MUJERES EN LA CIENCIA
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Guía didáctica sobre el papel de la mujer en la ciencia
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MUJERES EN LA CIENCIA
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- 7. =2F"K&+(+-(+N&3(3".>+K"K$3#"3(+K2+-(+2_V&)"3".>*+)2+`(+V'2N")#&+-(+&'%(>"I(3".>+K2+ N")"#()+%H"(K()+K"'"%"K()+(+-&)+32>#'&)+2KH3(#"N&)+0+)2+`(>+ VH2)#&+(+ K")V&)"3".>+K2-+ VdF-"3&+K"N2')()+%H()+K"K$3#"3()*+#(>#&+)&F'2+U)#'&>&1(+3&1&+)&F'2+2-+V(V2-+K2+-()+ 1HJ2'2)+ 2>+ -(+ 3"2>3"(:+ Y()+ V'"12'()+ VH2K2>+ K2)3('%(')2+ K"'23#(12>#2+ K2)K2+ -(+ V$%">(+ i2F+ K2+ -(+ Q&3"2K(K+ L)V(]&-(+ K2+ U)#'&>&1(+ ?iii:)2(7()#'&>&1"(:2)R K'HV(-Rjak>&K2R@@AlCm+-(+)2%H>K(+3&''2)V&>K2+(-+V'2)2>#2+K&3H12>#&:+X&K()+2--()+ 2)#$>+ (+ K")V&)"3".>+K2+aH"2>+ -&+K2)22+ 2>+-(+V$%">(+i2F+K2+-(+2_V&)"3".>+2>+n"-F(&+ ?iii:2`H:2)R()#'&>&1()F"-F(&C: U+V('#"'+K2+F'2N2)+F"&%'(,()+K2+aH">32+1HJ2'2)+K2+K"N2')()+$'2()+3"2>#,"3()+0+K2+ GV&3()+N('"(K()*+V'&V&>21&)+2>+2)#(+%H(+(-%H>()+(3#"N"K(K2)+V('(+3&1V'&F('+aH2+ !"#$%&'()+0+<&-#("'2+)2+2aH"N&3(F(>:+U-%H>()+(3#"N"K(K2)+2)#$>+K2)#">(K()+(+(0HK('+(+ -(+ 12J&'+ 3&1V'2>)".>+ K2+ -()+ F"&%'(,()+ K2+ 2)#()+ 3"2>#,"3()*+ -()+ K","3H-#(K2)+ aH2+ V()('&>+V('(+ V&K2'+2)#HK"('+0+#'(F(J('+2>+3"2>3"(*+ )H)+">N2)#"%(3"&>2)+0+K2)3HF'"7 1"2>#&)*+ -(+ N"K(+ aH2+ --2N('&>+ 2+ ">3-H)&+-(+ )&3"2K(K+ 2>+ -(+ aH2+ -2)+ #&3.+ N"N"':+ Z#'(+ (3#"N"K(K+>&)+(32'3(+ (+ -()+1HJ2'2)+aH2*+(+ -&+-('%&+K2+-(+`")#&'"(*+`(>+'23"F"K&+(-%d>+ !'21"&+e&F2-+2>+2-+$1F"#&+3"2>#,"3&+0+(-+`23`&+K2+aH2+2-+>d12'&+K2+V'21"(K()+)2(+ '2KH3"K&+K2F"K&+(+aH2+1H3`()+aH2K('&>+">JH)#(12>#2+2_3-H"K():+M>(+(3#"N"K(K+V('(+ 3&1V'&F('+2-+K2)3&>&3"1"2>#&+)&3"(-+K2+-()+1HJ2'2)+3"2>#,"3()+0+)H)+">N2)#"%(3"&>2)*+ 0+H>(+d-#"1(+V('(+V>3"('+2-+'23&>&3"1"2>#&+K2+)H+"1V&'#(>#2+-(F&'+2>+-(+3"2>3"(+ 3&1V-2#(>+ 2)#(+ %H(:+ !('(+,">(-"I('+)2+ ">3-H02+H>(+(1V-"(+F"F-"&%'(,(+ V('(+ aH"2>2)+ K2)22>+ V'&/H>K"I('+ 2>+ 2-+ 2)#HK"&+ 0+ 3&>&3"1"2>#&+ K2+ 2)#()*+ H+ &#'()*+ 1HJ2'2)+ 3"2>#,"3(): %
- 8. N.+-(,/01+2/"/30,-/(45,63 L>+2)#2+(V('#(K&+&/'2321&)+F'2N2)+F"&%'(,()+K2+@4+1HJ2'2)+K2+#&K()+ -()+GV&3()*+#&K()+2--()+K2)#(3(K()+2>+(-%H>(+K")3"V-">(+3"2>#,"3(o+1(#27 1$#"3()*+ ">/&'1$#"3(*+ ()#'&>&1(*+ (-aH"1"(+ 0+aH1"3(*+ ,)"3(*+ 12K"3">(*+ F"&-&%(+0+%2&-&%(:+L)+2N"K2>#2+aH2+-(+-")#(+VH2K2+)2'+1$)+2_#2>)(+V2'&+ V'2#2>K21&)+aH2+2)#(+1H2)#'(+3&>)"%(+K2)V2'#('+2-+">#2'G)+V&'+2-+N(-"&7 )&+ V(V2-+ aH2+ -(+ 1HJ2'+ `(+ K2)21V2](K&+ 2>+ 2-+ K2)(''&--&+ 3"2>#,"3&+ 0+ #23>&-.%"3&+K2+>H2)#'()+3"N"-"I(3"&>2):+L>+)"%H"2>#2)+)233"&>2)+V'&V&>7 K'21&)+(-%H>()+(3#"N"K(K2)+aH2+V2'1"#(>+3H1V-"'+2)#&)+&FJ2#"N&):
