Indian Lunar Space Exploration - Chandrayaan I and II Missions
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An overview of the Indian Lunar Space Exploration Missions: Chandrayaan-I and Chandrayaan-II
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Indian Lunar Space Exploration - Chandrayaan I and II Missions
- 1. Credit: ISRO AIAA SPACE 2012 CONFERENCE By Prasad Sundararajan Indian Lunar Exploration Program – Chandrayaan I & II Missions
- 2. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Indian Space Program - ISRO Earth Observation - Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites Telecommunication – INSAT Satellites Meteorology & Navigation Satellites Indigenous Launch Vehicles PSLV GSLV – MK II & III Space Science/ Exploration Astronomy Missions Planetary Missions Human Spaceflight Program International Collaboration
- 3. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions
- 4. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions
- 5. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Objectives: Place an unmanned spacecraft in polar orbit around the moon Conduct mineralogical and chemical mapping of the entire lunar surface (95% completed) Upgrade national technological base for future planetary missions Orbit: Lunar Polar Circular Orbit at 100 KM / 200 KM. Launched by Indian PSLV XL. Timeline: Oct 22, 2008 - Aug 29, 2009 (more than 3400 lunar orbits) Spacecraft: Basic architecture derived from the IRS satellite bus, Spacecraft weight 1380 kg. Single solar panel generated 700 W power. Onboard liquid engine with 440 N performed orbit raising maneuvers. Eleven Science Instruments (six foreign) Chandrayaan–I Spacecraft Credit: ISRO
- 6. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Detection of Water (OH/ H2O) Molecules NASA M3 Instrument, Mini-SAR instrument CHACE payload of MIP from ISRO Lunar Mineral/ Topography Mapping Possible detection of Sodium (Na) Regional mapping of Apollo 14, 15 and 17 sites Interaction of Solar Wind with Lunar Regolith SARA Experiment found ~ 20% of incident solar wind get backscattered (high hydrogen reflection) Explains low abundance seen by Apollo 17 samples Lunar Radiation Environment Average flux and dose increased from 100 km to 200 km orbit Total radiation dose accumulated during CH-I transfer from Chandrayaan–I Science Findings
- 8. Credit: ISRO
- 9. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Reasons for failure before the planned two year mission Power Converter Failure for loss of communication Loss of Star Sensors early in the mission Thermal & Power Management Radiation tolerance for electronic components Power management among the 11 instruments Effect of dependency among instruments/ bus mgt. unit New Materials & Miniaturization Development and incorporation of new materials Core components redundancy and Instruments miniaturization Orbital perturbation corrections Chandrayaan–I Lessons Learned
- 10. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Chandrayaan–II Mission Objectives: Investigate the origin and evolution of the Moon with improved versions of Chandrayaan-1 instruments for imaging, mineralogy and chemical analysis Study of lunar radiation environment with alpha and neutron spectrometers Timeline: 2014-15 (Launch by Indian GSLV MK II) Spacecraft: Lunar Orbiter basic architecture derived from the IRS satellite bus. Russian Lunar Lander Indian Lunar Orbiter & Rover In-situ analysis of lunar regolith by instruments carried by rover and lander. Credit: Roscosmos/ ISRO
- 11. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions Indian Orbiter Three-dimensional map to study lunar mineralogy and geology TMC-2, IIRS, SAR, CLASS and ChASE-2 (all Indian) Russian Lunar Lander Neutron and Gamma-ray Analyzer to study the physical and chemical properties of landing site by in-situ analysis Communication Hub – with Rover/ Orbiter, with Earth stations Indian Rover Alpha Particle induced X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Navigation – pair of cameras to provide 3-D Digital Elevation Model Wireless Sensor Network Chandrayaan–II Science Instruments
- 12. Indian Lunar Exploration Program - Chandrayaan I & II Missions The Indian Space Program entered a new phase with the successful launch and completion of a dedicated lunar mission – Chandrayaan-I Chandrayaan-I was a scientific success and proved ISRO capability for deep space missions but also provided ISRO several lessons learned to be incorporated in CH-II and future planetary missions Provided a boost for international collaboration in space science for humanity, especially between developed/ developing space powers On Aug. 15,2012 (Indian Independence Day] Prime Minister officially announced launch of an Indian Mars Orbiter Mission by Nov. 2013 Successful development/ flight-test of GSLV MK-II & III crucial for future deep space missions and planned Human Spaceflight program CONCLUSION
Hinweis der Redaktion
- * Prasad Sundararajan has been an active member of AIAA since 1992 and currently a member of its Economics Technical Committee. He was elected as an Associate Fellow of AIAA in January 2010. He has been involved in aerospace and AIAA related activities for the past 16 years both at the regional and national levels. He is the founder and research director at aerospaceinindia.org, an independent open access network on Indian space activities. He holds a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Concordia University, Montreal, Canada and an MBA from Crummer Gradual School of Business, Rollins College, Florida. He also earned an Advanced Project Management Certificate from Stanford University School of Engineering, California. * His primary areas of interest and expertise are in space strategy and policy studies of emerging space powers, comparative economic and technology analysis, and the practical application of internet technologies for knowledge management and disbursement of aerospace related information.
- Indian Space Program – started in early 1960s with the launch of American Sounding Rockets from Thumba in southern India. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established in 1972 under the aegis of Dept. of Space, Govt. of India. Primary objective - Utilization of space assets for socio-economic benefits of the one billion and two hundred million citizens. Emphasis on IRS, INSAT and Meteorology satellites with indigenous launch vehicles. GSLV MK-II with Indian Cryogenic engine is still in development phase, the first launch in April 2010 was not successful. Successful development of GSLV MK II will allow India to be self-sufficient in launching INSAT series satellites. (next flight test by end of 2012). The maturity of Indian space program and national economic growth since liberalization (GDP in 2011 - $1.848 Trillion (per World Bank) = $5 Trillion in PPP) allowed ISRO to start dedicated space science/ planetary exploration program. Accelerate technology & science development. HSF – design stage, 2-3 person for orbit in the 200-300 KM altitude with indigenous launcher. GSLV MK-III would be needed for Human Space Flight program (2015-18).
