Building services report

B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s [ ARC 2423 ]
Case Study and Documentation of
Building Services Systems
WISMA LEMBAGA JURUKUR TANAH
Pusat Bandar Melawati
Lamiya Yousuf Al – Rawahi
0312476
Meera Nazreen Masrulhisham
0309630
Nurul Jannah Masturah Jailani
0310210
Sharifah Diyana Syed Hussain
1006AH78373
Soh You Shing
0308010
Surayyn Selvan
0309818

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Acknowledgements
1.3 Name of Building
1.4 Location of Building
1.5 Description of Building
2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
2.1 Active Fire Protection System
2.1.1 Literature Review
2.1.2 Introduction
2.1.3 Findings and Analysis
2.2 Passive Fire Protection System
2.2.1 Introduction
2.3 Conclusion
3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.1 Literature Review
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Findings and Analysis
3.4 Conclusion
4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
4.2 Introduction
4.4 Conclusion
5.0 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM
5.2 Introduction
5.4 Conclusion
Building Services [ ARC 2423 ]
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
6.2 Introduction
6.4 Conclusion
7.0 CONCLUSION
8.0 REFERENCES
9.0 ATTACHMENTS
ii

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract
This research report will look into the details of the services present in Wisma Lembaga Jurukur
Tanah such as the fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system,
electricity supply system and the mechanical transportation system. Thorough analysis on the
components and the functions of these systems will be conducted to further understand the
importance of these systems in a buildings’ operation. A conclusion of these systems will be
generated through our understanding of these services in regards to the Uniform Building By-Law
requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations.
1.2 Acknowledgements
Firstly, we would like to thank Mr. Adib Ramli for guiding us throughout this entire process and
ensuring that we were on the right track. We would also like to thank Puan Nur Faridahtul Akmal
binti Rahmat, Assistant Officer, Property and Building Management Unit of Board of Land
Surveyors, whom so kindly helped us with our assignment by introducing us to the people in charge
of the technicians in charge of the maintenance of Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah : Ahmad
Ramdhan bin Mat Yasin, Assistant Officer, Property and Building Management Unit of Board of
Land Surveyors ; Mohd Syafiq bin Mohd Khalid, Technician, Property and Building Management
Unit of Board of Land Surveyors and Mohd Azrul bin Mokhtar, Technician, Property and Building
Management Unit of Board of Land Surveyors. Finally, we would like to thank all the group members
who put in so much effort and hard work into making this research report into a success.
1

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.3 Name Of Building
Picture 1.1 : Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah
1.4 Location Of Building
Diagram 1.1 :
Lorong Perak, Pusat Bandar Melawati,
Taman Melawati,
53100 Kuala Lumpur
2

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.5 Description Of Building
The Lembaga Jurukur Tanah ( The Land Surveyors Board ) are the main tenants of the building that
was developed and managed by Sime Darby Properties. The first floor is where the Sime Darby
Property offices are located, both the sales and operations office. The East Selangor Surveyors
office is located on the second floor. The fifth floor houses a 9415 square feet function hall which
caters for mostly wedding banquets. It also functions as a convention centre as well as an exhibition
space. The seventh floor is where the corporate office for the Board of Land Surveyors is operates.
Located in front of the building is an open space car park which is a site for the Thursday night
market.
Picture 1.2 : A view of the open space
carpark located in front of Wisma LJT
Picture 1.3 : The directory board
of the floors located on the
Ground floor
3

According to Oxford Dictionary, fire is a process which substances combine with oxygen and
produces combustion or burning. A fire can spread at the rate of 4.6 meters per second (Binggeli,
2014). Also, fire is supported by three essential factors, which are fuel, heat and oxygen. An existing
fire will be extinguished immediately if any one of these factors is absent. Chadderton (2000) stated
that the fire-fighting system must be appropriate to the location of the fire and preferably limited to
the area in order to minimize damage to materials, plant and the building structure. A building’s fire
protection is divided into two forms, which are active and passive fire protection system.
FUEL - Fuel can be any combustible material; solid,
liquid or gas. Most solids and liquids become a
vapour or gas before they will burn.
OXYGEN - The air we breathe is about 21 percent
oxygen. Fire only needs an atmosphere with at
least 16 percent oxygen.
HEAT - Heat is the energy necessary to increase
the temperature of the fuel to a point where
sufficient vapours are given off for ignition to occur
!
AIM
There are a few purposes of the operation of fire protection system. Nullifire (2014) shared that
the fundamental purpose of fire protection systems whether active or passive is
• To prevent the passage and spread of smoke and fire, from one area of the building to another
• To allow for the safe escape of the building occupants
• To prevent or to reduce the amount of damage to the building structure, neighbouring structures
• To reduce the risk of collapse for the emergency services
4

Fire Safe Europe (2011) states that Active fire protection is an integral part of any fire safety
strategy, characterised by items and/or systems requiring a certain degree of motion and response
in order to work.
An active fire protection system works to detect, control, suppress, and extinguish fire. It requires
an action to trigger it’s involvement, either manual, electrical or mechanical. The benefits of using
active fire protection system are permitting design freedoms and encourage innovative, inclusive and
sustainable architecture.
Nullifire (2014) stated that the overall aim of active systems is to extinguish the fire by:
• Detecting the fire early and evacuating the building
• Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire
• Control the movement of smoke and fire
• Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel
There are benefits using active fire protection system, which are permitting design freedoms and
encourage innovative, inclusive and sustainable architecture. Basically, active fire protection system
is divided into a few categories.
Fire can be controlled or extinguished either automatically or manually. Automatically is with the
used of water sprinkler system whereas manually is by using fire extinguisher. Next, fire sprinkler
system is usually installed at the ceiling level of the building and it is connected to a water source.
This system will help to reduce the spread of fire and protect the asset of the building.
For fire detection system, it is usually through the used of smoke and heat detectors. The
detectors will sound an alarm and enable emergency evacuation. Lastly, all the active fire protection
system requires maintenance to maintain compliance with the building code and the fire code.
5

2.1.2 Introduction
Active fire protection system is widely used in process industries for protection of storage
vessels, process plant, loading installations and warehouses. The duty of the fire protection system
may be to extinguish the fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection to prevent domino
effects. The design of active fire protection system needs to follow the requirement of Uniform
Building by-Laws. Active fire protection system is further divided into different categories, like fire
detection, smoke and heat extraction system, fire suppression and sprinkler system. Below are a list
of active systems that are found in Wisma LJT.
Active Fire !
Protection System!
Extinguish the fire! Control the fire! Provide exposure
protection!
2.1.3.1 Fire Detection Systems and Alarm Devices
Petromas stated that fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the
outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire-fighting action to be taken before the situation gets out of
control. There are two ways of how fire alarm system operates. It is either automatically or manually.
Automatic operation is basically through the detectors, like smoke and heat detector whereas
manual operation is by breaking the glass at the call point (Petromas, 2014)
As a result, architects have great responsibility to design each fire detection system and alarm
system based on the building’s requirements because all systems are designed primarily to protect
our precious life, asset and property.
Figure 2.1: Different types of fire detectors and
alarm devices ! 6

Smoke spreads very fast and it can overcome human in moments. Because of smoke, we might
not be able to see and we might have trouble in breathing. Hence, smoke detector is required in
every building. According to Burberry (1997), there are two ways of how smoke detectors work. It
either uses a small radioactive source that emits ions to charged electrodes, or they use a beam of
light and a photocell. The smoke of fire will actually interrupt the flow of ions or the passage of light.
Thus, it activates the detector.
Under UBBL 1984 section153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
• All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
• Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door.
• Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force
close features which after thirty second of any unless incorporated with a force close feature which
are thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset-time.
Figure 2.2: Smoke detector found in Wisma LJT !
Figure 2.3 : Smoke detector at the lift lobby!
a) Smoke Detectors
7

b) Fire Alarm Bell
The fire alarm bells in WISMA LJT are activated by the fire detector throughout the building. The
sound produced by the fire alarm bell is unique which will not be confused with some other similar
audible signals used for other purposes. As the building is large, sounding the alarm system is
operated on a phased basis to avoid congestion in the escape route (Burberry, 1997). Usually, those
nearest the fire will be alerted first.
There are two types of fire alarm bell (Alertek, 2006):
Continuous bells have a mechanism inside which uses an electronic coil called a solenoid to pull
back a hammer. When the hammer goes back, it disconnects the circuit, causing the solenoid to let
go, sending the hammer into the gong and ringing it. When the hammer moves forward, it
reconnects the circuit, which pulls the hammer back again. It continues this cycle until the power is
disconnected.
Single-Stroke bells use a solenoid which pulls the hammer back and holds it. When the power is
disconnected, the hammer moves forward, ringing the bell. The hammer bounces back after hitting,
ready to be rang again. Single-Stroke bells require a timing circuit to make them ring more than just
once.
Figure 2.4: Fire Alarm Bell in Wisma
LJT!
8

b) Fire Alarm Bell
According to UBBL 1984, Section 237:
• Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.
• All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding
9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height shall be
• provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert
• (Intermittent signal) be given adjoining section.
• Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
c) Horn Loudspeaker
Figure 2.5: One of the horn loudspeakers in the basement car park ( Wisma LJT)!
The horn loudspeaker acts as a fire alarm signalling device in Wisma LJT. It is mostly found in the
basement parking of the building. It uses a large diaphragm which supplies periodic pressure to a
small entry port of a long horn The large diaphragm system is called a "compression driver" since its
large air displacement which feeds into a small port causes a larger pressure variation than ordinary
loudspeakers. The long tapered horn increases the sound production efficiency (HyperPhysics,
2014).
Since it reproduces electronic signals, it can be made to sound like any mechanical signalling
device. Besides that, it has the ability to reproduce unique sound that is not practical on mechanical
appliances (Oppenheim, 2011). The staff can control it from the control room.
9

c) Horn Loudspeaker
Figure 2.6: Components of a horn
loudspeaker!
(Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.
Figure 2.8: A close up of the location of Fire Control Room in Wisma LJT!
gsu.edu/)!
Figure 2.7: The flow of sound in a horn
louspeaker!
(Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.
gsu.edu/)!
2.1.3.2 Fire Control Room
A fire control room shall be provided for all commercial buildings and apartment buildings.
Cosumnes Fire Department (2014) stated that the exterior access door shall be full size and clearly
marked “Fire Control Room” with a minimum of 3” letters contrasting in colour to their background.
The room must be provided with permanent and emergency lighting. Also, it stated that two keys of
each of the following shall be located in an approved Knox box mounted directly adjacent to each fire
control room: fire control room, manual pull stations, fire alarm control panel, breakaway lock for PIV
and building entrance keys. The fire control room of Wisma LJT is located at the ground floor level of
the building.!
10

2.1.3.2 Fire Control Room
Figure 2.9: The control panel and intercom
system in the fire control room !
UBBL 1984 section 238:- Command and Control Centre!
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command
and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public
address, fire bridge communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems
and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard!
a) Control Panel
The "brain" of the fire detection and alarm system is the control panel. It is responsible for
monitoring the various alarm "input" devices such as manual and automatic detection components,
and then activating alarm "output" devices such as horns, bells, warning lights, emergency telephone
dialers, and building controls.(NEDCC, 2014). Also, it is used to test whether the pumps are working
properly by the management staff.!
!
OSHA (2014) stated that when an automatic or manual device is activated it sends a signal to the
control panel where, depending on the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:!
!
• Activate a pre-discharge alar!
• Initiate agent release!
• Shutdown ventilation systems!
• Shutdown machinery or equipment!
• Activate visual and audible fire alarms!
• Notify emergency response personnel!
! Figure 2.10 The control panel in the fire
control room ! 11

2.1.3.3 Fireman Intercom System
!Fireman Intercom System provides a two-way communication between remote areas and the
Fire Command Centre in a building. The system consists of a Master Control Console and Remote
Handsets which are located at designated areas. !
a) Master Control Console and Remote Control Handset
Patent Premium (2014) shared that the Master Control Console comprises a Master Handset, a
System Control Module and Zone Control Modules. The Master Handset is used to communicate
with the remote handsets. The lifting of the handset will allow the operator to have control of the
Master Control Console. It is located in the control room of Wisma LJT. !
Figure 2.11: Typical Master Control Console!
(Source: Patent, 2012)!
Figure 14: Typical “ Telefon Bomba Api:! Figure 2.12: “Telefon Bomba Api” which
is located outside the genset room!
12

b) Fire Break Glass Callpoint
A fire break glass call point is a device that enables the occupant to raise the alarm when there is
fire. Occupants just need to break the glass, which is a fragile element and there it will trigger the
alarm system. Below are some guidance for the correct placing and positioning a fire break glass
call point (Fire Action LTD, 2014):!
!
• It should be placed on the exit routes and in particular on the floor landings of staircase and at all
exits to the open air.!
!
• It should also be located so that no person needs to travel more than 45m from any position within
the premises in order to give an alarm (30m if layout is unknown).!
!
• Call points should usually be fixed at a height of 1.4m above the floor, at easily accessible, well-illuminated
and conspicuous position free from obstruction.!
!
• The method of operation of all call points in an installation should be identical unless there is a
special reason for differentiation. !
Figure 2.13: Fire Break Glass Call Point!
13

b) Fire Break Glass Callpoint
14

c) Manual Pull Station
Manual pull and key switch box are usually located near HT sub station and genset room. While
the room is on fire, ones can straight activate the key switch or pull box. All the manual fire alarm box
should be test annually.!
Figure 2.15: Typical dimensions of manual key switch !
(Source: http://www.demcoalarm.com/pdf/KeyBox.pdf)!
Figure 2.14: Manual pull and key switch box!
15

d) Fireman’s Switch
A fireman switch is a switch-disconnector / isolator for special applications. It is found at the
emergency staircase area in Wisma LJT so that it will be easy to spot. It is used by the fireman to
turn-off neon-lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire. !
!
Next, this fireman switch is used for the breaking of low voltage circuit for exterior and interior
sign and luminaries installations. Besides that, it can also be used to run the under voltage release
or shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman uses an
insulated rod (Firemans axe) to pull the handle which isolates the utility supply to the building (ABB,
2012).!
Figure 2.16: Fireman switch which is located at the emergency staircase (Ground Floor)!
Figure 2.17: Typical sign of fireman switch!
(Source: https://www.hfe-signs.co.uk)!
16

2.1.3.4 Emergency Light
Figure 2.18: Location of Emergency Light in level 4 Wisma LJT!
Emergency light is lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut and any
normal illumination fails. It is required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a
sufficiently high level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely. !
!
Emergency lighting is a general term and is sub-divided into emergency escape lighting and standby
lighting (Fire Safety Advice Centre,2011):!
!
Emergency escape lighting – It provides illumination for the safety of people leaving a location or
attempting to terminate a potentially dangerous process beforehand. This emergency escape
lighting can be easily found in Wisma LJT which is located on the top of every exit door. The
minimum duration for the emergency escape lighting is one hour.!
!
Standby lighting – It enables normal activities to continue substantially unchanged when there is a
fire. This guide does not include standby lighting as it is not a legal requirement and is a facility that
may or may not be needed, depending on the use and occupancy of the premises. Standby lighting
can be found on every floor of the walkway in Wisma LJT. !
!
17

2.1.3.4 Emergency Light
According to UBBL 1984, Section 255:!
1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire
alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the
Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.!
Figure 2.19: “Keluar” signage and emergency light!
18

2.1.3.5 Water Based Systems
Water based suppression systems utilize the inexpensive and readily available medium of water to
discharge onto flames through a normally fixed piping system (Janus, 2012). There are different
types of water based system!
a) Fire Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is a system which consists of water supply system, providing pressure to
a water distribution piping system where fire sprinklers are connected. Sprinkler system requires
central control and test gear and it is usually arranged in the basement (Burberry, 1997) .!
There are four types of sprinkler system:!
• Wet Pipe!
• Dry Pipe!
• Deluge!
• Pre-action!
!
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM!
Wet Pipe! Dry Pipe! Deluge! Pre-action!
19

The sprinkler system that is used in Wisma LJT is wet pipe sprinkler system. It is known as the
most common type of fire sprinkler system. A wet pipe system is one in which water is constantly
maintained within the sprinkler piping. When a sprinkler activates, this water is immediately
discharged onto the fire. Below are some advantages of using a wet pipe sprinkler system (VFP,
2014):!
• System is simple and reliable. This system has the least number of components thus it has the
lowest number of items to malfunction.!
• Relative low installation and maintenance expense. Wet pipe sprinkler system requires the least
amount of the time for installation due to their overall simplicity. Maintenance cost savings are also
realized since less service time is required compared to other system. !
• Ease of modification. This system is advantageous since the modifications involve shutting down
the water supply, draining pipes and making alterations. Following the work, the system is
pressure tested and restored.!
• Short term down time following a fire. Wet pipe sprinkler system requires the least amount of effort
to restore. Sprinkler protection is reinstated by replacing the fused sprinklers and turning the water
supply back on.!
1. Water sprinkler tank!
2. Sprinkler pump!
3. Pump controller
panel!
4. Pump switch!
5. Butterfly switch!
6. Sprinkler head!
7. Sprinkler drain!
Figure 2.20: Diagram of sprinkler system !
(Source: http://www.firefightingindia.com/fire-sprinkler-system-1.html)!
20

i) Sprinkler
In Wisma LJT, the sprinkler water outlets are located at ceiling level and distance between each
sprinkler is about 2.5 meters. The sprinkler itself is the spray nozzle which will distribute water over a
defined fire hazard area (typically 14 to 21 m2).!
!
“Each sprinkler has a frame containing a friable heat-sensing quartz bulb, containing a coloured
liquid for leak detection, which seals the water inlet. Upon local overheating, the quartz expands and
fractures, releasing the spray. Water flow is detected and starts an alarm, pressure-boosting set and
automatic link to fire brigade monitoring station.” (Chadderton, 2014)!
!
The components of a typical sprinkler are frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector
(NEDCC, 2014). !
Figure 2.21: Components of a sprinkler!
(Source: http://www.sarian.ir/)!
21

i) Sprinkler
• Frame. The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler together.
Water supply piping is connected to the sprinkler at the base of the frame. The frame holds the
thermal linkage and cap in place, and supports the deflector during discharge. Frame styles
include standard and low profile, flush, and concealed mount. Special coatings are available for
areas subject to high corrosive effect. !
• Thermal linkage. A component that controls water release. The linkage holds the cap in place
and prevents water flow under normal conditions. As the link is exposed to heat, however, it
weakens and releases the cap. Common linkage styles include soldered metal levers, frangible
glass bulbs, and solder pellets. Each link style is equally dependable.!
• Cap. The cap provides the water tight seal. It is held in place by the thermal linkage, and falls from
position after linkage heating to permit water flow. Caps are constructed solely of metal or a metal
with a teflon disk.!
• Deflector. Its purpose is to break up the water stream discharging from the orifice into a more
efficient extinguishing pattern. Deflector styles determine how the sprinkler is mounted, with
common sprinkler mounting styles known as upright (mounted above the pipe), pendent (mounted
below the pipe, i.e. under ceilings), and sidewall sprinklers which discharge water in a lateral
position from a wall. The sprinkler must be mounted as designed to ensure proper action. !
22

i) Sprinkler
There are different types of sprinkler but the two types of water sprinkler found in Wisma LJT are
recessed pendent sprinkler and upright sprinkler.!
Figure 2.22: Types of sprinkler!
(Source: http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn16/wn16-3/wn16-309.html)!
23

i) Sprinkler
RECESSED PENDANT SPRINKLER
Figure 2.23: Recessed Pendant Spinkler! Figure 2.24: Deflector facings downwards!
Recessed pendant sprinkler is hang from the pipe which heads hang down from the ceiling. It’s
water deflector is placed at the bottom and it spreads water in a circular pattern. Recessed pendant
sprinklers are found in the office level of Wisma LJT as the obstruction to spray water are minimal.
Also, recessed pendant sprinkler has higher water flow speed than upright sprinkler as the radial
water pattern flow begins between sprinkler orifice and the deflector whereas upright sprinkler is
between the orifice and somewhat above the deflector.!
(Souce: www.archtool.com)!
24

i) Sprinkler
UPRIGHT SPRINKLER
Figure 2.25: Upright Spinkler! Figure 2.26: Deflector facings upwards!
Upright sprinkler stands atop a pipeline which heads project up into a space. Generally , it is used in
mechanical rooms or other inaccessible areas to provide better coverage between obstructions.
Besides, it has a water deflector on the top so that water coming out of the orifice shoots upward and
spread in a circular pattern like pendent sprinkler.!
(Souce: www.archtool.com)!
25

b) Dry Riser
Dry rising system need to be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than
18.3m but less than 30.5m and above fire appliances access level. When the pipe is not in use, it
has no water within it, thus it is dry with only air inside. According to Advance Fire (2013), the
purpose of these risers is to allow the Fire & rescue services to connect lay flat hose to it and pump
up the required water to the necessary floor to fight a fire. Whilst these are only used by the Fire &
Rescue service, the responsibility to maintain falls on the building owners, tenants or managers and
severe penalties could ensue should this be neglected.!
!
Wisma LJT uses dry riser system as the building consists of 9 floors including the basement which
is more 30.5m. Wet risers are found within fire-fighting shafts, and where necessary in protected
escape staircase, or 'landing valves‘.!
!
Besides, dry risers need to be inspected and tested regularly so that that equipment is functioning
correctly and ready for use. Problems can be very serious in the event of a fire, and are typically
caused by vandalism or theft, blockages or pipework failure or by connection failure or outlets being
open (Designing Buildings Ltd, 2014).!
Diagam 2.27: Typical Dry Riser Layout
(Source:http://www.castlefire.co.uk/)!
Diagam 2.28: Landing valve located at the
ground floor of Wisma LJT!
26

c) Pumps
Pumps are needed to provide adequate supply of water to each riser at all times. Each pump
is capable to deliver a minimum flow rate of 15 litre/s (Frederick, 1998). All the pumps are connected
in parallel, with their suctions permanently “wet” when the tank is filled.!
Figure 2.29: Fire pumps which located in the fire pump room!
Figure 2.30: Signs which states the cut in and cut out pressure for sprinkler system!
27

b) Pumps
Jockey Pump!
Jockey pump is an apparatus that works together with a fire-pump as a part of the fire protection
system. It maintains the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the system is not in
use, so that the fire pump does not have to run all the time. Next, it can also help to prevent the
system from drainage when a fire happens and water rushes into the pipes.!
!
Duty Pump and Stand-by Pump!
When pressure in pipe goes down to 35 PSI, duty pump takes the lead and supply enough pressure
of water so that the system in running order. However, if duty pump fails to run due to some defaults
or the pressure goes down to 25 PSI, standby pump is activated automatically by the system. Duty
pump can be switch off manually from the control panel in case of necessity.!
28

c) Water Storage Tank
Figure 2.31: Location of water storage tank in Basement 1! Figure 2.32: The water
The fire water storage tank is located at basement 1 of Wisma LJT in the fire pump room. The
sprinkler system and the hose reel system use the same water. The quantity of water plus the
amount needed to satisfy daily peak demands is available in fire water storage tank. The material of
the storage tank is made out of pressed steel.!
!
According to UBBL 1984, Section 247:!
1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting system and installation shall be
provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these By-laws.!
2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system, shall be located
at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to
fire appliances.!
3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided without the need
for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.!
!
storage tank which is
made out of pressed steel
coloured in red !
29

d) External Fire Hydrant
MFPA (2008) stated that fire hydrant system consists of a system of pipe work connected directly
to the water supply to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet. It is intended to provide water
for the firemen to fight a fire. The water is discharged into the fire engine form which it is then
pumped and sprayed over fire. It also stated that where the water supply is not reliable or
inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire mains.!
!
There are only a few external fire hydrants found around Wisma LJT. One of the fire hydrant is
placed opposite the building which is right beside the road to ease the fire brigade access their input
hose. The fire hydrant found is a two-way fire hydrant which is made up of cast iron that could
withstand high water pressure.!
Figure 2.33: Diagram of external hydrant!
Figure 2.34: Two of the fire hydrants found around Wisma LJT!
30

e) Hose Reel System
Hose reel system is designed for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire. The hose
reel system normally serves as an initial fire fighting aid. Petromas (2014) stated that when the hose
reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves
will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggers the pump
to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the
hose.
!
Hose reel is a very easy to use first-aid method. The hose of hose reel is wound on to a drum,
which is called drum holding hose (Chadderton, 2000). A drum holding hose is normally 18 to 30
metres long. The hose reels in Wisma LJT use reinforced hose, which is up to 22mm internal
diameter. The hose is connected to the water supply serving the spindle of the drum and fitted with a
small diameter nozzle with control cock. The hose reels are located in clearly visible recesses
corridors to make sure that there is no part of the floor is further than 6m from a nozzle when the
25mm bore flexible hose is fully extended.!
!
Figure 2.35 : Components of a hose reel!
(Source : Chadderton, 2000)!
Figure 2.36: Hose Reel
which is located beside the
emergency staircase!
Figure 2.37: Hose reel!
31