- 9. D('(+-(+S2F'2(*+aH2+N"N".+KH'(>#2+-&)+)"%-&)+E+0+EE*+/H2+-(+ V'"12'(+1HJ2'+(-aH"1")#(+0+aH"I$+)2(+-(+V'"12'(+K2K"3(K(+ (+-(+3"2>3"(+2>+-(+L)3H2-(+K2+U-2J(>K'(: X(1F"G>+2)+3&>)"K2'(K(+ 3&1&+ -(+ V'"12'(+ 1HJ2'+">N2>7 #&'(*+0+)2+-2+(#'"FH02>+#'2)+K")V&)"#"N&)*+aH2+ `(>+V2'KH'(K&+g (-%H>&)+3&>+&#'&)+>&1F'2)g+`()#(+-(+(3#H(-"K(Ko+2-+%+#.#g-$+?%+&$'+&,#*#&)%&$*+(V('(#&+ V('(+K2)#"-('C*+ 2-+g&+-%4g#$+?*&/(&K-'7-+)-*+ ('#"-H%"&+V('(+ -(+ K2)#"-(3".>+ 3&>#">H(+ 0+ 2_#'(33".>+KH'(>#2+-(+#'(>)1H#(3".>+K2+12#(-2)C+0+2-+.4K-'2&'84+F4+?2-+&'"%">(-+2'(+ H>+ F(]&+ K2+ ('2>(+ 0+ 32>"I()+ gV('(+ 3&>)2'N('+12J&'+ 2-+ 3(-&'g*+ aH2+ 3(-2>#(F(+ &#'&+ '23"V"2>#2+ 3&>+ (%H(+ aH2+ (+ )H+ N2I+ 3(-2>#(F(+ (-+ )"%H"2>#2m+ K2)VHG)+ aH2K('(+ )">+ -(+ ('2>(*+).-&+3&>+2-+(%H(+aH2+K2F2+`2'N"'+0+2)#2+N(V&'+3(-2>#('(+&#'&+'23"V"2>#2m+2-+aH2+ )2+V&>2+p(-+F(]&+K2+1('(qC: D('(+2)3'"F".+N('"&)+#2_#&)+)&F'2+(-aH"1"(+g(H>aH2+>">%H>&+`(+)&F'2N"N"K&+2>+)H+ /&'1(+ &'"%">(-g+ 3&1&+ 2-+ c#G1-<-' 2&' e4+F4' 6' D+-$*+ 2>+ K&>K2+ 2)#$>+ K2)3'"#()+ &+ >&1F'(K()+(-%H>()+K2+ -()+F()2)+K2+-(+(-aH"1"(+ &33"K2>#(-o+-2H3&)")*+_(>#&)")*+$3"K&+ K2+-(+)(-+1('">(*+$3"K&+(3G#"3&+&+'232#()+V('(+`(32'+&'&:+!&'+2--&+VH2K2+3&>)"K2'(')2+ H>(+K2+-()+V'23H')&'()+K2+-(+aH1"3(+1&K2'>(: ! & 76"860$609/:"/6 @%)L(+M#(%)%"56+M+=.%)C+#&OPC% !
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- 11. e(3".+2>+S(>>&N2'+?!'H)"(C+2-+(]&+@948+2>+H>(+/(1"-"(+K2+ 3-()2+ 12K"(:+ Y()+ `"J()+/H2'&>+ 2KH3(K()+ V('(+ )2'+2)V&)()+ 0+ '2(-"I('+ -()+ -(F&'2)+ K&1G)#"3()+ 0+ -&)+ `"J&)+ '23"F"2'&>+ H>(+ 2KH3(3".>+V&-"/(3G#"3(*+(+-(+aH2+)2+)H1('(+;('&-">2: X'()+-(+ 1H2'#2+K2+)H+V(K'2*+)2+ 1('3`.+(+E>%-(#2''(+JH>#&+(+ )H+`2'1(>&+r"--"(1:+ UK21$)+K2+-(+1d)"3(*+3&1V('#(+3&>+G-+)H+(,"3".>+(+-(+()#'&>&1(*+aH2+G-+3&>N"'#".+2>+ V'&/2)".>+ 3H(>K&+ 2-+ '20+ T&'%2+ EEE+ -2+ ()"%>.+ H>+ )(-('"&+ #'()+ )H+ K2)3HF'"1"2>#&+ K2+ M'(>&:+ ;('&-">2+ 3&-(F&'.+ )"21V'2+ 3&>+ r"--"(1+ /(F'"3(>K&+ #2-2)3&V"&)*+ '2(-"I(>K&+ 3$-3H-&)+1(#21$#"3&)*+3(#(-&%(>K&*+'2N")(>K&+0+(>(-"I(>K&+)H)+&F)2'N(3"&>2)*+-&+aH2+ K('(+ "1V&'#(>#2)+ /'H#&)*+ 3&1&+ 2-+ K2)3HF'"1"2>#&+ K2+ -(+ 2_")#2>3"(+ K2+ 2)#'2--()+ K&F-2):+!2'&+#(1F"G>+K2)(''&--('(+)H+V'&V"&+#'(F(J&+3&1&+()#'.>&1(+V'&/2)"&>(-+K2+ -(+ 3&'#2:+ PH2+ -(+ V'"12'(+ 1HJ2'+ 2>+ K2)3HF'"'+H>+ 3&12#(*+ K2#23#.+H>+ #&#(-+ K2+ &3`&+ 3&12#()*+'2N").+0+&'K2>.+2-+3(#$-&%&+2)#2-('+K2+P-(1)#22K*+(](K"2>K&+4A8+2)#'2--()*+0+ )H+3(#$-&%&+K2+6488+>2FH-&)()+-2+N(-".+-(+D2K(--(+K2+Z'&+K2+ -(+f-641'D$%+-)-8#,41' @-,#&%6*+K2+-(+aH2+/H2+1"21F'&+`&>&'('"&+?-(+V'"12'(+1HJ2'*+JH>#&+(+D('0+Q&12'N"--2*+ 2>+ '23"F"'+2)2+ ##H-&C:+L>+ @566*+ #'()+-(+ 1H2'#2+ K2+ )H+`2'1(>&*+ '2%'2).+(+S(>>&N2':+ ;&>N2'#"K(+2>+H>(+32-2F'"K(K+2>+2-+1H>K&+3"2>#,"3&*+2-+'20+P2K2'"3&+OH"--2'1&+E<+K2+ !'H)"(+-2+&#&'%.+-(+e&24114'2&'h+-'2&'B#&),#4$:+P(--23".+2>+@5B5*+(+-(+2K(K+K2+b9+(]&): () R#)C%&.%&.#)%)%=.(S&0M% !! =6"%$-(/0>+,"/<609/"3,?/$
- 12. e(3".+2>+!(')+2-+(]&+@99A+2>+H>(+/(1"-"(+FH'%H2)(+ aH2+ V('#"3"V.+ 2>+ -(+ '2N&-H3".>+ /'(>32)(:+ =H'(>#2+ -(+ 1")1(+ )2+ '2/H%".+ 2>+ 3()(+ 0+ K2K"3.+ )H+ #"21V&+ (+ -(+ -23#H'(+K2+-"F'&)+K2+-(+F"F-"(:+L)#HK".+1(#21$#"3()+ V&'+)H+3H2>#(*+(H>aH2+3&>+-(+ &V&)"3".>+K2+)H+/(1"-"(+?K2+>&3`2+-2+aH"#(F(>+-(+ -HI*+-(+3(-2/(33".>+0+-(+'&V(C:+;&1&+>&+V&K(+(3HK"'+(+-(+!$,(&14'X-1#%d,)#,4*+3&>)"%H".