Solar thermal route uses the sun's heat to produce hot water or air,
cook food, drying materials etc.
Solar photovoltaic uses sun’s heat to produce electricity for lighting
home and building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances, and
lighting.

27. Advantages
• Solar energy is free - no fuel, no waste or pollution.
• In sunny countries, easy to use in remote places
• Good for low-power uses such as solar powered garden
lights and battery chargers
Disadvantages
• Doesn't work at night.
• Very expensive to build solar power stations.
• Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny place
• Solar energy is renewable because the sun is always
there

28. Hydropower

29. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
• Hydro-electric power is generated from falling water. Nowadays
there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20%
of the world's electricity.
How it works:
• A dam is built to trap water, usually in a river valley.
• Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines
and thus drive generators to produce electricity.
(http://www.wvic.com/hydro-works.htm)

30. Hydropower to Electric Power
Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Electricity

31. ADVANTAGES
Once the dam is built, the energy is almost free.
No waste or pollution produced.
Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
Water can be stored above the dam ready for when it is needed.
Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other
power stations.
Electricity can be generated constantly (all the time)

32. DISADVANTAGES
The dams are very expensive to build.
Building a large dam will flood a very large area
upstream, causing problems for animals that used to
live there.
Finding a suitable site can be difficult – what
about the people, plants and animals living there
already?
Water quality and quantity downstream can be
affected, which can have an impact on plant life.

34. Wind Energy
Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind power to produce
electricity.
The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical energy.
When solar radiation enters the earth’s atmosphere, different regions
of the atmosphere are heated to different degrees because of earth
curvature.
This heating is higher at the equator and lowest at the poles.
Since air tends to flow from warmer to cooler regions, this causes
what we call winds, and it is these airflows that are harnessed in
windmills and wind turbines to produce power.

35. WIND POWER
• Wind power also comes from the sun; winds blow
because the Sun warms our atmosphere. Warm air
tends to rise, and winds are due to other air moving in
to replace it.
• The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a
generator to produce electricity
• We tend to build many of these towers together, to
make a "wind farm" and produce more electricity.
• The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the
propellers, the more electricity we can make

37. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that
cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable
to its consumption. Non-renewable resources take
hundreds, thousand and even millions of years to be
made. Oil, minerals, and soil are examples of these.

38. Fossil fuels
non-renewable
acid rain
greenhouse effect
readily available
easily transported
low fuel cost
low building costs
short start-up times
inefficient
Advantages
of fossil fuels
Disadvantages
of fossil fuels

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Role of an individual to conserve energy sources
Domestic Sector:
• Turn off lights, fans and other appliances when not in
use
• Use the sunlight for drying the cloths instead of using
power driers
• Construction of buildings with large ventilators and
windows
• Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
• Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or
curtains.
• Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

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Industrial Sector:
 Change of Raw material, process and
technology
 Recycling, Reduction, Reuse and Regeneration
methods
 Effective usage of power by using renewable
energy resources
 Conditioning all types of working process

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Agricultural Sector:
 Usage of Drip irrigation
 Usage of Solar lights in the fields
 Usage of PV insect killers in place of pesticides
 Effective usage of agricultural waste material

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Transportation Sector:
 Less usage of petrol and diesel vehicles
 Usage of Bicycle in place of bikes
 Usage of electronic bikes and other vehicles
 Usage of mass transportation
 Stopping vehicles near signals
 Servicing the vehicles regularly

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Land Resources
Land is a major constituent of the lithosphere and is the source of
materials essential to man and other organisms.

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Causes:
1.Natural factors: Heavy rains, High speed winds, Natural
Disasters, Expansion of Desert
2.Anthropogenic factors: Mining, Urbanisation,
Deforestation, Overgazing, Construction of Dams and
Canals, Excessive use of fertilizers, Dumping of industrial
and municipal waste
Land degradation:

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Causes: Large-scale deforestation, Floods in rivers,
Overgrazing by cattle, Dry violent winds, Improper agriculture
techniques.
Effects: Decrease in the productivity of land, Desertification of
land, Deposition of soil in water bodies, Reduction of
agricultural land at the banks of rivers
Control: Afforestation on barren land, Control of overgrazing,
Construction of small check dams, Promoting equitable use of
water resources, preventing excavation of rocks
Soil Erosion

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Desert is an area of land that receives very less or no rainfall. It is very thinly
populated with little or no vegetation. The fertility in deserts is minimum and
they are devoid of wildlife. Conservation of fertile non desertic land into
infertile deserted land is called desertification.
Causes: Natural factors: Very low rainfall, Excessive evaporation, vast
difference in diurnal temperature extremes, High salinity of soils.
Anthropogenic factors: Continuous cutting of trees, overgrazing, over-
irrigation, Excessive ploughing, conservation of pastures to arable lands,
excessive use of fertilizers.
Effects: Rapid soil erosion, Poor soil quality, Unfavorable climate, Low
water table, salty and hard water, increase of economic and human costs.
Control: Promoting large scale plantation of trees, changing agricultural
practices and promoting dryland farming (Economically viable, ecologically
sustainable and socially acceptable) Development of water catchment
areas.
Desertification: