1. Sofía Romero Fornier 2ºB
Abel Maestre Pérez de Villar 2ºB

2. INDEX:
Energy definition.
Types of energy.
Energy sources.
Renewable energy.
Non-renewable sources.
Types of power stations.

3. Energy definition
Energy is the
capacity of an
object of a
body to
transform an
energy source

4. Types of energy
Mechanical energy:
Kinetic energy.
Potential energy.
Electrical energy.
Electromagnetic energy:
Luminous energy.
Sound energy.
Chemical energy.
Nuclear energy.
Thermal or calorific energy.

5. Mechanical energy
Kinetic energy: It is the energy that objects
have when they are moving.
Potential energy: It is the energy that objects
have when they are moved from their stable
position of equilibrium.

6. Electrical energy
It is the energy associated with an electric
current that makes electrically powered
machines work when they're connected to a
supply of electricity.

7. Electromagnetic energy
Transported by electromagnetic waves, such
as radio, television or X-ray waves.
Luminous energy: It is a type of
electromagnetic energy generated by the
sun or artificial lights.

8. Sound energy
It is the energy associated with sound waves
that are transmitted through vibratons.

9. Chemical energy
It is stored in sustances, during chemical
processes can be released or absorbed.

10. Nuclear energy
It is contained in the nuclei of the atoms,
during nuclear reactions it is released.

11. Thermal or calorific energy
It comes from the vibration of particles in
matter. The temperature measures the
thermal energy of an object.

12. Energy sources
Energy sources are natural
resources that provide
different forms of energy. This
energy is transformed for
specific uses.
Renewable energy sources.
Non-renewable energy sources.

13. Renewable energy
sources
Hydraulic energy.
Solar energy.
Wind energy.
Marine energy.
Geothermal energy.
Biomass.

14. Hydraulic energy
This is the mechanical energy produced by
the movement of water.
Production: Water is stored in dams. When
the water is released from the dam and
falls potential energy is transformed into
kinetic. Kinetic energy makes the
alternator rotates, and this transform
kinetic energy into electricity.
Transformation: Hydraulic energy produce
electricity in hydroelectric power stations.

15. Hydraulic energy
Advantages:
It's non-polluting.
It's cheap.
It's clean.
Disadvantages:
Building power stations is very expensive.
Reservoirs can destroy villages.
Reservoirs can damage the animal and
plants life.

16. Solar energy
Solar energy take advantage of light to convert it into
chemical energy.
Production and transformation: To produce hot water,
collectors use the sun's heat to heat up the water that
circulates in the pipes below.
To generate electrical energy using solar panels. These
panels contain photovoltaic cells that transform light into
electricity.
To produce electrical energy in heliostat fields.
Heliostats are mirrors that reflect light from the sun and
focus it onto a central collector. The collector converts
the water into steam. A generator then produce electricity
with the steam.

17. Solar energy
Advantages:
It's clean.
Big power
stations are not
needed.
It's unlimited.
Disadvantages:
It's a variable
source of
energy.
Solar panels are
expensive.

18. Wind energy
Wind energy has been used since ancient
times to move sailing ships.
Production and transformation: It's produce
by the effect of radiation on the
atmosphere. Radiation produces different
temperatures and heights in the
atmosphere, which causes the air to move.
When wind energy causes blades of a wind
turbine to move, the wind's kinetic energy
is converted into electricity.

19. Wind energy
Advantages:
It's unlimited and non-polluting.
The cost of building and maintaining a wind farm is low.
Disadvantages:
It's a variable source of energy.
Wind turbines are hazard for birds.
Wind turbines produce noise pollution.

20. Marine energy
There are several means for generating energy from the
sea:
Tidal energy: It can be extracted from tides.
Wave energy: It's obtained from the movement
of sea waves.
Ocean thermal energy: It's produced from the
difference in temperature between the surface
of the sea and the deep sea.

21. Geothermal energy
This energy comes from the heat stored in the
earth's crust.
Sometimes it appears naturally, for example,
geysers and volcanic eruptions. If the
temperature is below 150 ºC, heat can be
produced, if it is above 150 ºC, electricity can
be produced.

22. Biomass
This is produced from plant remains, forest
and agricultural waste and organic waste in
sewage.
Biomass is mainly used in two ways, to produce
electricity and for transformation in fuels.

23. Non-renewable
energy sources
Nuclear energy.
Coal.
Petroleum.
Natural gas.

24. Nuclear energy
Production: Nuclear energy is stored in the
nuclei of atoms. This is released in the nuclear
reaction that occurs in certain atoms.
There are two kinds
Nuclear fusion: This is when two light
nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus.
Nuclear fission: This is when a heavy
nucleus is split into two lighter nuclei
by bombarding it with neutrons.