+ -&)+(VH>#2)+K2+(-%H>&)+3H')&)*+2>+2)V23"(-+-&)+K2+Y(%'(>%2*+(+aH"2>+V'2)2>#('(+)H)+ ">N2)#"%(3"&>2)+F(J&+2-+>&1F'2+K2+ D&>)"2H'+Y2+n-(>3*+H>+ (>#"%H&+(-H1>&:+ ;H(>K&+ Y(%'(>%2+ aH")&+3&>&32'+(+ #(>+ F'"--(>#2+ 2)#HK"(>#2+ K2)3HF'".+-(+ N2'K(K+ 0+(V&0.+ (+ Q&V`"2: QH)+V'"12'&)+#'(F(J&)+"1V&'#(>#2)+ )&F'2+ X2&'(+ K2+ ed12'&)+)2+ 3&>&32>+ V&'+)H+ 3&''2)V&>K2>3"(*+#(1F"G>+F(J&+)2HK.>"1&+ 1()3H-">&*+3&>+O(H)):+ L-+'2)H-#(K&+aH2+ --2N(+ )H+ >&1F'2+ '2V'2)2>#.+ H>+ (N(>32+ 1H0+ "1V&'#(>#2+ 2>+ -(+ K21&)#'(3".>+ K2-+ X2&'21(+K2+P2'1(#+?3&1V-2#(K(+2>+@bb4+V&'+U>K'2i+r"-2)C:+=2)VHG)+)2+K2K"3('(+ (-+ 2)#HK"&+ K2+ -()+ )HV2',"3"2)+ 2-$)#"3()*+ ">#2>#(>K&+ 2_V-"3('+ 1(#21$#"3(12>#2+ -&)+ 2_V2'"12>#&)+K2+;`-(K>"*+-&)+V(#'&>2)+%2&1G#'"3&)+aH2+ /&'1(+ -(+ 1d)"3(+ )&F'2+-()+ V-(3()+12#$-"3()+3&>+ ('2>(*+-&+aH2+-2+N(-K'(+ 2-+X+&8#-'2&'14'D,42&8#4'2&' B#&),#4$:+ X'(F(J.+2>+&#'&)+#21()+3&1&+-(+3H'N(#H'(+&+">3-H)&+2>+P"-&)&,(+K2+-(+;"2>3"(:+=2K"3.+ #&K(+)H+N"K(+ (+ -()+1(#21$#"3()*+ >&+)2+ 3().+>H>3(+0+1H'".+ K2+ 3$>32'+K2+ 1(1(+ 2>+ @5l@: ! (( @%;?-/0A/"16-( B%.#MJKC%)(#?0"6C+0&%(+% !
- 13. e(3".+2-+(]&+@9bb+2>+Y012+[2%")*+(-+)H'+K2+E>%-(#2''(*+2>+ H>(+ /(1"-"(+1H0+V&F'2:+Q&-&+`2'2K.+K2+ )H+V(K'2+?@5@8C+ -(+ V2-"%'&)(+#('2(+K2+FH)3('+/.)"-2)+0+N2>K2'-&):+QH)+/.)"-2)+)2+ `"3"2'&>+ "1V'2)3">K"F-2)+ V('(+ 3&-233"&>")#()*+ 3"2>#,"3&)+ 0+ 1H)2&): UV'2>K".+(+ -22'+-&)+K&1">%&)+ 3&>+ #2_#&)+'2-"%"&)&)+ 0+ K2N&'.+#&K&)+ -&)+2)#HK"&)+ )&F'2+ /.)"-2)+0+%2&-&%(+ aH2+ 3(02'&>+2>+ )H)+1(>&):+ U3(F.+3&>N"'#"G>K&)2+ 2>+ H>(+ 2_V2'#(*+ V&'+ )H+ 2_V2'"2>3"(+ K2+ 3(1V&+ 0+ )H)+ -23#H'():+ E1V&'#(>#2)+ %2.-&%&)+ -(+ N")"#('&>+V('(+ FH)3('+/.)"-2)+0+K")3H#"'+3&>+ 2--(+ K2+(>(#&1(+ 0+3-()","3(3".>:+=2)3H7 F'".+ 2-+ V'"12'+ 2)aH2-2#&+ K2+ #,%#-$4(+-+ 0+ -&)+ V'"12'&)+ 2)aH2-2#&)+ K2+ *1&$#-$4(+-+ ?(1F&)+'2V#"-2)+ 1('">&)+ K2+ -(+ GV&3(+ JH'$)"3(C*+ 2-+ V'"12'+2)aH2-2#&+K2+ *%&+-$4(+#-+ /H2'(+K2+U-21(>"(+0+&#'&)+/.)"-2)+"1V&'#(>#2)*+aH2+-&)+.&1&8)#%&$+3&>#"2>2>+)(3&)+K2+ #">#(+ /&)"-"I(K(+ 0+aH2+ -&)+ p3&V'&-"#&)q+ )&>+ `232)+ /&)"-"I(K():+ QH+ #'(F(J&+ /H2+ /H>K(7 12>#(-+V('(+2>#2>K2'+-(+V'2`")#&'"(+?2_")#2>3"(+K2+-(+p2'(+K2+-&)+'2V#"-2)q+0+2_#">3".>C+ 0+2>+2-+>(3"1"2>#&+K2+-(+V(-2&>#&-&%(:+Q">+21F('%&*+V&'+)2'+1HJ2'+0+K2+V'&32K2>3"(+ `H1"-K2*+>&+/H2+'23&>&3"K&+)H+#'(F(J&+0+-&)+3"2>#,"3&)+VHF-"3('(>+)H)+`(--(I%&)+)">+ 12>3"&>('-(:+ U+ V2)('+ K2+ aH2+ )H+ #'(F(J&+ >&+ 2)#(F(+ 3"#(K&+ 2>+ -"F'&)+ &+ ('#3H-&)*+ (3(F(F(+ )"2>K&+'23&>&3"K&:+ X'()+)H+1H2'#2*+ aH2+&3H''".+2-+(]&+@5B9+2>+)H+3"HK(K+ >(#(-*+ '23"F".+ -&)+ `&>&'2)+ K2+ -(+ @-,#&242' a&-10<#,4' 2&' A-)2+&$+ ?aH2+ >&+ (K1"#".+ 1HJ2'2)+3&1&+1"21F'&)+`()#(+@b8BC: (! 76"B0C((-(& !! 1%"#0&.S"0*%)%6.0'+'%C.%)%)"%):8=56#'%)'#)-S=+"#=
