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The ancient middle east mesopotamian literature2
- 1. The Ancient Middle East
- 12. Rise of Babylon
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Translaton: land between the rivers Present day location: Iraq; parts of Iran, Turkey, Syria Fertile Crescent Rivers: Tigris & Euphrates
- Fertile Crescent Rivers: Tigris & Euphrates
- Present day location: Iraq; parts of Iran, Turkey, Syria
- Sumerians: first to successfully dominate region originally Nomadic people settled in region 5000 – 4000 BC Engineers: dug canals: drain marshland and irrigation mud houses, pottery, clay tablets for writing
- Agricultural society wheat, barley; cattle, goats, sheep successful merchants and traders known for beautiful stonework, metalwork, sculpture Political boundaries City-states: large walled town and surrounding lands laid out around huge ziggurats (temples) Ziggurats: 6-7 stories high, brightly decorated-each level a different color; Priest King: ruler presiding over ziggurat thought to be representative of local god Largest Sumerian city-state: Ur, Uruk & Lagash Many city-states within sight of one another Lack of centralized government lead to fierce competition for land and resources.
- 3 level class system (very strict…glass ceilings) 1. Nobles: priests and government officials 2. Middle Class: merchants and artisans, professional people(doctors) 3. Peasants: farmers, slaves
- Advanced Culture Architecture: ziggurats Science & Math: developed mathematical system based upon a unit of 60; created a precise 12 month calendar based upon moon cycles
- Cuneiform (Latin: cuneus=wedge “ Wedge writing”: Sumerian’s chief cultural achievement one of the world’s first systems of writing system of wedge-shaped markings made with a pointed stick “stylus” Records discovered financial transactions imaginative literature: myths, epics, hymns, laments, proverbs, and fables
- Sumerians vulnerable: lack of central government of all city-states Akkadians : 1 st to dominate region after Sumerians Semitic people King Sargon : established empire that lasted nearly 100 years Gudea: Sumerian ruler returned Sumerian culture for short time at end of Akkadian rule Babylonians 2000BC Babylon: new capital city on bnks of Euphrates River “ gates of the gods”
- Babylonians builders of Babylon Suppressed Sumerian politically; removed all power Valued Sumerian culture: adopted it as own used Sumerian cuneiform: adapted it to own Semitic language translated many Sumerian writings to own language most famous “Epic of Gilgamesh” used Sumerian as literary language (like latin during middle ages)
- Babylonians builders of Babylon Suppressed Sumerian politically; removed all power Valued Sumerian culture: adopted it as own used Sumerian cuneiform: adapted it to own Semitic language translated many Sumerian writings to own language most famous “Epic of Gilgamesh” used Sumerian as literary language (like latin during middle ages)
- Hammurabi 6 th ruler of Babylon Code of Hammurabi: 282 laws to live by Babylon 1792 BC: peak of glory religious and cultural center of western Asia
- Hittites from Asia minor 1600 BC invaded and looted Mesopotamia left behind less drastic laws that Code of Hammurabi
- Assyrians 900 BC came to Mesopotamia Nineveh: Assyrian capital built on banks of Tigris River 230 miles north of present day Baghdad King Assurbanipal: built the Library of Nineveh; holds all Sumerian and Babylonian literature (clay tablets)
- Chaldeans: 612 BC overthrew Assyrians; Babylon continued to flourish
- King Nebechadnezzar rebuilt city; spectacular palaces and temples destroyed Jerusalem and kept Jews captive for 70 years Hanging Gardens: one of 7 wonders of world; built for wife Tower of Babel : ziggurat; Babel = Hebrew for Babylon
- Hanging Gardens: one of 7 wonders of world; built for wife
- Tower of Babel : ziggurat; Babel = Hebrew for Babylon
- Written 4000 years ago 1000 years older than the Greek epics and some books of Hebrew Bible Discovered in 1839 by amateur archaeologist
- Story based upon some fact Gilgamesh believed to be king of Uruk (Sumer) Sometime between 2700 BC – 2500 BC
- Earliest written fragments date from 2000 BC Put to complete form by a scribe in 1300 BC
- Gilgamesh 2 parts god and 1 part human possesses natural powers and human weaknesses suffers from excessive pride or “hubris” on a quest for ‘immortality”
- Discovered: modern day Iraq in Nineveh; buried remains of library of Assurbanipal