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powering remote devices
- 2. Power usage sets the power supply • Consumer level devices, with moderate temperatures and short lives use consumer grade batteries. • Remote devices with very low power usage use industrial grade primary, non-rechargeable lithium batteries. • Remote devices with moderate power usage need industrial grade rechargeable batteries with energy harvesting to charge them. • Remote systems with very high outputs and usage need large battery banks and solar panels (not in the scope of these discussions).
- 3. Energy harvesting techniques • Photovoltaic systems - solar • Thermoelectric devices - heat • Piezoelectric – kinetic • RF - electromagnetic waves
- 4. Longer life consumer grade devices • Battery easily accessible and replaceable • Relatively inexpensive device • Operating temperature: 10 to 40c • Battery operating life: 1 to 5 years • Batteries of choice: alkaline and consumer grade lithium cells • Devices such as thermostats, wireless light switches, home security systems, electronic locks, etc.
- 5. Industrial, low usage remote devices • Average current use in microamps • Pulses up to amps a number of times a day, resting most of the time. • Primary, non-rechargeable batteries, not easy or impossible to replace • Highly reliable, expensive device. • Operating temperature: -55 to 85c (can go to -80c and 125c) • Battery operating life: up to 40 years • Hermetic mechanical seal • Batteries of choice: low self discharge industrial grade lithium cells • Devices such as automated utility meters, Electronic Toll Collection tags, tracking devices, industrial IOT, wireless sensors, etc.
- 7. The effect of self discharge The self discharge rate of the battery could be more that the average usage rate of the device. How long could the battery operate while using 70% of its initial capacity - for device usage? • With an annual self discharge rate of 4% (alkaline and consumer lithium) – 7 years • With an annual self discharge rate of 2.5% (average industrial lithium) – 12 years • With an annual self discharge rate of 0.7% (extra low self discharge lithium) - 40 years.
- 8. Battery sealing. Hermetic or crimped?
- 9. Proving that batteries can last 40 years Actual results in the field: - A utility changed out 10s of thousands of its gas meters after 28 years of operation. The batteries were still operating and a test in our labs on cells sent from the field showed they could have operated for over 30 years. This was an older technology of ours. Continuous long term testing: - Tadiran continues to test samples from every production lot we ever produced (over 40 years) Long term testing at 72c: Arrhenius test - At 72c you use the battery up at a rate 32 times higher than at 22c. We have a test still running after 90 months at 72c – the equivalent of centuries at 22c. Testing results confirmed by use of a calorimeter, the most accurate testing device for batteries
- 10. Moderate usage remote devices • Average current use in milliamps • Pulses up to amps many times a day, resting most of the time. • Primary battery can not last the needed operating life. Battery not easily accessible, needs energy harvesting to recharge. • Highly reliable, expensive device. • Operating temperature: -40 to 85c • Battery operating life: up to 20 years • Batteries of choice: low self discharge industrial grade rechargeable cells with high cycle life and ability to charge and discharge at all operating temperatures • Devices such as monitoring devices, tracking, oceanographic, infrastructure sensors, etc.
- 11. Energy harvesting techniques • Photovoltaic systems - solar • Thermoelectric devices - heat • Piezoelectric – kinetic • RF - electromagnetic waves
- 13. Supercaps vs batteries Supercapacitor EDLC HLC (with battery) TLI Industrial Lithium ion AA Consumer Li-Ion 18650 Internal Resistance Low Low Low Low Operating Temperature (°C) -40 to +70 -40 to +85 -40 to +85 -20 to +60 Maximum Rated Voltage (V) 2.3 to 2.7 3.6 / 3.9 4.1V 4.1 to 4.3 Minimum Operating 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 Voltage (V) Capacitance/Energy vs. Lowest 150 x EDLC 1000 x EDLC 6000 x EDLC Device Volume Charge / Discharge 100k 100k 5000 - 10000 500 - 1000 Cycles Self Discharge High Very Low Very Low fair Voltage balancing circuit required not required not required not required Voltage Monitoring No No Yes Yes Required Supercapacitor EDLC HLC (with battery) TLI Industrial Lithium ion AA Consumer Li-Ion 18650 Operating Temperature (°C) -40 to +70 -40 to +85 -40 to +85 -20 to +60 Maximum Rated Voltage (V) 2.3 to 2.7 3.6 / 3.9 4.1V 4.1 to 4.3 Minimum Operating 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 Voltage (V) Capacitance/Energy vs. Lowest 150 x EDLC 1000 x EDLC 6000 x EDLC Device Volume Charge / Discharge 100k 100k 5000 - 10000 500 - 1000 Cycles Self Discharge High Very Low Very Low fair Voltage balancing circuit required not required not required not required Voltage Monitoring No No Yes Yes Required