- 14. Nació en Florencia el año 1820, en el seno de una familia británica de clase alta. En 1844 –en contra de las convenciones sociales y con la reprobación de su familia– decidió instruirse como enfermera. Viajó por varios países, donde continuó su aprendizaje y relató sus experiencias. Su aportación más célebre tuvo lugar durante la Guerra de Crimea: en 1854, ella y un equipo de 38 enfermeras voluntarias, entrenadas por Florence, se trasladaron a la base principal británica de operaciones. Su gestión redujo el índice de mortandad, en el hospital militar, del 42% al 2%, ya fuera realizando mejoras en la higiene o recla‐ mando a la Comisión Sanitaria. Durante dicha guerra se ganó el apodo de “La dama de la lámpara” por sus frecuentes visitas nocturnas a los enfermos. Nightingale estableció las bases de la profesionalización de la enfermería fundando en 1860 su escuela en el Hospital Saint Thomas de Londres. El Juramento Nightingale –efectuado por las enfermeras al graduarse– fue creado en 1893 y el Día Internacional de la Enfermería se celebra el aniversario de su nacimiento. Fue pre‐ cursora en la representación visual de la información –diagramas e histogramas circulares–. De gran cultura matemática, aplicó sus conocimientos de estadística a la epidemiología y a la estadística sanitaria. Fue la primera mujer admitida en la Royal Statistical Society británica y miembro hono‐rario de la American Statistical Association. Murió en Londres en 1910. ! 13 Florence Nigh<ngale Pionera de la enfermería moderna !
- 15. Nació en Varsovia (Polonia) el año 1867 con el nombre de Marja Sklodowska. Se licenció en Física y en Matemá‐ ticas en la Universidad de la Sorbona (París). En esa misma universidad obtuvo en 1903 el doctorado en Ciencias con la tesis titulada Investigaciones sobre las sustancias radiactivas inspirada en los trabajos del ,ísico Henri Becquerel. Fue la primera persona en utilizar el nombre de radioactividad para describir la impresión dejada por un compuesto de uranio colocado sobre una placa fotográ,ica cubierta de papel negro. En 1895 se casó con Pierre Curie, con quien compartía su entrega exclusiva a la investigación cientí,ica y con quien realizó sus investigaciones sobre la radio‐ actividad natural. En 1898 descubrieron dos nuevos elementos químicos: el polonio y el radio, ambos contenidos en el mineral pechblenda. El descubrimiento del radio pudo suponer a la familia Curie el abandono de sus penurias económicas si hubieran patentado la técnica para aislarlo del mineral pero decidieron publicar sin restric‐ ciones el resultado completo de sus investigaciones, según el más puro espíritu cien‐ tí,ico. Marie obtuvo dos premios Nobel, de ,ísica en 1903 compartido con Pierre y Becquerel y de química en 1911, siendo hasta el momento la única persona en recibirlos en distintos campos cientí,icos, así como una de las dos mujeres que, hasta la fecha, han obtenido el premio Nobel de ,ísica. También fue la primera mujer a quien se otorgó una cátedra en la universidad de la Sorbona, a partir de la muerte de su marido, atropellado en 1906. Todos estos logros se debieron a su fuerte perso‐ nalidad caracterizada por su con,ianza y su perseverancia obstinadas. Murió el año 1934 de una leucemia causada por la acumulación de radiaciones en su médula ósea. ! 14 Marie Curie Pasión por la invesKgación !