2.1.3.6 Non-Water Based Systems
Non-water based system is gaseous and chemical fire suppression systems which use fire
suppression medium other than water for special, specific hazards or equipment. Gaseous and
chemical fire suppression systems are engineered systems designed to protect a specific area or
equipment, or for a specific hazard. The components of the system will specifically relate to the
design of the system and the choice of suppression agent (NFPA, 2014).!
a) Fixed Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is used in fixed installation to protect the electrical equipment such as
transformers, switchgear, computer rooms and etc. When the smoke detectors sound alarms,
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas will flood in the room from high-pressure storage tanks. Then, pipework
will transfer all the CO2 to ceiling and underfloor distributors. This system can be either manual or
automatic but it is very crucial that CO2 can only me allowed after complete personnel evacuation
(Chadderton, 2000). In Wisma LJT, the CO2 fire extinguisher can be found in the Genset Room. If
the genset room is on fire, CO2 will be released from the high-pressure storage cylinders and the
pipe will transfer the CO2 to the ceiling and thus the louvers opening will be closed by the smoke
curtain to prevent CO2 to flow out from the room. !
The Genset Room! Carbon dioxide tanks release
CO2 gas!
Smoke Curtain CO2 gas will not escape will be triggered !
through louvers opening of
the Genset room!
CO2 gas is transported by
the pipework to the room!
Figure 2.38: Diagram of fixed carbon dioxide system!
32

b) Portable Fire Extinguisher
Portable fire extinguishers are manually operated appliances to stop or limit the growth of small
fires (Chadderton, 2014). The staffs in the building are trained to use it and these appliances need to
be regularly maintained by the suppliers.!
!
Based on different type of fire, fire extinguishers are divided into five categories.!
CLASS A!
Fire that result from in ordinary combustible such as wood, paper, fabric
and other ordinary materials.!
CLASS B!
For fire involving flammable liquids such as petrol, oil, diesel, paint and
etc.!
CLASS C!
Suitable for use on fire caused by flammable gases such as butane,
Methane and etc.!
CLASS D!
Designed for use on flammable metals and are often specific for the
type of metal in question. e.g. sodium, titanium, magnesium
& potassium.!
CLASS E!
Suitable for use on electrically energized fires. Combustion of circuit
breaker, wires, outlets, and other electrical equipment.!
Source: http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html!
According to Fire Extinguisher Malaysia (2012), the 2 most common type of fire extinguisher
used in Malaysia are ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Extinguisher. These 2 types of fire extinguishers are found in Wisma LJT:!
33

Diagram 2.39: Components of ABC Dry Powder
Extinguisher !
Diagram 2.40: Components of Carbon Dioxide
Extinguisher !
ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher !
Suitable for mixed fire risk environments and are especially suited for flammable liquid and fire
involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, methane and etc. Safe for Class A, B
and C fire, ideal for home and vehicle use.!
!
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher !
Suitable for Class B, C & E fire which involve flammable liquids and electrical hazards. CO2 is
harmless to electrical equipment and is ideal for modern office. Chadderton (2000) stated that CO2
vapour displaces air around the fire and combustion ceases. Besides that, he also mentioned that
there is minimal cooling effect and there will be chances for the fire to restart if high temperatures
have become established. It is not safe for wood, paper and cloths.!
!
34

Diagram 2.41: The portable fire extinguishers
which are located in level 2 !
It is very important to read the fire extinguisher instruction first before using it. Below are the 4 steps
of using a fire extinguisher (FEMA, 2006):!
I. Pull!
Pull the pin.!
II. Aim!
Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe distance.!
III. Squeeze!
Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent.!
IV. Sweep!
Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area
as the fire diminishes. Watch the area in case of re-ignition.!
According to UBBL Law 1984, Section 227:!
Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers
in a building shall be of the same method of operation.!
Diagram 2.42: Steps of how to use a fire
extinguisher !
35

36

2.2.1 Introduction
The definition of the fire protection of a building refers to the buildings ability to detect,
withstand, prevent, and reduce any damage caused by a sudden un expected fire whether
man made or non-man made.
This section of the report will focus on the passive fire protection systems used in the building
mentioned above.
Passive fire protection systems (PFP) are known as building materials that are always present
and available within the building, placed and located evenly within every floor of the building to
be accessed easily by its occupants. These materials do not rely on the operation of any
mechanical device in order to be activated or triggered. They are used manually by the
buildings occupants in order to take immediate action in case of any fire emergency or life
threatening situation.
These passive materials are used within the construction of the building in the aim to :
1. Contain the growth and spread of fire within the building with the use of fire rated walls and
doors.
2. Reduce the amount of damage to the building inflicted by the fire.
3. delaying the collapse of the building structure.
4. Reduce the possible life and health risks of the building occupants and fire fighters.
Therefor it provides the building the strength to withstand fire for a certain period of time
ensuring the save evacuation of its occupants and the safety of the buildings surrounding it.
37

2.2.2.1 Fire Resistant Escape Stairs
a) Stair Type
The fire resistant escape stairs found on site were reinforced concrete stairs enclosed within
concrete walls that are only accusable through self closing fire doors. The type of stair case found
was a half turn stair case taking a 180 degree turn at an intervening landing. This allows an
increase of human capacity within the stair case lobby which in return provides an easy flow of a
large number of occupants evacuating the building during a fire in the fastest and shortest amount
of time ensuring a safe non harmful evacuation.
b) Material Used
The type of building material used to construct the fire resistant escape stairs was re-enforced
concrete. This material has many important characteristics that make it suitable for use in fire
resistant escape stairs such as:
1. Strength: concrete is one of the few materials that gain strength over time, therefor it is
able to provide strength and stability to the building and the stairs in case of an un
expected natural or fire disasters. It is able to withstand the massive weight focused on a
small area in the building exerted by the occupants while evacuating the building in a rush
and panic.
2. Fire resistant: concrete is a natural resistant to fire and heat, therefor it forms a highly
effective barrier between different rooms and floors within the building that prevents the
spread of fire through the building while withstanding the extremely high heat from the fire
for a long period of time.
3. Thermal mass: concrete slows the passage of heat moving through the building reducing
thermal heat gain and temperature changes within the small area of the fire escape lobby
preventing the overheating of the enclosed area witch may cause breathing difficulty
during the long evacuation presses.
38

c) Location and Dimensions
The locations of witch the fire escape stairs are located is extremely important. It must be located
in areas that are easily accessible from any location in the building. The building is 11 floors high,
there are 3 fire escape stairs on each floor one in the center and one on each far end of the
building (left and right). The travel time and distance from each room and area of the building to
the fire escape stairs are mentioned in the table bellow:
ROOM / AREA TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL DISTANCE
LOBY 30 SEC - 1 MIN 3 M
ELEVATORS 30 SEC – 1 MIN 3 M
OFFICES 2 – 5 MIN 6 M
RATAIL SHOPS 2 – 5 MIN 8 M
MULTI PURPOSE
HALL
2 – 5 MIN 6 M
RESTROOMS 3 – 6 MIN 7 M
PRAYING ROOM
(SURAU)
2 – 5 MIN 10 M
ROOF 2 – 5 MIN 6 M
(Time travel and distance varies from the weight and speed of the occupant
and its position in the area at a certain time).
39

The dimensions of the fire escape stair case were measured on site and
compared with the dimensions of the international fire safety standards shown in
the table bellow:
STAIRS FOUND ON
SITE
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
TREAD 240 MM NOT LESS THAN
225 MM
RISER 155 MM NOT MORE
THAN180 MM
TOTAL RISER IN A
SINGLE FLIGHT
11 RISERS NOT MORE THAN
16 RISERS
WIDTH OF STAIR
CASE
1200 MM NOT LESS THAN
910 MM
LANDING 1500 MM BY
2500 MM
LENGTH OF
LANDING NOT
LESS THAN 2225
MM
HANDRAIL 900 MM HIGH NOT LESS THAN
900 MM HIGH
After carefully analyzing the table above the following conclusions were as follows:
MEASUREMENT FINDINGS AND RESULTS
TREAD 15 MM LESS THAN THE REQUIREMENT
RISER 25 MM LESS THAN THE REQUIREMENT
TOTAL RISER IN
A SINGLE
FLIGHT
(11 RISERS –16 RISERS = -5 RISERS)
STAYED WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
REGULATIONS
WIDTH OF
STAIR CASE
(900 MM – 1200 MM = -300 MM)
REGULAYIONS
LANDINGS INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS:
NOT LESS THAN 900 MM BY 2225 MM
ON SITE FINDINGS:
1500 MM BY 2500 MM
REGULATIONS
HANDRAIL STAYED WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
REGULATIONS
40

The ventilation ducts in the building were separated from the fire
escape lobby, this was done so the fire and smoke from the
burning rooms wont transfer to the fire escape lobby causing the
accumulation of smoke and heat in the small restricted lobby
effecting the health and safety of the occupants while exiting the
building.
Fire resistant escape stair case.
Figure 2.43: Floor plan on the buildings first floor
Figure 2.44: Fire resistant escape stair case lobby
41

2.2.2.2 Fire Resistant Doors
A fire resistant door is defined as door or shutter fitted into a door opening that is constructed with
fire proofing materials in order to prevent and restrict the transition of heat and fire for the longest
period of time possible protecting the buildings occupants from smoke and fire.
a) Materials Used
The fire proof doors on site were made of wood. They are 60 mm thick with a layer of chock in
between with a thickness of 20 mm. the wooden doors are painted with a fire resisting paint that is 2
mm thick. The thickness of the door and the materials used to fire proof it play a large role in
resisting the heat and pressure accumulating in the room. The layer of chock provides extra
strength while providing a highly effective heat barrier while the fire proof paint allows the door to
withstand high temperatures allowing the door to contain the fire and heat for a longer period of
time.
These fire resistant doors are located in all the technical, mechanical and IT rooms as well as the
office areas and the fire escape stair case doors.
Figure 2.45: Fire resistant door section
Fire
resistant
paint
Middle layer
of chock 20
mm thick
20 mm thick
layer of wood
on both sides
of the door.
60 mm thick
42

