Policy, formulation, implementation and evaluation

1. Educational Policy and Planning
Policy formualtion, Implementation and
Evaluation

2. Policy• A policy is typically described as a
principle or rule to guide decisions and
achieve rational outcome/s.
• Policy is a course of action adopted by an
organization or individual.
• It is a Strategy: means a plan of action to do
something.

3. Overall process of policy making
• PHASE 1: INITIATION
• Step 1: Agenda-setting/issue (problem) identification
• Step 2: Policy instruments
• Step 3: Policy analysis
• Step 4: Stakeholder engagement, consultation and co-ordination
• PHASE 2: GENERATION
• Step 5: Policy formulation, decision-making and policy drafting
• PHASE 3: IMPLEMENTATION
• Step 6: Policy implementation
• PHASE 4: EVALUATION
• Step 7: Policy monitoring and evaluation

4. STEP 5: POLICY FORMULATION
PROCESS
Determination of national objectives
Need assesement according to Objectives
Finalization of Themes and target areas
Target setting based on trend projection
Preparation and publication of policy

5. Determination of national objectives
• Education policy usually design for national
objectives
• Educational policy is formed by Govt .Officials.
• Govt .Officials aware of political context and they
formulate policy according to socio-political context.
• Educational policy formulated for the interest of all
members in society
• Educational policy always formed for betterment of
society .Policy is applied in society . So, its based on
social context.

6. Need assessment according to
objectives
• Firstly, policy makers identify the specific need on
which policy is formulated .This need should fullfill
the national objectives
• Policy makers use strategies for the assessment of
need on which policy is formulated

7. Finalization of themes and taRget
areas
• After, identifying the specific need according to
national objectives .
• Policy makers confront many themes
• Out of these themes ,policy makers finalise the
specific theme
• Finally, policy makers set the target of policy
formulation

8. Target based on trend projection
• Policy makers choose the target area via this
target setting is implemented in coming
years or not.
• Policy makers set the target area in a way, it
is implented in future
• Policy makers check the reliability of the
policy for future times .Will policy continue

9. Preparation and publication of policy
• It is the last process of policy formulation
process .In which the policy makers prepare
the policy that is ready for publication in
public.

10. What is policy
implementation?
• “Policy implementation is a process of interaction
between the setting of goals and actions geared to
achieve them”.
• It is a dynamic conversion process of policies and
plans into specific programs and projects.
• The stage between decision and operations.

11. HOW POLICY INSTRUMENTS ARE CHOSEN FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
• COERCION THEORY – holds that governments tend to
respond to policy issues by moving from the least
coercive policy instruments to the most coercive.
• NEO-MARXIST APPROACH – holds that the state will
choose different policy instruments depending on the
economic power of the constituency group.
• PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY – argues that politicians
choose policy instruments on the basis of improving
their electoral position

12. APPROACHES TO Implementation
1. Structural approach
• Requires choosing the appropriate organizational form
for accomplishing the task.
2. Procedural and managerial approach
• Develops appropriate processes and procedures for
managing and implementing programs.
• It includes:
• network planning and control (NPC)
• the use of PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
Technique)
• Log Frame (short for Logical Framework) Analysis
• Iterative scanning of the environment

13. APPROACHES TO Implementation
3. Behavioural approach
• Soothes acceptability and consensus building
required in implementing policies viewed with
conflicting lenses by various stakeholders.
• It includes:
• Stakeholder analysis
• MBO (Management by Objectives)
• OD (Organizational Development)
4. Political approach
• Anticipates political obstacles and takes them

14. USES OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
• Information – to make people aware of the policy or
program.
• Inducement – to make it easier for people to adopt new
behaviour.
• Enforcement – to require people to adopt new behaviour
under threat of penalties.
• Benefaction – to offer positive benefits or incentives to
people who change their behaviour in the desired
direction.

15. Why policies can’t be Implemented
Successfully:
The reasons for unsuccessful implementation
may include the following:
• It is difficult to specify details in advance.
• Implementation permits matching of local
goods and services to local preference.
• Implementation does not always agree with
policy objectives specified in alternatives.
• IMPLEMENTATION GAP – the gap between
policy and implementation. It is also called
policy failure.

16. TYPES OF POLICY FAILURE
• NON - IMPLEMENTATION
• – A case wherein the policy is not put into effect as
intended because of various reasons.
• UNSUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
• – occurs when a policy is carried out in full and
external circumstances are not altogether favourable.

17. More Problematic
• Complex technical features
• Comprehensive change from the status quo
• Multiple-actor target
• Multiple-goal objective
• Unclear and ambiguous goals
• Long duration

18. Policy Evaluation
• Evaluation means making judgment about
something, amount, number or value.
• Policy Evaluation is conducted for checking the
effects of the policy. The Policy Evaluation
provides us direction for the evaluation
programs, projects and strategies.

19. Characteristics of a Good Policy
• Policies must be known and understood by all
who are affected by them. Written policies are
most effective because they are spell out what
organization members should or should not do
under a given situation.
• Policies should be stable. If policies are to serve as
guides to actions, they should not be changed
frequently. Careful study should therefore taken in

20. Characteristics of a Good Policy
• Policies must be sincere. It means that the policy
implementers should be sincere to there policies.
• Policies must be realistic. Present situations or
conditions must be considered if policy
statements are to be implemented.
• Policies must be joined up. Policy making should
be built around shared corporate goals and
values, not around organizational structures or
existing functions.

21. Characteristics of a Good Policy
• Policies should be future proofed. Reflects identified
prospective trends and not only on past
performance. As is commonly stated: the past is not a
guarantee of the future.
• Policies must be goal based. Focus on outcome
delivered without unnecessary emphasis on the
method by which it is to be achieved.

22. Evaluation Planning process

23. Any Question Please ???