- 16. e(3".+2>+D())(3`H))2#)+2-+(]&+@5A5:+X'()+%'(KH(')2+ 2>+2-+[(K3-"//2+;&--2%2+V('(+1HJ2'2)*+21V2I.+(+#'(F(J('+ 2>+ 2-+ 2aH"V&+ K2+ p1HJ2'2)+ 3(-3H-(K&'()q+ K2-+ ;4+>4+2' B-11&<&'h.$&+>4%-+6:+Y()+p3(-3H-(K&'()q+2'(>+-()+2>3('%(K()+K2+-()+#('2()+123$>"3()o+ 3&1V"-('+ K(#&)*+ '2(-"I('+ 3$-3H-&)*+ '2N")('+ /&#&%'(,()*+ 2-(F&'('+ 3(#$-&%&)*+ V2'&+ >&+ &F)2'N(3"&>2)*+ 0+>&'1(-12>#2+ 2'(>+ )H)+J2/2)+aH"2>2)+)2+--2N(F(>+ 2-+1G'"#&+ K2+ )H)+ K2)3HF'"1"2>#&):+ L--(+ /H2+1$)+(--$+K2+)H)+#('2()+0+K2)(''&--.+H>+1G#&K&+V('(+12K"'+0+3(#(-&%('+2-+ F'"--&+K2+ -()+ 2)#'2--()*+ (K&V#(K&+K2)VHG)+3&1&+ 2)#$>K('*+K2)3HF'".+6:B88+ 2)#'2--()+ N('"(F-2)+?3H0(+">#2>)"K(K+K2+F'"--&+N('(C*+32>#'$>K&)2+2>+-()+;2/2"K()*+V('(+-()+aH2+ &F)2'N.+aH2+ )H+V2'"&K&+K2+VH-)(3".>+2)+'2%H-('+0+K"'23#(12>#2+'2-(3"&>(K&+3&>+)H+ -H1">&)"K(K*+-&+aH2+V2'1"#".+2)#(F-232'+H>+)")#21(+K2+12K"K(+K2+%'(>K2)+K")#(>3"()+ 2)#2-('2)*+(F'"2>K&+-()+VH2'#()+(+H>(+3&>32V3".>+1$)+1&K2'>(+K2+>H2)#'&+H>"N2')&+ ?2_")#2>3"(+K2+%(-(_"()+/H2'(+K2+-(+<(+Y$3#2(*+2-+H>"N2')&+2>+2_V(>)".>*+#(1(]&)*tC*+ K2)(''&--(K(+ V&'+SHFF-2+ 0+&#'&):+L'(+ #1"K(*+#'(F(J(K&'(+ 0+--2N.+H>(+ N"K(+ )2>3"--(:+ DH'".+K2+3$>32'+2>+@b6@*+V&F'2+0+)">+'23&>&3"1"2>#&+(-%H>&:+L>+@b6B+2-+1(#21$#"3&+ O:+D"##(%7Y2/,-2'*+K2)3&>&3"2>K&+)H+1H2'#2*+-2+2)3'"F".+V('(+V'&V&>2'+)H+>&1">(3".>+ (-+V'21"&+e&F2-*+-&+3H(-+>&+2)+V&)"F-2+(+##H-&+V.)#H1&: ($ 9/("-/F60@G6(0>/6H-F @%)%=.(S&0M%)C%"C6"%'0(% !!
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- 23. e(3".+2>+Y&>K'2)+2-+(]&+@blB+K2>#'&+K2+H>(+/(1"-"(+1&7 K2)#(:+=2)K2+V2aH2](+-2+(V()"&>('&>+-&)+(>"1(-2)+0+w/'"3(:+ L)#HK".+)23'2#('"(K&+0+#'(F(J.+K2+3(1('2'(+V('(+3&)#2(')2+ 2-+N"(J2+(+v2>"(+(+K&>K2+/H2+">N"#(K(+V&'+H>(+(1"%(: U--+/H2+ ()")#2>#2+ K2-+V(-2&(>#'&V.-&%&+Y&H")+Y2(^20*+ aH"2>+">#2'2)(K&+2>+-&)+)"7 1"&)+V('(+3&1V'2>K2'+-(+2N&-H3".>+K2+-(+2)V23"2+`H1(>(*+-2+&/'23".+-(+V&)"F"-"K(K+K2+ 2)#HK"('+(+-&)+3`"1V(>3G)+)(-N(J2)+2>+2-+X4+/(&'j4,#-)41'2&'a-8.&+?X(>I(>"(C:+U--+)2+ #'()-(K.+2>+@bA8+0+)HVH)&+2-+">"3"&+K2+H>(+N"K(+K2K"3(K(+(+-(+">N2)#"%(3".>+K2+2)#&)+ V'"1(#2)*+(+-(+-H3`(+V&'+)H+)HV2'N"N2>3"(+ 0+(-+12K"&+(1F"2>#2:+L)#HK".+2-+3&1V&'7 #(1"2>#&+)&3"(-+0+/(1"-"('+K2+-&)+3`"1V(>3G)*+H#"-"I(>K&+1G#&K&)+>&N2K&)&)*+(H>aH2+ 3&>#'&N2'#"K&)*+ K2+ ">N2)#"%(3".>+ ?2>+ )H+ V'&V"&+ 2>#&'>&+ 0+ pN"N"2>K&q+ 3&>+ 2--&)*+ 3&>)"K2'$>K&-&)+3&1&+">K"N"KH&)*tC: L>+ @bA4+ &F#HN&+ 2-+ K&3#&'(K&+ `&>&'('"&+ 2>+ L#&-&%(+ V&'+ -(+ b)#>&+$#242' 2&' B48.+#2<&+ ?)">+ `(F2'+(3(F(K&+-(+ 3(''2'(C:+ L>+@b99+3'2.+ 2-+pE>)#"#H#&+T(>2+ O&&K(--+ V('(+-(+E>N2)#"%(3".>*+LKH3(3".>+0+;&>)2'N(3".>+K2+-(+<"K(+Q(-N(J2q:+S(+'23"F"K&+1$)+ K2+@88+V'21"&)+">#2'>(3"&>(-2)*+3&1&+2-+!'>3"V2+K2+U)#H'"()*+0+2)+L1F(J(K&'(+K2+-(+ !(I+K2+-()+e(3"&>2)+M>"K():+L>+-(+(3#H(-"K(K+V()(+3()"+#&K&+2-+(]&+N"(J(>K&+2>+K2/2>7 )(+K2+-&)+(>"1(-2)*+K2-+12K"&+(1F"2>#2+0+3&>#'(+2-+3(1F"&+3-"1$#"3&: !! P6(/0A%%*6$$ G&%)?+'%)#&)'#-#&=%)'#)"0=)L(+M%.#= !!
