different methods of cultural control of insect pest in cultivation utilized.

1. Submitted to :
College of forestry,
Odisha University of
Agriculture & Technology
ASSIGNMENT ON CULTURAL CONTROL

2. CONTENTS.....
 WHAT IS CULTURAL CONTROL .
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.
 CULTURAL PRACTICES & ITS TYPE.
1.PLANTING TIME.
2.SEED RATE.
3.PLANTING SPACING.
4.TILLAGE.
5.PLANT DIVERSITY.
INTER CROPPING.
TRAP CROPPING.
CROP LOCATION.
PRESENCE OF WEEDS.
6.CROP ROTATION.
7.NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT.
8.WATER MANAGEMENT.
9.SANITATION.
10. HARVESTING PRACTICES.

3. WHAT IS CULTURALCONTROL .....
Cultural control is nothing but an applied
control of pest. It is also known as low cost
control measure with out any hazards.
Improve productivity with less expenditure..

4. CULTURAL PRACTICES …..
Cultural practices include all the crop production and
management techniques which are utilized by the
farmer to maximize crop productivity and/or farm
income.
It include decisions on crops /varieties to be grown
,time and manner of planting ,tillage ,field and crop
sanitation, application of fertilizer and irrigation,
harvesting times and procedures, even off- season
operations in fallow /cropped fields.
The manipulation of these practices for reducing or
avoiding pest damage to crop is known as CULTURAL
CONTROL.

5. HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEOF CULTURAL CONTROl…
•Historically ,cultural and mechanical practices were the farmer’s most
important method of preventing crop losses.
•The first reference on the use of cultural control practices in india is
found in the book “THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS OF INDIA AND OF
EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA BY BALFOUR IN 1887”
•He advocated the use of crop rotation involving cereals and pulses
and clean farming for minimising damage by insect pests.
•Maxwell –Lefroy in his book “THE INDIAN INSECT PESTS “published in
1906,suggested some other practices like mixed cropping ,use of trap
crops ,hoeing etc.

6. DIFFERENT CULTURAL PRACTICES ...
PLANTING TIME
SEED RATE
PLANTS SPACING
TILLAGE
PLANT DIVERSITY
1. INTER CROPPING
2.TRAP CROPPING
3. CROP LOCATION
4.PRESENCE OF WEEDS
CROP ROTATION
NUTIENT MANAGEMENT
WATER MANAGEMENT
SANITATION
HARVESTING PRACTICES

7. Plantingtime ....
The manipulation of planting time helps to
minimize pest damage by producing asynchrony
between host plant and the pest or synchronizing
insect pests with their natural enemies or crop
production with available alternate host plants of
the pest or by production followed by destruction
of crop residues before the insects can enter
diapauses.

8. EFFECTOFDATEOFTRANSPLANTINGONLEAF-FOLDERDAMAGEIN RICEVARIETIES…
DATE OF TRANSPLANTING LEAF-FOLDER-DAMAGED LEAVES (%)
IR 8 JAYA PR 106 PR
4141
BASMATI
370
PUNJAB
BASMATI
1
MEAN
June 15
July 3
July 15
7.2
13.6
21.2
6.5
13.7
22.3
7.9
15.8
22.5
8.9
16.8
22.9
7.2
15.9
18.6
9.2
17.5
27.2
7.8
15.6
22.5
(Source: Dhaliwal et al.(1998)

9. Sowing date Pod damage (%) Grain yield (kg/ha)
October 6
November 6
December 6
January 6
1.94
3.92
7.70
6.97
2537
1273
1438
1170
INCIDENCE OF Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) ON
CHICKPEA AT DIFFERENT DATES OF SOWING…
Source: Rathore and Nwanze (1993)

10. Seedrate...
Adoption of appropriate seed-rate ensures proper
stand , spacing ,and crop canopy that helps in
adoption of proper spray technology and checks the
unwanted growth of crop.
Use of high seed rate is recommended in those
crops where removal of infested plants is helpful in
minimizing the incidence of insect pests, viz maize
borer in maize and sorghum shootfly in sorghum
and other crops.

11. Plant spacing ....
The major objective in spacing crop plants is to obtain maximum
high quality yield per unit area per unit time.
Closer spacing has been reported to increase the incidence of
planthoppers, viz brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper,
gall midges and leaf folder in rice crop.
The percentage of plants showing hopper burn symptoms ranged
from 100 in closer spacing (10x10cm) to 7-67 in wider spacing (23x10).

12. Some cultural control measure s...

13. The type and timing of tillage can markedly influence the soil
environment and affect the survival of insect pests or their natural
enemies.
Fall ploughing is often helpful in reducing the overwintering
population of Helicoverpa spp. and species of cutworms that undergo
diapauses in the soil during winter.
Deep ploughing immediately after harvest of wheat crop in April May
is helpful in exposing the resting grubs of rice root weevil to their
natural enemies like birds and to the action of sun and wind.
Tillage ...