2.2.2.2 Fire Resistant Doors
a) Materials Used
Figure 2.46: Genset room fire proof
door
Figure 2.47: Fire proof doors located
at the entrance of the offices
Figure 2.48: The fireproof doors
located at the entrance of the
offices are equipped with fire
detection sensors that detect the
fire early and automatically triggers
the doors to close protecting the
occupants in the office.
Figure 2.49: The fireproof doors used
in the fire resistant stair case. There
are three fire escape stairs on each
floor.
43

2.3 Conclusion
In a nutshell, neither active or passive fire protection system plays an important role to protect
a building when a fire breakdown. The main goals of fire protection system are to protect lives,
assets and property. A building will not work without fire protection system. Thus, architects and
designers must design a building compliance with the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) and fire
code.
Also, education is very significant for everyone in order to use the fire equipment when there
is a fire. For example, building owners and operators must have copies and a working understanding
of the applicable building and fire codes. Children nowadays must be taught to learn to use a
portable fire extinguishes.
Next, all the fire equipment and machines must be under maintained and tested regularly to
ensure it works perfectly when a fire breakdown. It is vital to know that fire protection system within a
building relies on all of its components.
Figure 2.50: Fire safety certificate
44

Air conditioning is defined as the simultaneous mechanical control over temperature, humidity,
and air motion. One of the most important components of the system is the air-distribution. The
processes of the component involve achieving proper levels of temperature, humidity, cleanliness
and air motion in an occupied zone of the conditioned area. All of this is done in a manner that the
occupants of the room do not experience any draft. (Ananthanarayanan, 2013)
The purposes of an air conditioning system are to improve indoor air quality and provide
human thermal comfort, which not only can be attained by controlling the level of the temperature but
as well as the combination of the temperature of relative humidity and air movement around the
occupants’ bodies. Package air conditioners or central system air conditioners serve for larger areas.
It consists of a cycle where the conditioned air is distributed throughout the area and the air that has
picked up heat and moisture will be returned to the air conditioning apparatus for cooling.
The other type of air conditioning system is centralized system. Central air conditioners have a
centralized duct system. The duct system (air distribution system) has an air handler, air supply
system, air return duct and the grilles and register that circulates warm air from a furnace or cooled
air from central air conditioning units to our room. It returns that air back to the system and starts
again. (Central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com, 2014)
Small sized rooms or houses require a room or split-system air conditioner. Split-system
comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit, which houses the compressor, condenser and expansion
valve, and the indoor unit, that houses the evaporator or cooling coil and cooling fan. In small sized
commercial or office buildings, multi split system is used instead. It is similar to the split system but
with an ability to connect a single outdoor unit via refrigerant grade piping to multiple indoor units,
which can be mounted in a number of rooms throughout the building, providing conditioned air
wherever it is required.
45

3.2 Introduction
This research paper covers the air conditioning system adopted by the chosen building, Wisma LJT
to learn and acquire an in-depth knowledge on how thermal comfort and improved indoor air quality
can be achieved.
Air conditioning helps to create a comfortable indoor environment, by allowing air to be
circulated through out the building and expelling stale air, purifying it. It helps for better ventilation
inside the building by controlling the temperature of each area to a more suitable degree and
dehumidifying the air conditioned areas.
Wisma LJT requires the aid of mechanical cooling to distribute fresh cool air indoors as it is a
multi-story office. In sequence, the topics that will be covered in this research paper include:
• Central Air Conditioner Split System
• Basic Refrigeration Cycle
• Components of Air Conditioning
Rules and standards are being compared with the research paper, in order to investigate
whether the building complies to the standards in ensuring the quality of indoor air provided through
the air conditioning system. The standards that have been used to compare is the UBBL (Uniform
Building by Law).
46

3.3.1 Central Air Conditioning Split System
Wisma LJT, is a multi-storey office building that requires high cooling. The air conditioning
system that has been adopted by the building is ducted central air conditioning split system. The split
system describes air conditioners that have been split into 2 components, an outdoor unit and an
indoor unit, in order to separate the hot and cold components of the system, which are connected by
refrigerant tubing. The outdoor unit comprises of the compressor and condenser, while the indoor
unit comprises of the air handler and evaporator. (Diagram 5.3.1)
The split system of Wisma LJT operates on the same principles and have similar benefits of
the split systems found in residential circumstances, except it is greater in quantity and size to
accommodate the large building. Each floor is equipped with multiple air handlers, connected to the
rooms by a network of ducting that is hidden inside the ceiling. The benefit of using ducted split
system is that the outdoor and indoor units are either in an isolated part of the floor or located on the
rooftop of the building, making it one of the quieter air conditioning systems. The system also allows
for even air distribution, eliminating the possibility of having colder or warmer spots in the air-conditioned
area.
Figure 3.1 : A typical split air system and the typical process of cooling from the
outside unit to the indoor unit (air handler).!
47

3.3.1 Central Air Conditioning Split System
Figure 3.2: The cool supply air is blown into the room through a linear slot air diffuser.!
(Source: Jannah Jailani, 2014) !
3.3.2 Basic Refrigeration Cycle
For an economical operation of an air conditioning system, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly.
Thus, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compressions, condensation, expansion, and
evaporation in a closed circuit. The refrigerant moves the heat, thus cooling the area, and expelling
the heat outdoors. !
Figure 3.3: The basic refrigeration cycle occurring inside an air conditioner!
(Source: https://www.swtc.edu/Ag_Power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)!
48

3.3.2 Basic Refrigeration Cycle
!The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, gets compressed, and
moves out as a high-pressured gas that then flows into the condenser. The gas is condensed into
liquid, and then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. The expansion valve restricts
the flow of the liquid, lowering the pressure as it passes through the valve and into the evaporator.
Heat from inside air is absorbed and changes the refrigerant from liquid to gas. The cycle repeats as
the heat carrying low-pressured gas flows back into the compressor. (Swtc.edu, 2006)!
3.3.2.1 Refrigerant
!Refrigerant is a chemical compound that converts from liquid to gas, and back to liquid in a
continuous cycle. This compound is easily converted into gas at relatively low temperatures
compared to water, which requires high temperature to be converted into gas. The refrigerant used
by the air conditioning system of Wisma LJT is chloroflouromethane (CHClF2), or better known as
R-22, a hydrochloroflourocarbon (HCFH) (Image 5.3.2.1). It’s a common refrigerant used in air
conditioning, process chiller and industrial refrigeration plan applications.!
Figure 3.4:The type of refrigerant (R-22) used in Wisma LJT’s air conditioning system.!
(Source: Jannah Jailani, 2014)!
!R-22 has lesser ozone depleting potential compared to CFC-11 and CFC-12, and along with its
excellent refrigerant properties, it has help facilitate the transition from CFCs. However, HCFCs,
including R-22, may be scheduled for eventual phaseout, under the Montreal Protocol. (Whitman,
Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000)!
49

3.3.3 Components
3.3.3.1 Outdoor Units
Figure
3.5:
Rows
of
the
outdoor
units
located
on
the
roo8op
of
the
building
(Source:
Jannah
Jailani,
2014)
Figure
3.6:
Basic
components
of
an
outdoor
unit,
comprising
of
the
condenser
and
compressor
(Source:h6p://inspectapedia.com/aircond/Clearance_Distances.php)
50

3.3.3 Components
3.3.3.1 Outdoor Units
a) Compressor
Air conditioning system functions to transfer heat from a relatively low temperature heat
source (indoors) to relatively high-temperature heat sink (outdoors). In air conditioning system, the
heat transfer is not driven by the temperature difference between heat source and heat sink, energy
must be expended through a mechanical refrigeration system to force the heat transfer. The
compressor inputs energy into the system.
The conversion of low pressured gas to high pressured gas occurs in the compressor. The
buildup pressure can only be achieved by putting a restriction, reed valves in the expansion valve.
The reed valves controls the intake and exit of refrigerant during the pumping operation.
b) Condenser
Hot compressed refrigerant leaves the compressor and is condensed into liquid by the
condensing coils. It is the final point in the heat exchange cycle, where the heat is transferred from
the refrigerant to the atmosphere. In split systems, air cooled condensers are most common
compared to water cooled, due to reasons being air is readily available. Compared to water cooled,
air cooled does not require chemical treatments or special disposal considerations. It also requires
less maintenance, due to having fewer components compared to water-cooled, thus making it cost
less as well.
Figure
3.7:
The
indoor
unit
located
in
an
isolated
area
called
AHU
(Air
Handling
Unit)
room
and
the
connected
ductwork.
(Source:
Jannah
Jailani,
2014)
51