25. Nuclear energy
Transformation: Nuclear power stations use
fission energy.
The thermal energy released by the reaction
heats water and the water is converted into
steam under high pressure. This steam moves
the turbines of a generator to produce
electrical energy.

26. Coal
Coal was formed 300 million years ago from
the remains of plants that were buried and
transformed in the absence of oxygen. It's
classified into four types depending on the
amount of carbon it contains:
Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite and peat.

27. Coal
Extraction: There are two methods for extracting
coal:
Open-cast mines: When the coal is close
to the surface, soil is removed to expose
it. The coal is extracted with special
machinery and explosives.
Underground mines: When the coal is
buried deep below the surface, it must
be mined underground. The mines consist
of a network of shafts and tunnels.

28. Coal
Transport: In the mine, it's transported in
carts or in lifts. After the coal is washed and
crushed, it can be trasported:
By sea: In enormous ships that can
weigh up to 500000 t.
By land: Normally by train, this is
economical and trains can carry very
large loads.
By road: Usually for local transport.

29. Uses:
Coal
For energy:
Nowadays:
To generate electricity in conventional
power stations.
For central heating systems.
In the past:
For street lighting.
As a domestic fuel.

30. Petroleum
Petroleum is formed from the buried remains of
plants and animals that have decomposed
because of the bacterial action. It's a liquid
substance, with a lower density than water.
It's found in porous rocks under the sea and in
other sedimentary basins, forming oil fields.

31. Petroleum
Extraction: Petroleum is expensive and difficult to
extract because it's usually deep underground.
A well is drilled on land or under the sea. The
plataform built in the sea is called oil rig.
The petroleum is extracted using pumps, or
natural pressure in the well causes the oil
to rise to the surface.
The extracted petroleum contains salt water,
rock, mud and gas, so it's the purified.

32. Petroleum
Storage and transport:
The purified crude oil is stored in containers
before it's transported by oil tankers or oil
pipelines.
Oil tankers: They're specialised ships designed for
intercontinental transport. The oil is dived into
separate tanks in the ship for safety reasons.
Oil pipelines: They're enormous steel pipes.
They lie above ground on the surface or are
buried in protected trenches.

33. Petroleum
Transformation and uses:
Derivates of crude oil are used in industry and
heat engines. Fractional distillation is a process
carried out in the refineries to produce these
derivates:
Liquefied gases, liquid fuels, fuel oil, light
components and heavy components.

34. Natural gas
Natural gas is a mixture of gases formed from
decomposed plants and animals. It contains
more than 70% mehane. Natural gas is found
in underground gas fields and in porous
rocks. It's often found along with petroleum
deposits.
Extraction: Natural gas is expensive to
extract. It's extracted by drilling.

35. Natural gas
Storage and transport:
Natural gas is tranported from gas fields by gas
pipelines.
The gas is converted into liquid form.
It's transported in specially designed
ships called LNG carriers.
When the LNG reaches its destination,
the liquid gas is transformed into the
gaseous state.

36. Natural gas
Uses: Gas for fuel is used in industry and in
homes to produce thermal energy, and in
thermal power stations to produce
electricity.

37. Types of power stations
Hydraulic power station.
Solar power station.
Nuclear power station.
Thermal power station.
Eolic power station

38. Hydraulic power station
A Hydraulic power station is a complex of
installations and equipment that convert
hydraulic energy into electricity.Power-
generating equipment transform the energy of
water moving under pressure into the mechanical
energy of rotation, which in turn is transformed
into electrical energy.

39. Solar power station
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, using photovoltaics, or using
concentrated solar power. Concentrated
solar power systems use lenses or mirrors.
Photovoltaics convert light into electric
current using the photovoltaic effect.

40. Nuclear power station
Nuclear power is the use of sustained
nuclear fission to generate heat and
electricity. Nuclear power stations
provide about 6% of the world's energy
and 13–14% of the world's electricity.

41. Thermal power station
A thermal power station is a power plant in which
the prime mover is steam driven. Water is
heated, turns into steam and spins a steam
turbine which drives an electrical generator.
After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser and recycled to where
it was heated.

42. Eolic power station
Eolic power is the conversion of wind energy
into a useful form of energy, such as using
wind turbines to make electricity, windmills
for mechanical power, windpumps for water
pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

43. Wind turbines
Wind turbines have long produced renewable
energy but a French engineering firm has
discovered another eco-purpose for the
towering structures.
He explains that the technology works by first
generating electricity in the traditional
manner of a wind turbine. This power enables
the entire water generating system to
function. The next stage sees air sucked in
through the nose of the turbine via a device
known as an “air blower”

44. Wind turbines
He also said: Can hot air by the free fuel of
the future?
This technique could enable them to overcome
these problems and make the island self-
sufficient in a way thaat doesn't harm the
environment.

46. Sofía Romero
Fornier 2ºB
Abel Maestre
Pérez de Villar 2ºB