- Space application and technology development – policy goals. International collaboration for mutual benefit and technology development. Tool to advance foreign policy goals. Department of Space and Space Commission comes under the direct leadership of the Prime Minister. Since 1990s – space science and exploration being advocated by ADCOS – Advisory Committee on Space Sciences to ISRO. Chandrayaan I – Lunar mission was India’s 1 st deep space mission (launched on Oct. 22, 2008) 5) ASTROSAT – to be launched in 2013 – First Indian Astronomy Multi-wavelength Satellite to be placed in 600 KM SSO. (UV Instrument from Canada)
- ISRO Budget for 2012-13: Indian Rupees 6,705.88 Crores (1 Crore is 10 Million) ~ $1.34 Billion $1 ~ 50 Indian Rupees LV Tech Devl. (GSLV MK II&III) – 29%; Launch Support (PSLV & GSLV) – 24%; Satellite Tech – 15%; INSAT – 15%; Space Applications – 9%; Space Science / Exploration – 6%; Administration – 3% Chandrayaan-I spacecraft cost $80 Million
- Chandrayaan – I Mission – India’s first lunar orbiter mission (also first deep space mission) Chandra means Moon in Sanskrit; Yaan means Vehicle. Developed entire deep space infrastructure – 18m and 32m deep space antennas for Indian DSN; Indian Space Science Data Center; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology; CH-I also carried a mini-spacecraft – Indian Moon Impact Probe that made a hard landing on the lunar south pole on Nov. 14, 2008 – Birth day of India’s first prime minister Nehru. MIP carried three instruments including a video recorder. Five Indian instruments and NASA (2), ESA (3) and Bulgaria (1) provided science instruments. Launched by an uprated version of PSLV – PSLV XL.
- The most sensational scientific finding of the Chandrayaan-I Mission came from NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument – Discovery of surfacial water (top few millimeters of the lunar regolith and over extended region in the higher latitudes). The CHACE (Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer) payload on the Moon Impact probe found direct detection of water molecules during its descent from the Orbiter before impacting the lunar surface. NASA Mini-SAR instrument detected ice deposits near Moon’s north pole and it is estimated that there could be at least 1.3 trillion pounds (600 million metric tons) of water ice. The C1XS instrument (ESA) spectra from Fra Mauo Formation include possible detection of Sodium (Na) The regional mapping of Apollo sites allowed India to calibrate/ verify its remote sensing instruments with Apollo samples and Clementine spacecraft results. This is important for ISRO to have confidence in its science instruments as future planetary missions program grows.
- The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) on Chandrayaan-1 has recently detected absorption features near 2.8 to 3.0 micrometers on the surface of the Moon. (JPL/ Brown University) According to the Principal Investigators, Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration. NASA’s Cassini and Deep Impact Probe confirmed these findings by analysis of prior data obtained from their instruments en-route to their destination.
- The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was released from an altitude of 100 KM on 14 Nov. 2008 impacted the Moon’s South Pole after a 25 minute descent. The CHACE instrument onboard the MIP sniffed the tenuous lunar atmosphere as it descended. It provided “direct evidence” of the presence of water molecules at higher lunar latitudes. The above spectrum just before impact shows spikes at 18, 28 and 44 amus (atomic mass units) detailing the various content of the lunar atmosphere. 18 is water, 28 is nitrogen and 44 is carbon dioxide. VSSC – Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, named after the first Chairman of ISRO, considered the Father of Indian Space Program.
- The spacecraft lost star sensor early in the mission once placed in the intended 100 km lunar polar orbit. The spacecraft experienced thermal problems once the science instruments were all commissioned. Given the large number (# 11) of science instruments, they needed to be phased for better thermal and power management. There is a need for understanding on dependency among the various components, instruments, distributed system/ bus management unit. The Moon’s uneven gravity necessitated constant orbital management, especially in the original 100 KM orbit. It was later raised to 200 KM orbit to reduce maneuvers. Chandrayaan-II is planned to be in a 200 KM orbit. ISRO did not immediately notify all PIs and press on the loss of sensors and waited a few days to report loss of contact once the mission ended after 10 months.
- Chandrayaan–II Mission – India’s second lunar orbiter mission and its first soft landing mission with a Rover. Russia to provide Lunar Lander and instruments for lander; communication hub with both the Indian Rover and Indian Orbiter. Orbiter to communicate with Indian DSN. Development/ deployment of advanced technologies – thermal management, Orbit maintenance, propulsion & power systems, systems development for rover maneuvers and in-situ analysis.
- Chandrayaan-II Mission: Orbiter-Lander-Rover (possible lander site in the lunar south pole) India has already selected and developing seven science instruments – 5 for the Orbiter and 2 for the Rover The main objective for the orbiter science is further chemical/ mineralogical/ topographical mapping with improved version of CH-I science instruments. (i) Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) (ii) Imaging Infra-red Spectrometer (IIRS) (iii) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (iv) Collimated Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) (v) Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ChASE-2) Russian Lander will carry the Indian Rover and perform in-situ analysis of lunar regolith utilizing a lander manipulator Science instruments - neutron and gamma-ray analyzer Russian lander is to act as the communication hub. Indian Rover consists of two science instruments to perform in-situ physical/ chemical analysis. Rover based wireless sensor network for in situ probing of water and ice on the surface of the moon. Rover to be capable of traversing up to 1 km. Battery powered.
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