3.3.3 Components
3.3.3.2 Indoor Units
a) Evaporator!
!The evaporator is the starting point of the refrigerant cycle. The expansion valve
throttles the high-pressured liquid refrigerant to the evaporator, causing the pressure in the
evaporator to be less than the saturation pressure of the entering refrigerant and
consequently boiling the liquid refrigerant. The heat needed to boil the refrigerant is gathered
from the medium surrounding the evaporator, which then leaves the refrigerant by cool air
stream. !
!
b) Expansion Valve!
!Pressure is removed from liquid refrigerant at the expansion valve, allowing the change
of state from liquid to gas in the evaporator. Heat is not removed by the orifice within the
valve, only the pressure is reduced, enabling the heat molecules in the liquid refrigerant to
spread as it moves out of the orifice. The refrigerant is at its coldest when leaving the
expansion valve due to the greatly reduced pressure and enters the evaporator. !
!
Figure
3.8:
Basic
components
of
an
indoor
unit,
comprising
of
the
evaporator
and
air
handler.
(Source:
h6p://www.thermospace.com/central-‐air-‐condiConer/aircon-‐3-‐ton.php)
52

3.3.3 Components
3.3.3.3 Refrigerant Pipes
The refrigerant piping allows for the refrigerant of both liquid and gas to flow from the indoor unit to
the outdoor unit, through different pipes. These pipes are usually insulated in order to prevent
overheating of the refrigerant which may make the cooling process redundant. The sizing of the
pipes must take several points into consideration such as the change of state of the refrigerant,
movement of lubricating oil mixed with the refrigerant, and minimum practical pressure loss.
Fiigure
3.9:
The
image
shows
the
refrigerant
piping
that
connects
to
the
indoor
unit.
(Source:
Meera
Nazreen,
2014)
53

3.4 Conclusion
The central air conditioning using split system has its advantages. Due to the units being placed in
an isolated area of the floor or outside the building, there is minimum noise production. The system
also gives a good aesthetic value since it’s ducting works are concealed inside the ceiling. It also
provides even air distribution, without having any areas that are cooler or warmer than the other
parts of the room.
Although with its advantages, there are some aspects that need to be reconsidered. The
number of air conditioners are more than necessary to condition the building. The extra outdoor and
indoor units cost more and require more maintenance to be done. The usage of refrigerant is also
not suitable. Even with its lesser environmental effect compared to CFC, it is still considered to be
ozone depleting and is not a recommended system. Despite its consequences, gas refrigerants
remain to be one of the more popular system for air conditioning.
54

4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
SYSTEM
Mechanical ventilation has been defined as the system which helps in the process of changing air in
an enclosed space into a fresher and cleaner air. In order for the process to be working, the
supposedly dirty indoor air would first be withdrawn and fresh air would be supply in through an
external source. Various types of mechanical devices could help in this procedure such as fans and
air-conditioner. Apart from extracting out the dirty and unwanted indoor air and drawing in fresher air,
mechanical ventilation would also distribute the air collected throughout the entire building or the
targeted area inside a building.
This system consists of several components but the most basic components are:
a) Fan : Extracting stale air
b) Makeup Supply : Distribute outside air indoor
FIGURE 4.1: Example of fan
http://www.maxmechanical.com/tips-how-tos/indoor-air-quality-
arlington-hvac/
FIGURE 4.2: Example of a makeup supply
http://i1361.photobucket.com/albums/r675/msimons127/
AD-B_zpse233c083.jpg
There are two main systems which can be use depending on the climate of the country:
a. Spot Ventilation
b. Heat Recovery and Energy-Recovery Ventilation System
Each of the system is composed of similar components; fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers
and diffusers.
55

SYSTEM
4.1.1 Plant System / Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Different building sizes and purposes would use a different type of mechanical ventilation.
Larger buildings (offices, shopping malls, etc.) usually composed of a plant system which consists of
three main components; refrigeration plant, air handling unit (AHU) and cooling tower.
The refrigerant, which is the substance that will be release to cool rooms, is placed in the
refrigerant plant room. It would be distributed to the AHU which then would be distributed to the
targeted rooms or area through ducts.
4.1.1.1 Refrigeration Plant Room
Chiller, water pumps, control panel, air compressor and automatic temperature controller are
the components that made up the refrigerant plant room. The planning of this room should be
considered during the construction of the building as it requires specific dimensions to fit in all the
equipment.
FIGURE 4.3: Example of a refrigeration plant room
FIGURE 4.4: Chiller
56

SYSTEM
4.1.1.2 Air Handling Unit ( AHU )
Air handling unit (AHU) exist with the purpose to prepare air and handling all the basic functions.
These functions include cooling and heating (applies to countries with cold climate). AHU are placed
on every floor level. Each AHU distributes cool air to the floor level it is placed. All the ducts
distributing and receiving back the air are connected to this room.
FIGURE 4.5: Placement of the AHU inside the specified
room
4.1.1.3 Cooling Tower
Cooling tower is usually connected to the chiller. The placement of this tower is either on the roof top
if there are spaces, in the basement of a building or anywhere suitable which can provide optimum
ventilation. The purpose of having this tower is to exert the heat transferred by the chiller out to the
surrounding. To do so, the process of evaporation is done here. In order to avoid loss of water
through the evaporation process, this particular tower is joined by a water tank.
FIGURE 4.6: Example of cooling tower
57

SYSTEM
4.1.1.4 Heating, Ventilating and Air- Conditioning System
There are 3 types of systems:
a. All Air System
b. All Water System
c. Air And Water System
a) All Air System
A system which distributes the air through series of diffusers to the targeted rooms. This type
of system too can help in regulating the indoor air quality, temperature as well as humidity. It controls
the air quality through pressure control. There are 2 types of pressure control, negative pressure and
positive pressure. Negative pressure is usually found in odorous and humid area in a building such
as the kitchen and toilets. Positive pressure on the other hand is to keep an area or room with clean
and fresh air, preventing stale air to come in.
This type of pressure is usually used in shopping malls, hospitals, and any similar places.
All air system is divided into 2:
i. Single Duct System
ii. Double Duct System
i) Single Duct System
Single duct system has 3 different methods; single zone method, variable air volume (VAV)
and terminal reheat method.
Single zone method is often used in a small building as it would be control by one thermostat
which means the temperature of the area would always be the same. It leads to being a low cost
system.
FIGURE 4.7: Single Duct System
58

SYSTEM
VAV varies from the single zone method as this method would distribute a constant temperature air
at different speed or airflow, depending on the size of the fan used. This leads in contributing to
saving the energy used. VAV system usually needs a terminal which are then placed either
suspended on the ceiling or below a raised floor. Dampers are included in this system to control the
air flow.
FIGURE 4.8: VAV System
FIGURE 4.9: VAV Terminal
Terminal reheat method is a mixture of single zone method and VAV. This method supplies a
constant air temperature but instead of a damper, heater are joined or applied to the duct.
FIGURE 4.10: Terminal Reheat System
59

SYSTEM
FIGURE 4.11: Terminal Reheat Method
iii) Double Duct System
This system is similar to the other all air system mentioned beforehand except for the number
of ducts. It has two separate ducts to distribute both cold and warm air simultaneously. Both of the
airs from both of the ducts are mixed at each zone’s air terminal. This system provides a much better
comfort under reduced load conditions in comparison to the single duct system. However the
downside to double duct system is that it cost more.
FIGURE 4.12: Double Duct System
60

SYSTEM
b) All Water System
All water system adopt the fan coil terminal or unit. Water will flow through pipes towards the
installed fan coil which would then be mix with the outdoor and indoor air and finally be released
back into the targeted space.
Fan coil unit is composed of a finned tube coil, filter and a fan. It circulates or moves the air a
room, whether it is for heating or cooling. There are different types of fan coil; high rise fan coil,
vertical fan coil and horizontal fan coil.
FIGURE 4.13 High
Rise Fan Coil
FIGURE 4.14
Vertical Fan Coil
FIGURE 4.15
Horizontal Fan Coil
FIGURE 4.16 All Water System
Schematic Diagram 61

SYSTEM
c) Air And Water System
Both air and water are being applied in this system. For the air, it consists of central air
conditioning equipment, duct distribution system and a room terminal. Airs are being provided by the
AHU room which will then be distributed to the targeted area through the ducts. The water on the
other hand plays the supply and return role as the all water system except that the fan coil unit would
be replaced by an induction unit.
Induction unit is usually located below a window. The fan provided in the unit would draw the
return air from the space that was conditioned and the unit will then mix the return air with the
conditioned air from the plant room through a high velocity duct. Finally, it would be distribute again
through a chiller coil.
62