- 24. WC,<H-*6*/30*-*Q,<,63 ;&1&+V'&VH2)#(+ ">"3"(-*+ &)+(>"1(1&)+(+-22'+'2V&)(K(12>#2+-()+ F"&7 %'(,()+?">K"N"KH(-12>#2+&+2>+%'HV&)C*+V'2)#(>K&+(#2>3".>+(+-()+K")#">#()+ GV&3()+2>+-()+aH2+N"N"2'&>*+-()+3&>K"3"&>2)+/(1"-"('2)+0+)&3"(-2)+(+-()+aH2+ )2+2>/'2>#('&>*+-&)+V('(-2-")1&)+&+K"/2'2>3"()+2>#'2+-()+aH">32+1HJ2'2)*+ )H)+-&%'&)+ 3"2>#,"3&)+0+2-+2)/H2'I&+ aH2+ )HVH)&+ 2-+3&>)2%H"'-&):+ !H2K2+ (0HK('+2>+(-%H>&)+3()&)+3&1V-2#('+-()+F"&%'(,()+'23&V"-(>K&+">/&'1(7 3".>+ (K"3"&>(-+ K2+ &#'()+ /H2>#2)*+ -"F'&)*+ ">#2'>2#*+ 2#3:*+ ()+ 3&1&+ /&'1('+ %'HV&)+K2+K")3H)".>+V('(+(>(-"I('+0+3&12>#('+-&)+'2)H-#(K&)+&F#2>"K&): U+3&>#">H(3".>+V'2)2>#(1&)+K2+/&'1(+1$)+2)#'H3#H'(K(+(-%H>()+(3#"7 N"K(K2)+3&>3'2#()+3&>+2-+&FJ2#"N&+K2+V'&/H>K"I('+2>+ -&)+3&>&3"1"2>#&)+ (KaH"'"K&)+3&>+-()+-23#H'()+(>#2'"&'2):
- 26. !$ u+3&>#2)#(K+#(1F"G>+(+2)#()+V'2%H>#()+#"V&+#2)#o nB(G1'2&'14$'$#<(#&)%&$'8(9&+&$'2&$%4,0'*-+'$('.+#114)%&'14.-+'&)'14'&)$&K4)54o !D('(+-(+S2F'2(+ !Q&V`"2+O2'1(">+ !S"V(#"(+ !D('"2+;H'"2 nB(G1'2&'&$%4$'8(9&+&$'%+4.490',-)'$('*42+&3'7&+84)-3'84+#2-3p'1-'/(&'*(2-'&,1#*$4+' &1'+&,-)-,#8#&)%-'2&'*4+%&'2&'$('%+4.49-o !S"V(#"(+ !D('"2+;H'"2+ !;('&-">2+S2')3`2-++ !Y()+#'2)+(>#2'"&'2) b)4'2&'14$'4)%&+#-+&$',#&)%FE#,4$'&8*&50'$#&)2-'()4')#K4'4)41I4.&%4'/(&'$&'2&2#,4.4'4' 14'>&)%4'&)'14',411&3'*4+4'%&+8#)4+'$#&)2-'()4'<+4)'&"*&+%4'&)'$('%&84'nB(G1'I(&o !S"V(#"(+ !D('0+U>>">%! !Q&V`"2+O2'1(">+ !P-&'2>32+e"%`#">%(-2+ nA4'#)>&$%#<4,#0)'2&'/(d'8(9&+'*&+8#%#0'()4')(&>4',-),&*,#0)'8-2&+)4'2&1'()#>&+$-o !;('&-">2+S2')3`2-+++!;`"2>7Q`"H>%+rH++++!S2>'"2##(+Y2(N"##+ ![&)(-">K+P'(>^-"> nB(G1' 2&' 14$' $#<(#&)%&$' ,#&)%FE#,4$' I(&' 8(6' *-*(14+' *-+' ()4' 4,%#>#242'2#$%#)%4' 4'$(' #)>&$%#<4,#0)o !D('"2+;H'"2+ !S2K0+Y(1(''+ ![&)(-">K+P'(>^-">! !P'(>32)+U--2>+ nJ(d'2-$'8(9&+&$'%+4.494+-)'*4+4'i?eo !S2K0+Y(1(''+0+[&)(-">K+P'(>^-">++ ![&)(-">K+P'(>^-">+0+T(>2+O&&K(-- !LN2-0>+n&0K+O'(>N"--2+0+P'(>32)+U--2>++ !>">%H>(+K2+2--() nB(G1' 2&' 14$' $#<(#&)%&$' ,#&)%FE#,4$' ,-)%+#.(60' ,-)' $(' #)>&$%#<4,#0)' 41' 846-+' ,-)-,#8#&)%-'2&1'Dcjo ![&)(-">K+P'(>^-">+ !S2K0+Y(1(''+ !["#(+Y2N"7D&>#(-3">"+ !P'(>32)+U--2>+ nB(G1'2&'14$'$#<(#&)%&$',#&)%FE#,4$'74'1(,742-'-'1(,74'*-+'&1'8&2#-'48.#&)%&o !+[&)(-">K+P'(>^-">+ !P'(>32)+U--2>+ !LN2-0>+O'(>N"--2! !T(>2+O&&K(--
- 27. Y(+)"%H"2>#2+ (3#"N"K(K+3&>)")#2+2>+'2-(3"&>('+K"2I+K2+-()+1HJ2'2)+3"2>#,"3()+3H0(+ F"&%'(,(+ (V('232+2>+-(+ V'"12'(+)233".>+K2+2)#(+ %H(+?V'"12'(+3&-H1>(C+3&>+K2)3H7 F'"1"2>#&)+ 2+ ">N2)#"%(3"&>2)+ aH2+ K2)(''&--('&>+ ?)2%H>K(+ 3&-H1>(C+ 0+3&>+ (3&>#27 3"1"2>#&)+`")#.'"3&)+32'3(>&)+2>+2-+2)V(3"&+0+2>+2-+#"21V&+?#2'32'(+3&-H1>(C: S"V(#"( E1(%2>+K2-+U=e+V&'+K"/H)".>+K2+ -&)+'(0&)+h UV'&F(3".