10. Growing Follicles 1
• Oocyte diameter increases to 150 µm
• Nucleus enlarges
• Organelles increase in number and
amount (mito., Golgi, ER)
• Unilaminar primary follicle has one layer
of cuboidal follicular cells
• Multilaminar primary follicle has several
layers of follicular (granulosa) cells
11. Growing Follicles 2
• Zona pellucida forms just outside
oocyte membrane, thick basal lamina
• Follicle cell filopodia extend into ZP as
do oocyte filopodia, joined by gap
junctions
• Follicle cells differentiate into theca
folliculi that has a theca interna and
theca externa
• Zona pellucida forms just outside
oocyte membrane, thick basal lamina
13. Secondary Follicles
• Granulosa and theca cells increase in
number
• Fluid-filled spaces in granulosa layer
fuse to form the antrum
• Stem of follicular cells connects oocyte
with corona radiata to the surrounding
granulosa cells
15. Mature (Graafian) Follicles
• In later stages may be over 2 cm in
diameter, antrum enlarges
• Bulge from ovary surface
• Granulosa cells differentiate into corona
radiata which adheres to ovum when it
is ovulated
16.
17. Corpus Luteum 1
• Temporary hormone secreting structure formed by
granulosa cells and theca interna cells remaining
after ovulation
• Secretes estrogen and progesterone
• Structure may include coagulated blood and
connective tissue from stroma
• Granulosa cells hypertrophy into granulosa lutein
cells with increased SER and mitochondria with
tubular cristae
• Theca interna cells form theca lutein cells which are
smaller and darker staining than granulosa lutein
cells
20. Corpus Albicans
• Scar of stromal cells that forms when
corpus luteum breaks down
• Large ones form after pregnancy and
smaller ones after each ovulation
• Older ovaries have many
22. Oviduct
• Muscular tube 12 cm long
• Upper end opens into peritoneal cavity near
ovary
• Lower end passes through the uterus wall
• 4 segments
–
–
–
–
intramural part in uterine wall
isthmus is adjacent to uterine wall
ampulla is dilated part
infundibulum is funnel-shaped part near ovary with
fimbriae
23.
24. Oviduct Wall 1
• Mucosa
– simple columnar epithelium
– ciliated cell and nonciliated peg cell
– cilia near ovary beat toward uterus
– cilia near uterus beat toward ovary
– lamina propria of loose connective tissue
28. Uterus
• Pear-shaped structure attached to
oviducts at upper end and to vagina at
lower end
• Uterine wall has 3 layers
– Endometrium
– Myometrium
– Adventitia/Serosa
31. Myometrium
• Thickest layer
• Four poorly defined layers of smooth
muscle separated by connective tissue
• Inner and outer layers are mostly
longitudinal in orientation
• Middle layers are more circular
• Middle layer thickens in pregnancy with
more smooth muscle cells and
increased collagen
32.
33. Endometrium
• Simple columnar epithelium invaginated
into simple tubular glands
• Ciliated columnar cells and secretory
columnar cells
• Lamina propria of highly cellular
connective tissue and vessels
• 2 zones in endometrium
– functional layer
– basal layer
34.
35. Endometrial Layers
• Functional layer
– surface layer sloughed off during
menstruation
– replaced during each menstrual cycle
• Basal layer
– deeper layer retained after menstruation
– gland cells give rise to new epithelium
36.
37. Endometrium Vasculature
• Arcuate arteries in the myometrium give
rise to the
– straight arteries of the basal layer which
give rise to the
– coiled arteries of the functional layer
38. Menstrual Cycle
• Estrogen and progesterone from ovary
stimulate changes in the endometrium
• 28 day cycle on average
• Begins age 12-15 and ends age 45-50
• 3 main phases of cycle
– Menstrual phase: days 1-4
– Proliferative (follicular) phase: days 5-14
– Ovulation around day 14
– Secretory (luteal) phase: days 15-28
39.
40. Proliferative (Follicular) Phase
• Days 5-14 leading up to ovulation
• Endometrium consists of just gland bases
• Cells of gland bases proliferate forming simple
columnar epithelium
• 2-3 mm of endometrium form with glands of
straight tubes with narrow lumens
• Coiled arteries grow into regenerated lamina
propria
41.
42. Secretory (Luteal) Phase
• Begins after ovulation, days 15-28
• Corpus luteum forms and produces
progesterone
• Glands develop further, become coiled
and begin to secrete
• Endometrium reaches 5 mm thick
43.
44. Menstrual Phase
• Progesterone and estrogen decrease
causing coiled arteries to constrict
cutting off blood flow to the functional
layer of endometrium
• Endometrial cells die and the functional
layer is sloughed off
• Vessels distal to constrictions are shed
with the functional layer causing some
bleeding
46. Uterine Cervix 1
• Lower part of uterus
• Lined by mucous secreting simple
columnar epithelium
• Some smooth muscle and much
connective tissue in lamina propria
• Part of cervix in upper vagina has
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
epithelium
47. Uterine Cervix 2
• Cervical mucosa has mucous glands
• Cervical mucosa remains intact during
menstrual cycle
• Cervical gland secretions vary during
menstrual cycle
– at ovulation mucous is watery so sperm
can penetrate easily
– in luteal phase or pregnancy mucous more
viscous to block sperm or microbes
48. Placenta
• Organ that forms from uterine wall and fetal
tissues during pregnancy to provide site for
exchange between maternal and fetal
circulation
• Fetal part: chorion
• Maternal part: decidua basalis
• Chorionic villi contain fetal vessels and are
bathed by maternal blood
• Syncytial trophoblasts make up walls of villi;
syncytial knots are groups of nuclei
49.