SYSTEM
4.2 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation as explained in the literature review, consist of different system
depending on the type and size of building. As for our case study building which is the Wisma
Lembaga Jurukur Tanah (LJT), it uses the Central Air-Cond Split System. This system does not
compose of a chiller plant room and a cooling tower. However, it still requires AHU room.
4.3.1 Air Handling Unit ( AHU )
The AHU in Wisma LJT is placed on each level. Each level would have 2 AHU rooms with
each one located on either wing of the building. Every single one of the room consist of 2 blowers.
However, each room would only use 1 blower at once. The reason there are 2 blowers in each room
is to act as a backup. The second blower would be activate if the main blower goes through a
maintenance process or fails to function.
Since this particular building do not have a chiller and a cooling tower for the air-conditioning,
it uses the gas Helium instead. The gas would be compressed into liquid state with a compressor
found inside the AHU room to the condenser located on the roof top. Each compressor would have
its own condenser. After the gas has been liquefy, the liquid would be pumped back down through
ducts in a high pressure which would change the liquid into gas (air). The air will be distributed to
each level or to the area targeted.
Basically, the air and water system are being applied to Wisma LJT.
63

SYSTEM
FIGURE 4.16 AHU ROOM PLACEMENT (GROUND FLOOR PLAN WISMA LJT)-
AHU Room
FIGURE 4.17 PLACEMENT OF CONDENSER (ROOF PLAN OF WISMA LJT)
Condenser
64

SYSTEM
FIGURE 4.18 Blowers in the AHU room connected to
The ductworks
FIGURE 4.19 Control Panel in AHU Room
FIGURE 4.20 Condensers on the Roof Top
65

SYSTEM
4.3.1.1 Air Handling Unit Blower Fans
Blower as shown in Figure 6.18 is efficient to distribute air. Centrifugal fan are commonly used in
large buildings. However, for Wisma LJT, it uses a centrifugal blower pump. The difference between
fan and blower is that blower achieve much higher pressure in comparison to fans.
4.3.1.2 Ductworks
Ductworks system is used to transfer or distribute air from one place to another. Usually it is
to moved the air towards the area which is needed to be air-conditioned. This system is placed
suspended on the ceiling, sometimes being hidden or most of the time is just left bare. As for Wisma
LJT, the ducting system in the AHU rooms are not hidden. This is to save cost as the AHU rooms are
not public accessible therefore aesthetically not important.
The starting of the ducts are connected to the blower for air circulation purposes.
FIGURE 4.21 Ducts Connected To The Blower
In Wisma LJT
4.3.1.3 Condensors
Condensers are machines which are responsible in the process of changing the gas into liquid in
order to distribute cool air throughout the entire building. The condensation process would release
quite an amount of heat. The condensers for Wisma LJT are located on the rooftop on both sides of
the building’s wing. This was shown in Figure 4.17 and Figure 4.20. Each of the condensers are
connected to one compressor.
66

SYSTEM
4.3.1.4 Compressors
Compressors would help in compressing the refrigerant, in this building it uses helium gas, and
pump it throughout the targeted area in the whole building. The process when the gas would enter
the compressor absorbs a lot of heat. Majority of the heat is absorbed during the process when liquid
change into gas. The compressor is always connected to a condenser via ducts. This object is
placed in the AHU room while the condenser would be on top of the roof.
4.3.1.5 Exhaust Ventilation
Exhaust ventilation has been installed in Wisma LJT as safety purposes. The exhaust fan (Figure
4.22) is located on all 7 floors of the building. The fan would be activated when there is a fire
emergency. It would help in draining some of the smoke during fire to minimize the hazard indoor.
Smoke will be sucked through the fan which would then be vented outdoor.
FIGURE 4.22 Exhaust Fan Located On The 6th Floor
EXHAUST FAN
67

SYSTEM
4.3.1.5 Exhaust Ventilation
FIGURE 4.23 Exhaust Fan (Output) Located On The Roof Top
68

SYSTEM
4.4 Conclusion
According to the UBBL requirement and regulation (UBBL 2012, Amendments on EE and MS 1525),
each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) shall be equipped with a readily
accessible switch or other means for shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required.
Examples of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle
programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.
In the AHU room, there is a control switch box (Figure 6.24) which proved the UBBL requirement
mentioned beforehand has been applied to Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah. According to the
MS1525 year 2007, ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of
accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of
non-users or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.
Since Wisma LJT is an office, it is schedule to be open during working days and working hours only
with the exception of any events being held there. In conclusion, the system used for Wisma LJT is
appropriate to the building size and purposes. The components are all placed at an appropriate
location, well-maintained and taken care of. Every mechanical components are also adequate for a
building of that scale.
69

5.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
5.1.1 Power Transmission System
Wisma LJT is located at Taman Melawati, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is an office building that is
developed and managed by Sime Darby Properties. It provides a function hall which serves as a
convention centre, exhibition space, as well as wedding banquets.
Therefore the building itself requires sufficient flow of electricity without disruption to ensure
that it is fully functioning during working hours. Electricity used it this building is mostly for lighting, air
conditioning, elevators, fire system and appliances. High current electricity is produced at various
power stations such as Tenaga National Berhad. To prevent loss of energy, the current generated is
passed through a step up transformer. Electric transmission is the link between power production
and power usage. The high voltage electricity is then carried along overhead lines and underground
cables from power plants to substations. The electricity with high voltage undergoes several
reduction stages at distribution stations before reaching specific buildings by using step down
transformers. The transmission voltage are 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, while the distribution voltages
are 33kV, 11kV and 400/230 volts (Tenaga National Berhad, 2014). The electricity voltage is then
further stepped down according to suitable usage in each space.
Figure 5.1: Explanation on electricity generation, transmission
and distribution.
(Source: http://www.bravoprojects.co.in/transmission.php)
70

5.1.2 Electrical Components
Electrical supply system is divided into two, off-site power system and on-site power system. On-site
power systems contains normal power sources such as transformers, auxiliary power supply, cables
and emergency power supply (generator). The power system consists of the grid, generators,
transmission and distribution systems.
Electrical supply from TNB is firstly distributed to the high voltage (HV) room of a building.
Lower voltage (LV)room then receives electrical supply from HV room and transmits electricity to
risers on each floor of a building. The risers then distribute electrical supply throughout the floors.
Generator rooms can only be found in private buildings which acts as an emergency power system.
Newly developed buildings adapts the Building Automatic System (BAS). It monitors and controls
facilities through a centralized system, such as lighting, air handling units, switchboards and CCTV.
Electricity is distributed by several devices throughout the building. Measurement of electricity
usage is done by meters, usually in kilowatt per hour. Safety devices such as fuses and circuit
breakers are used to prevent fire or damage of devices due to over usage of electricity. Fuses have
a disadvantage where it operates once and must be replaced , unlike circuit breakers where it can
be reset to function normally. Circuit breakers functions both as a protective device as well as a
switch (Stein, B. & Reynolds, J. ,1992). It allows electricity to pass through , while ensuring to break
the circuit when overloaded or short circuit. They are various types of circuit breakers to cater for
different needs.
Distribution boards receives current which is then distributed through a branch circuit. Branch
circuits are commonly used due to its safety purposes. It contains a reserve capacity which protects
the circuit from over usage and short circuit. There are 3 different types of outlets used such as
single, multiple and general multiple circuits. They are generally used for appliances, small devices
and lighting respectively.
71

5.2 Introduction
Electricity is a form of energy used in buildings. It provides electrical power to various parts,
such as electric outlets, lighting, HVAC equipment, communications equipment, transport systems,
and as well as fire system. Electric power in a building is very crucial as failure could paralyze a
facility. It is important that the facility is equipped with proper emergency equipment that would
supply temporary electrical needs to the building.
Electricity suppliers in Malaysia differs according to areas of the country. Electricity is
distributed by Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) in Peninsular Malaysia, whereas in Sabah and
Sarawak electricity is distributed by Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. and Sarawak Energy Bhd.
respectively.
These electrical utility company provides generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity throughout the country. They are involved in the services such as repairs, testing and
maintenance of each equipment, as well as construction and manufacturing of power plants to
produce high voltage electricity for transmission and distribution. In Peninsular Malaysia, all
equipment proposed to be installed and connected to TNB supply must comply with the stated short
circuit ratings (Tenaga National Berhad, 2014).
The electricity supply and installation practice in Peninsular Malaysia are governed by (Tenaga
National Berhad, 2014):
1. Electricity Supply Act 1990 – Act 447
2. Licensee Supply Regulations 1990
3. Electricity Regulations 1994
4. Occupational, Safety & Health Act 1994
5. Malaysian Standard MS IEC 60364 Electrical Installation of Buildings
72

5.3.1 Electrical Distribution System
WISMA LJT receives its electricity supply directly from the TNB Substation. Electricity is
received by the high voltage (HV) room and sent to the low voltage (LV) room. The electricity supply
is then brought to the risers located on each floor of the building, which then helps to distribute
electricity to the entire floor. The transmission voltage in Malaysia are 500kV, 275kV, 132kV and the
distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV, and 400/230V which is usually used in residential buildings.
SWITCH
TNB DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION
TRANSMISSION
SUBSTATION
WISMA LJT
SWITCH
POWER
TRANSFORMER
POWER PLANT
APPLIANCES
GENERATOR SET
ROOM
RISER
HV ROOM
LV ROOM
Figure 5.2: Power transmission from TNB to WISMA LJT
73