>+K2-+)H/'(%"&+ /212>">&+2>+LLMM ;('&-">2+ S2')3`2- !'"12'&)+/.)"-2)+K2+V-2)"&)(H'"& !'"12'(+%H2''(+1H>K"(-+ Q&V`"2+O2'1("> UV-"3(3".>+K2+#G3>"3()+ 2)#(K)#"3()+(+-(+2V"K21"&-&%(+ D&N"1"2>#&+K2+-&)+=2'23`&)+ ;"N"-2)+2>+LLMM D('0+U>>">% U)#'&-(F"&+2+`"K'&)3&V"& P">(-+K2-+"1V2'"&+n'"#$>"3&+3&>+ -(+">K2V2>K2>3"(+K2+-()+ 3&-&>"()+ P-&'2>32+ e"%`#">%(-2 [2V'&KH33".>+K2+-()+3G-H-()+V&'+ &'K2>+K2+-&)+p/(3#&'2)+K2+ 3'23"1"2>#&q !2')23H3".>+K2+-&)+JHK&)+2>+ U-21(>"(+2+E#(-"( D('"2+;H'"2 E1V&'#(>#2+(N(>32+2>+-(+ K21&)#'(3".>+K2-+#2&'21(+K2+ P2'1(# [2N&-H3".>+/'(>32)( S2>'"2##(+Qi(>+ Y2(N"## =&)+>H2N&)+2-212>#&)+ aH1"3&)o+V&-&>"&+0+'(K"& !'"12'(+%H2''(+K2-+&V"&+2>#'2+ O'(>+n'2#(](7LLMM+0+;`">( ["#(+Y2N"7 D&>#(-3">" ;(#$-&%&+K2+6488+>2FH-&)()+ L-+;'")#"(>")1&+)2+3&>N"2'#2+2>+ -(+'2-"%".>+K2-+E1V2'"&+ [&1(>&+ [&)(-">K+L-)"2+ P'(>^-"> LaH"V&+K2+-(+eUQU+aH2+V2'1"#".+ 2-+2>N&+K2+-()+V'"12'()+ V2')&>()+(+-(+YH>( Q2+">"3"(+-(+[2N&-H3".>+ E>KH)#'"(-+2>+O'(>+n'2#(](+ LN2-0>+n&0K+ O'(>N"--2 Y(+'2-(3".>+V2'"&K&7 -H1">&)"K(K+K2+-()+2)#'2--()+ ;2/2"K() OH2''(+K2+;'"12(+2>#'2+2-+ "1V2'"&+'H)&+0+O'(>+n'2#(](*+ P'(>3"(*+;2'K2](+0+2-+"1V2'"&+ Z#&1(>&+ !% !=0C+%C+S&)#&.(#)"%=)C+#&OPC%=)Q)"%)D+=.0(+%
- 28. !('(+3&1V'2>K2'+12J&'+2-+#'(F(J&+K2+2)#()+1HJ2'2)+3"2>#,"3()*+&)+V'&V&>21&)+2>+ 2)#(+(3#"N"K(K+aH2+ #'(F(JG")+)H)+K2)3HF'"1"2>#&)+2+ ">N2)#"%(3"&>2)+1$)+ 2>+ V'&/H>7 K"K(K:+!('(+ 2--&+K2F2'G")+/&'1('+%'HV&)+K2+ #'(F(J&*+ 2-2%"'+(-%H>&+K2+-&)+K2)3HF'"7 1"2>#&)R">N2)#"%(3"&>2)+ aH2+ &)+)H%2'"1&)+?&+">3-H)&+(-%H>&+K2+ -&)+>&+ V'&VH2)#&)+ aH2+ (V('232>+2>+-()+1">"7F"&%'(,()*+ )"+&)+V('232>+1$)+">#2'2)(>#2)C*+ ">N2)#"%('+2>+ ">#2'>2#*+2>+ -(+ F"F-"(*+&+3&>)H-#('+(+3"2>#,"3&)R()+)&F'2+ 2--&)*+#'(F(J('+)H+)"%>"7 ,"3(K&*+)H)+"1V-"3(3"&>2)*+2#3:+0+2-(F&'('+H>+K&3H12>#&+,">(-*+aH2+V&K'(+)2'+H>+#2_#&+ &+H>(+V'2)2>#(3".>+V('(+2_V-"3$')2-&+(+-&)+K21$): Y&)+(N(>32)+3"2>#,"3&)+V'&VH2)#&)+)&>o (: Y&)+K")V&)"#"N&)+X'"F"^&)*+v2'&#(^")+0+n(]&+D('(+?D('(+-(+S2F'2(C: F: UN(>32)+2>+-(+K21&)#'(3".>+K2-+X2&'21(+K2+P2'1(#+?Q&V`"2+O2'1(">C: 3: =2)3HF'"1"2>#&+K2+-&)+V'"12'&)+/.)"-2)+K2+ "3#"&)(H'"&+0+V-2)"&)(H'"&+?D('0+ U>>">%C: K: Y(+'2-(3".>+pV2'"&K&7-H1">&)"K(Kq+K2+-()+2)#'2--()+;2/2"K()+?S2>'"2##(+Qi(>+ Y2(N"##C: 2: Y&)+p/(3#&'2)+K2+3'23"1"2>#&q+V('(+-()+3G-H-()+?["#(+Y2N"7D&>#(-3">"C: /: pP'23H2>30+S&VV">%q+0+pQ23'2#+;&11H>"3(#"&>+Q0)#21q+?S2K0+Y(1(''C: %: L)#HK"&+ K2-+ 3&1V&'#(1"2>#&+ )&3"(-+ 0+ /(1"-"('+ K2+ -&)+ 3`"1V(>3G)+ ?T(>2+ O&&K(--C: !* R#=C6:(+M+#&.0=)#)+&?#&C+0&#=
