Prokaryote and Eukaryotes

1. Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences
(Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham)
Arasampalayam (PO), Coimbatore.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES
AND EUKARYOTES
SUBMITTED BY,
MANUVANTHRA .A
CB.AG.U4AGR19036
COURSE TEACHER:
Dr. PARTHASARATHY S
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
PLANT PATHOLOGY

2. HISTORY:
• The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly
established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C.B.Van
Niel in their paper The Concept of a Bacterium in 1962.
• One reason for this classification was so that organism which was
called “blue green algae” would not be classified as plants but
grouped with bacteria.

4. PROKARYOTIC CELL:
© simple.wikipedia.org

5. • A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane
bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound
organelle.
• The term has its origin from Greek.
Pro - before
Karyon - nut or kernel or nucleus.
• The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes.
In prokaryotes, all the intracellular water-soluble components
(proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in the
cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane.

6. EUKARYOTIC CELL:
© ib.bioninja.com.au

7. • Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed
with membranes.
• Their name comes from the Greek
Eu - well or true
karyon - nut or kernel or nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles
such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition,
some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts.

8. © upload.wikimedia.org

9. DIFFERENCE IN CELL STRUCTURES
PROKARYOTES
1. CELL WALL:
Murein is the main strengthening
compound. It is non-cellulosic.
2. CELL MEMBRANE:
EUKARYOTES
1. CELL WALL:
Cellulose is the strengthening
compound. It is cellulosic.
2. CELL MEMBRANE:
© s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com ©biologywise.com

10. PROKARYOTES
• The cell membrane is simple.
• In prokaryotes, plasma
membrane does not contain
carbohydrates or sterols
3. ORGANELLES:
• Only few organelles are present.
• None are bound by cell
membranes.
EUKARYOTES
• It is complex made up of
phospholipid bilayer.
• In eukaryotes, plasma membrane
consists of sterols and
carbohydrates.
3. ORGANELLES:
• Many organelles are present.
• Envelope bound organelles
present.Eg.Nucleus,mitochondria

11. 4. NUCLEUS:
• Prokaryotes have no true nucleus,
with their nuclear material
distributed diffusely throughout
interior of cell.
• Prokaryotes contain a single
circular strand of DNA and have
no histones.
4.NUCLEUS:
• Eukaryotes have nuclei separated
from the cytoplasm by a double
membrane and containing both
chromosomes and a nucleolus.
• The nuclear material of
eukaryotes is arranged into
multiple chromosomes bound to
the protein histone.
© istockphoto.com

12. 5.DNA:
• DNA is in a loop.
• DNA floats in the cytoplasm and
consists of small ribosomes of
70S type.
6. FLAGELLA:
• Simple lacking microtubules.
• Extra cellular and 20nm diameter.
5.DNA:
• DNA is in paired chromosomes.
• It floats in nucleus contained in a
membrane and consists of large
ribosomes of 80S type.
6. FLAGELLA:
• Complex with ‘9+2’ arrangement
of microtubules.
• Intracellular and 200nm diameter.

13. DIFFERENCES IN MECHANISMS FOLLOWED:
• GENE TRANSFER:
In Prokaryotes, gene transfer occurs by
three processes. These are
1) Bacterial virus (bacteriophage)-
mediated transduction
2) Plasmid-mediated conjugation and
3) Natural transformation
• SOCIETY:
1. While prokaryotes are considered
strictly unicellular, most can form
stable aggregate communities.
• GENE TRANSFER:
In Eukaryotes,gene transfer occurs by
1.asexual,
2.mitosis or
3.meiosis methods.
• SOCIETY:
1. Since eukaryotes are multicellular
they may live in groups or isolated
individually.

14. 2. When such communities are
encased in a stabilizing polymer
matrix (slime), they may be called
“biofilms”.
• EVOLUTION:
1. The oldest known fossilized
prokaryotes were laid down
approximately 3.5 billion years ago,
only about 1 billion years after the
formation of the Earth's crust.
• EVOLUTION:
1. Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil
record later, and may have formed
from endosymbiosis of multiple
prokaryote ancestors. The oldest known
fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion
years old. However, some genetic
evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared
as early as 3 billion years ago.

15. © upload.wikimedia.org

17. REFERENCES:
The Journal of eukaryotic Microbiology- Adl SM, Simpson,
Lane, Lukes, Bass D.
Prokaryotes: Single-celled Organisms- NC State University.
Cell Biology of Prokaryotic Organelles-Murat D,Komeii.
Brief Biology- R.C.Sharma, Gurbir Sangha, Kalyani Pub.
Molecular Biology-Jones and Barlett, Burton E. Tropp.

18. Concepts in Biology- Eldon D. Enger, Frederick C. Ross, David B. Bailey:
Tata McGraw-Hill Edition.
Biology- The Unity and Diversity of Life. – Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart:
Wadsworth Publishing Company.