50. Synctyiotrophoblast erodes*
maternal blood vessels
from the remainder of*
trophoblasts chorion
developes and gives rise to
chorionic villi
placenta
early
late
:The placenta barrier is formed of
. Syncytiotrophoblasts-1
Cytotrophoblasts-2
.Basment membrane of cytotrphoblasts -3.
CT. core-4
basment membrane capillary endothelial cells -5
Capillary endothelial cells-6
:The placenta barrier is formed of 5 layers
Syncytiotrophoblasts-1
Basment membrane of trophoblasts -2
. CT core-3
Basment membrane of endothelial cells -4
.of the capillary of villi
.Capillary endothelial cells-5
at full term the placenta will not have
50
HISTICS
cytotrophoblast
428
51. Vagina
• Epithelium is stratified squamous partly
keratinized
• No glands in epithelium
• Underlying lamina propria of loose connective
tissue, highly vascularized with many elastic
fibers
• Muscular layer of circular and longitudinal
smooth muscle
• Adventitia of dense irregular connective tissue
with elastic fibers, many vessels and nerves
52.
53. Female External Genitalia
• Vulva:
mons pubis, labia majora and minora,
clitoris, hymen, the vestibule, Skene’s
and Bartholin’s glands and ducts, minor
vestibular glands and the urethral
meatus.
54. Female External Genitalia
• Vulva covered by keratinized, stratified
squamous epithelium.
• Hymen is thinly keratinized on external
surface, but on vaginal surface has
non-keratinized mucosa rich in
glycogen.
55. Female External Genitalia
• Mons pubis and lateral aspects of labia
majora
– Changes at puberty.
– Increase subcutaneous fat and develop
coarse curly hair.
– Concomitant maturation and development
of sebaceous and apocrine glands.
56. Female External Genitalia
. Lateral aspects of the labia minor and inner
aspects of prepuce (which do not have
hair) also show maturation of sebaceous
and apocrine glands at puberty.
. Eccrine sweat glands, which are primarily
involved in heat regulation, function before
puberty.
57. Female External Genitalia
– Labia majora contain both smooth muscle
and fat.
– Labia minora are devoid of fat but are rich
in elastin and vessels (erectile tissue).
58. Female External Genitalia
Clitoris is the descendent of the embryonic
phallus
– No sebaceous, apocrine or eccrine sweat
glands.
– Stroma has two conjoined corpora
cavernosa which branch near the base of
the clitoris and lie along the pubic rami as
divided crura.
59. Female External Genitalia
. Bartholin’s glands are tubulo-alveolar glands
– Acini are composed of simple columnar
mucus-secreting epithelium.
– Drained by a duct lined by a transitional
epithelium which becomes non-keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium near its exit.
– Bartholin’s glands are equivalent to the
Cowper’s glands in the male.
60. Female External Genitalia:
. Skene’s glands are composed of
pseudostratified mucus-secreting
columnar epithelium.
– Ducts are lined by transitional-type
epithelium.
– Skene’s glands are equivalent to the
prostate in male.
61.
62. Mammary Glands 1
• 15-25 lobes of compund tubuloacinar glands
similar to apocrine sweat glands
• Glands secrete by apocrine mechanism
(lipids) and exocytosis (proteins)
• Each lobe surrounded by dense irregular
connective tissue and has its own duct
leading into lactiferous ducts of nipple
• Interlobular ducts have simple cuboidal
epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells
63. Mammary Glands 2
• Lactiferous sinuses lined by stratified
squamous epithelium that changes to
stratified columnar/cuboidal deeper in
lactiferous ducts
• Glandular cells proliferate during
pregnancy
64. • at puberty there is an increase in
connective and adipose tissue , C.T
• the glands within the breast are classified
as compound tubuloalveolar glands,
64
HISTICS
428
65. • lactiferous sinus and duct lined by stratified
cuboidal epithelium
• smaller ducts are lined by simple columnar
epithelium
• myoepithelial cells are present
• Terminal ends of the ducts show dilated acini
• Each lobule will be enlarged
while the inter and
intra-lobular
tissues are decreased.
65
HISTICS
428
66. Lactating
• alveoli composed of cuboidal cells
• secretion have two kinds : lipids and
proteins
• lipids secreted by apocrine mode
• proteins secreted by merocrine mode
• reduction of interlobular tissue. reduction
of intralobular CT.distended acini (alveoli)
with milk.Acini are lined with flat epith.
• NB.Suckling stimulate prolactin
66
HISTICS
and oxytocin hormones secretion
428