- 29. S()#(+ 2-+ (]&+68@8*+ `(+`(F"K&+@4+1HJ2'2)+aH2+ `(>+ '23"F"K&+2-+ V'21"&+ e&F2-+ 2>+ ;"2>3"(+&+P")"&-&%(+0+D2K"3">(+gH>(+K2+2--()+2>+K&)+&3()"&>2)g:+x!&K'()+'2-(3"&>('+ -&)+V'21"&)+'23"F"K&)+3&>+-&)+>&1F'2)+0+-()+/&#&%'(,()j +,-./01(')" ?3&>+!"2''2+;H'"2+0+S2>'0+ n23aH2'2-C: !)'+&,-)-,#8#&)%-'2&'1-$' &"%+4-+2#)4+#-$'$&+>#,#-$'/(&'74)' 242-'$($'#)>&$%#<4,#-)&$',-)9()%4$' $-.+&'&1'I&)08&)-'2&'14'+42#4,#0)' 2&$,(.#&+%4'*-+';&)+#'?&,/(&+&1: =&'&#`0+;'&i/&&#+S&K%^"> ! +,-./01('%" ?3&>+T:+S(>)+T2>)2>C21 X-+'&1'2&$,(.+#8#&)%-'4,&+,4'2&'14' &$%+(,%(+4')(,1&4+: L-"I(F2#`+S:+n-(3^FH'> ! 34,5./01('((21 !)'+&,-)-,#8#&)%-'4'$($'$&+>#,#-$' *4+4'&1'4>4),&'2&'14'/(F8#,4'41' 2&$,(.+#+'1-$'&1&8&)%-$'+42#-'6' *-1-)#-3'*-+'8&2#-'2&1'4#$148#&)%-' 2&1'+42#-'6'&1'&$%(2#-'2&'14' )4%(+41&54'6'1-$',-8*-)&)%&$'2&' &$%&'$-+*+&)2&)%&'&1&8&)%-: P'(>y&")2+n(''G7Q">&H))" ! !& /6#*0)X'#"),0:#"Y
- 33. L-+&FJ2#"N&+K2+2)#(+(3#"N"K(K+2)+2-+K2+3&1V'&F('+2-+%'(K&+K2+3&>&3"1"2>#&+&+K2)3&7 >&3"1"2>#&+ aH2+ #"2>2+ -(+ )&3"2K(K+ 3&>+ '2)V23#&+ (+ -(+ 2_")#2>3"(+ K2+ 1HJ2'2)+ 2>+ -(+ 3"2>3"(+0+)H)+(V&'#(3"&>2):+;&1&+'2)H-#(K&*+(-+,">(-+`(F'G")+3&>)2%H"K&+H>(+-")#(+K2+ '2/2'2>3"()+)&F'2+2-+1(0&'+>d12'&+V&)"F-2+K2+3"2>#,"3()+K2+#&K&)+-&)+#"21V&): "C+ !'2%H>#(K+2>+ NH2)#'&+2>#&'>&+?/(1"-"(*+ (1")#(K2)*+ V'&/2)&'(K&C+ 2-+>&1F'2+ K2+ #&K()+-()+3"2>#,"3()+aH2+3&>&I3(>+0*+)"+-&+'23H2'K(>*+K2-+3(1V&+K2+-(+3"2>3"(+2>+2-+aH2+ #'(F(J('&>:+!&KG")+K2J('-2)+H>+#"21V&+(1V-"&+?H>+V('+K2+K()C+V('(+aH2+-&+V"2>)2>+0+ -()+(>>*+V2'&+V"K"G>K&-2)+aH2+>&+-()+FH)aH2>+2>+-"F'&)+&+">#2'>2#:+L)+V&)"F-2+aH2+ 2-+-")#(K&+)2(+'2KH3"K&: ""C+[2(-"I(K+%'HV&)+K2+K")3H)".>+V('(+(>(-"I('+0+N(-&'('+-()+'2)VH2)#()+aH2+`(FG")+ '23&%"K&:+ =2)VHG)+ 2)3'"F"K+ -&)+ >&1F'2)+ K2+ #&K()+ 1HJ2'2)+ 3"2>#,"3()+ aH2+ &)+ `(>+ V'&V&'3"&>(K&*+3&>+&#'&)+K(#&)+3&1&+V()*+/23`()+K2+>(3"1"2>#&+0+1H2'#2*+0+'(1(+K2+ -(+3"2>3"(+?V&'+2J21V-&*+Q&V`"2+O2'1(">*+P'(>3"(*+@99A7@5l@*+1(#21$#"3(C*+aH2+)2'$+ 2-+%2'12>+K2+H>(+-")#(+V&)#2'"&'+1$)+2_`(H)#"N(: """C+D2K"(>#2+H>(+Fd)aH2K(+2>+-"F'&)+0+2>+">#2'>2#*+3&>/233"&>(K+H>(+-")#(*+-&+1$)+ (1V-"(+ V&)"F-2+ ?H>+ FH2>+ >d12'&+ )2'(+ @88C*+ K2+ 1HJ2'2)+ 3"2>#,"3()+ 3&>+ -&)+ K(#&)+ (>#2)+3&12>#(K&):+!&KG")+(](K"'+H>(+"1(%2>+K2+-(+3"2>#,"3(:+L)#(+-")#(+&)+(0HK('$+(+ 3&>&32'+-(+%'(>+3(>#"K(K+K2+1HJ2'2)+aH2+`(>+'2(-"I(K&+H>(+"1V&'#(>#2+ -(F&'+2>+-(+ 3"2>3"(+ 0+&)+ )2'N"'$+ K2+ F()2+ V('(+ /H#H'()+ (3#"N"K(K2)+'2-(3"&>(K()+ 3&>+ 2-+#21(+ K2+ 3"2>3"(+ 0+%G>2'&:+Q"+-&+3'2G")+3&>N2>"2>#2*+V&KG")+#(1F"G>+K"/H>K"'+2)#&)+'2)H-#(K&)+ 2>+NH2)#'&+2>#&'>&+/(1"-"('+0+2)3&-(': "NC+M>(+">N2)#"%(3".>+V&)#2'"&'+'2-(3"&>(K(+3&>+-(+V2'32V3".>+)&3"(-+K2+-()+1HJ2'2)+ 3"2>#,"3()+VH2K2+)2'+-(+Fd)aH2K(+ K2+-"F'&)+?&+aH"I$)+>&#"3"()+2>+-&)+V2'".K"3&)C*+2>+ -()+aH2+-()+1HJ2'2)+3"2>#,"3()+(V('2I3(>+&+)2(>+-()+V'&#(%&>")#(): "! 1#(C#LC+S&)=0C+%"
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