5.3.2 High Voltage Room
The high voltage room is usually located in an easy access area for TNB. As seen in WISMA
LJT, the high voltage room is located on the ground floor in a well ventilated switchgear room. It is
usually protected with a wire screen enclosure and necessary signs of danger outside the high
voltage room.
Figure 5.3: Location of high voltage room at ground floor of WISMA LJT
Figure 5.4: Necessary danger signs found outside the high voltage room
74

5.3.2 High Voltage Room
The switch gear is in charge of regulating the flow of electricity in the whole electrical system
of the building. Some of the functions of the switch gear includes functional switching, emergency
switching, emergency stopping, as well as stopping of mechanism for maintenance purposes. It also
provides protection against overloading usage of current and short curcuit. Emergency switching is
an option used when failure of power arises. The switch gear would then run on the backup
generators installed in the building.
Electricity from TNB substation reaches the switch gear in high voltage room before it is sent
to the transformer. A step-down transformer is located in the high voltage room. It allows the high
voltage current to step down from 11kV to 415V. The transformer transfers energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It changes alternating current (AC) from one voltage
to another. Transformers cannot be used on dc. They are available in single-phase or three-phase
construction, WISMA LJT uses the three-phase transformer.
Switch gear rooms are required to have vacuum circuit breakers with current up to 6300A.
The device acts both as a protective function as a fuse and also as a switch. It allows the circuit to be
open or closed easily. This helps to prevent overload of current usage by cutting off power. There are
various sizes of circuit breakers to provide for different purposes. Vacuum circuit breakers have a
longer life span rather than air circuit breakers.
Figure 5.5: Specific dimension of high voltage room to allow easy access for installation and
maintenance of mechanism
75

5.3.3 Low Voltage Room
The low voltage room stores the main switchboard. It is an assembly of panels that contains
switches allowing the redirection of electricity. It helps in dividing the current supply from high voltage
room into smaller currents before further distribution throughout the facility. The entire electrical
network can be controlled from this source itself. The switchboard provides switching, protection and
metering of current. It distributes power to various components such as panel boards, control
equipment and transformers. Distribution panel is part of the electrical supply system which divides
electrical power into subsidiary circuits and providing protective fuses and circuit breakers to each of
the circuit. Residual current devices or breakers with current protection can be found in the main
switch. Current from the low voltage room is then transferred to risers on each floor.
Figure 5.6: Location of low voltage room at lower ground floor of WISMA
LJT
Figure 5.7: Main switchboard in low voltage room
76

5.3.4 Wire, Raceway and Riser
Various types of wires can be used to transfer electrical current. It could either be round or
rectangle. They are conductors usually made out of metals such as copper and aluminum. Current
are carried through these wires that are covered with raceways. Raceways are generally insulators
to prevent from electric shock. The are used as casings and protection for the electrical wiring. It is
also used as a form of routing of the wires. The raceways are usually mounted on the ceiling.
Electrical risers are located on each floor of the building. This is to transfer electrical supply from the
low voltage room and distribute them to each floor in WISMA LJT. The risers are placed at the same
position in every floor which acts as an electrical shaft.
Figure 5.8: Location of riser shaft at ground floor of WISMA LJT
Figure 5.9 & 5.10: Electrical raceway and riser in WISMA LJT
77

5.3.5 Generator Set Room
Diesel generator is used as an emergency system in WISMA LJT. This system allows backup
electricity generation and prevent the building from any electrical loss. The diesel generator runs with
the usage of diesel and electric generator to produce the electrical energy. The generator set room is
located right next to the low voltage room. This is to prevent energy loss and increase efficiency.
Diesel generators are used as emergency power supply, if ever the grid fails. The generator will
automatically start running when power failure arises. The system will detect power shortage, and
therefore produce sufficient energy to cover the loss. The generator consists of the fuel system and
the set itself. Maintenance of the generator is very important, as it is needed to be able to work
during power failure.
Figure 5.11: Location of generator set room at lower ground floor of WISMA LJT
Figure 5.12: Fuel tank and generator
set
78

The generator is placed on the lower ground of WISMA LJT to avoid noise pollution and
prevent diesel emission from the users in the building. The generator room must be well ventilated
as natural air is required for it to run properly. The diesel gas produced is carefully directed out of the
building through the exhaust system.
Figure 5.13: Natural ventilation of generator room Figure 5.14:Exhaust pipe seen from outside of
building
Figure 5.15: Diesel gas carried out of generator room to the outside of building through piping system
79

CO² fire protection system is used in the generator room. Carbon dioxide is released as an
extinguishing agent in case of any fire outbreaks. An indication sign is placed outside the room to
detect the safety of the space inside before entering.
According to the UBBL, Section 253(1), emergency power system shall be provided to supply
and power automatically in the event of power failure of the normal supply or elements of the system
supplying power and illumination for safety to life and property.
Figure 5.16: CO² cylindrical tank in generator room
Figure 5.17: Components of a generator and natural ventilation of room.
(Source: http://www.generatorjoe.net/html/stepxstepgenerator.html)
80

5.4 Conclusion
Electrical supply system in any building is complicated, from its placement to the maintenance
of each component. Looking at WISMA LJT, their arrangement of each systems are well thought of
and they maintain the quality of the systems to be able to work on a daily basis. The entire system is
needed to be able to run smoothly to produce undisrupted amount of electricity to the building.
Persons in charge, be it from TNB itself or the buildings maintenance crew will regularly
ensure that all the systems are up to date and able to carry out its own functions. Since the building
is fairly new, all the equipment used are still in good condition and of top quality. Therefore it is easier
to maintain and allows a lasting life span of the mechanisms.
Being able to visit each of the electrical supply components in WISMA LJT, I gained better
understanding and further knowledge on electrical systems and how they work. In order for the
electrical supply system to be efficient, the architects and designers in charge must abide to the rules
and regulations set by the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL).
81

6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
82
Vertical transportation has been a very important component especially in the present
construction industry. High rise buildings and skyscrapers have become very common and thus
requires a method of transportation to and from the respective floors. With the advances in
technology, different types of vertical transportations have been invented and one of the most recent
one is the machine-roomless (MRL) elevators which do not require the use of a machine room.
Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah uses this latest technology as their main form of vertical
transportation from their basement all the way to their seventh floor. These types of elevators are
usually used in buildings of about two to thirty stories high. The MRL system uses a reduced sheave
size allowing the machine to be mounted within the hoist way walls. A flexible control room would be
placed within the hoist way as well thus increasing the amount of usable space (“About Elevators”,
2014). Some of the advantages of using a machine roomless traction elevators are:-
a) The availability of extra space to be used in the building
b) Reduction in construction costs, time materials and coordination issues
c) Easier installation
d) Reduces the carbon footprint of the building while using up to 75% less energy
A traction elevator works like a pulley system in which the car is balanced by a counterweight
on the other end. These two components are linked together by steel belts or steel wire ropes that is
looped over the machine. The counterweight functions as a counterbalance to the weight of the car
thus reducing the energy required to raise and lower the elevator. Some of the components that
make up a machine-roomless traction elevator include:-
a) The compact controller / inspection or test panel which is fitted within the hoistway
b) Flexible steel coated belts that provide a smaller bending radius than wire ropes

SYSTEM
83
6.2 Introduction
This section of the report will cover the components that are used in the interior of a lift car as
well as in the lift lobbies, highlighting the functions and the specifications of these components.
Besides that, an explanation on the machine-roomless traction elevator system will be provided to
further understand the advantages of using it. The components used within this system will be
highlighted and analyzed as well. Besides that, the entire system and specifications will be analyzed
in accordance to the Uniform Building By-Law requirements as well as other requirements to identify
the efficiency in it’s design. Finally, a summary of the lift system will be provided to clarify the
dimensions as well as specifications.
6.3.1 External Lift Components
6.3.1.1 Landing Lanterns
Figure 6.1: The landing lanterns located in front of the service lift at the ground floor level
The main purpose of the landing lantern is to indicate whether the respective lift is coming
down or going up to a certain floor. These lanterns must be placed as such that it is visible from any
angles within the lift lobby.

SYSTEM
84
6.3.1.2 Call Buttons
Figure 6.2: The call button located in front wall of
the lift
Call buttons are used to request for a lift and each floor that requires a lift must have its
respective call buttons. Once requested, the button must be illuminated to indicate that the request
has been received and the elevator is on its way to the passenger.

SYSTEM
85
6.3.1.3 Fireman’s Lift Switch
Figure 6.3: The fireman’s lift switch located in the
lift lobby on the ground floor
The use of the fireman’s switch allows the fire department to over-ride all the floor calling
systems to return all the lifts to where the fireman’s lift switched is placed. In this case, it is located
on the ground floor of Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah. This means that once the lift switch is
toggled, all the lifts will return to the ground floor of the building. Once returned to the designated
floor, the doors will open and remain open until the switch is toggled once again ( “Reference”, n.d).

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