14. Plant diversity ...
The diversity of a crop system can be increased by
intercropping , trap cropping ,presence of weeds or by
crops grown in the adjacent fields.
When inter planted crops or weeds in the crop also
suitable host plants for a particular pest, they may reduce
feeding damage to the main crop by diverting the pest.

16. INTER CROPPING…..
In central & southern India, intercropping of cotton with
black gram, green gram, onion, cowpeas, etc. is reported to
divert the population of sucking pests & american bollworm
from cotton.
Monoculture of cotton was also found to harbour more
insect pests than cotton intercropped with groundnut,
cowpea & soybean .
Tomato intercropped with cabbage has been reported to
inhibit or reduce egg laying by diamondback moth.

17. Trap cropping ...
Trap crops are plant stands that are grown to attract insects or
other organisms so that the target crop escape pest attack.
Protection is achived either by preventing the pests from reaching
the crop or by concentrating them in certain part of the field where
they can easily be destroyed.
The attractiveness of trap crop may be enhanced by use of insect
pheromones, plant kairomones or insect food supplements.

19. CROP LOCATION...
Another way in which crop diversity can be affected is by
varying the type of crops growing in adjacent fields.
Many insects can move quickly from one field to the next and
between botanically related crops to obtain their requisites.
Location of botanically dissimilar crops adjacent to one another
will moderate pest movement as insect species would not find
requisites in both..

20. PRESENCE OF WEEDS ...
The presence of diverse vegetation within or near the
field may add essential resources for predators or parasites
and so enable them to find all their requirements near the
pest population.
Such resource include food ,cover of alternate prey.
Conversely weeds mays also adversely affect the
orientation of predators and parasites to their prey.
The weeds may even directly contribute to pest
multiplications by providing preffered surface for
oviposition.

21. Year Pod damage(%) Reduction
in
infestation(
%)
Control Weed
removed
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
64.7
33.4
50.4
16.0
21.1
31.9
75.2
36.9
36.8
Effect of weedremoval on the incidence of Heliciverpa armigera (Hubner)
in chickpea …
Source:Rathore and Nwanze(1993)

22. Crop rotation ...
Generally crop rotation is most effective against pests that have
a narrow host range and dispersal capacity.
The introduction of paddy crop in northern India has resulted in
the practice of paddy-wheat rotation.
In Tamil Nadu and other parts of South India , cotton is grown in
2-3 seasons throughout the year, thus ,providing a continuous
supply of food for the development and multiplication of pests.
Cotton should be rotated with non-preffered hosts like ragi
,maize, rice, groundnut, cowpeas or soyabean to minimise the
incidence of incect pests(Sinwat ,1994)
Similarly , rotation of groundnut with non-leguminous crops is
recommended as a method for minimising the damage by leaf miner

23. DIFFERENTCULTURALTECHNIQUE …

24. Nutrient management ...
Irrigation ,mulching, manuring and fertilization are practices that, in
general, promote rapid growth and shorten the time the susceptible
stage is available for attack ,providing the crop with greater tolerance
and the opportunitly to compensate for insect damage.
However such practices may also change the physiology of host plants
making them lush and succulent, and thus enhancing pest survival and
multiplication.
Excessive use of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers generally creates
congenial conditions for many insect pests.
High levels of nitrogenous fertilizers significantly increase the
incidence of most of the insect pests including yellow stem boer, leaf
folder, gall midge, green leafhopper, brown planthopper, whitebached
planthopper, earhead bug, rice hispa, whorl maggot, etc on the crop.

25. Water management ...
The amount of moisture in the soil has a profound effect on the survival of
many insect pests.
The quality of nutrients available in the host plants are also greatly affected
due to changes in the soil moisture level.
Flooding on field has been recommended for reducing the attack of
cutworms, armyworms, termites, whitegrubs, etc.
On the hand ,draining the rice fields for 3-4 days during infestations controls
the whorl maggot and brown planthopper populations.
Alternate drying and wetting at 10 day intervals starting from35 days after
transplanting drastically reduce brown planthopper and whitebacked
planthopper incidence in contrast to continuous standing water (5cm).
However the incidence of gall midge was less in continuous flooding (Singh
and Dhaliwal,1994)

26. Sanitation ...
In India sanitation measures have helped to reduce the incidence
of planthoppers, leafhoppers, leaf folder ,rice hispa, gall midge and
stem borer on rice crop.
Removal and destruction of rice stubbles has been found highly
effective in minimizing over wintering populations of many species
of stem borers.
)

27. SANITATION …

28. Harvesting practices involving crop maturity, time of harvest or
cutting practices, selective harvesting and strip harvesting can be
of considerable assistance in suppressing a variety of insect pests
and or conserving their natural enemies.
Deep harvesting of cane fields which are to be ratooned
provides protection to the crop from root borer damage.
Damage of pod borer , Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in
chickpea and pigeonpea can be significantly reduced by growing
early maturing varieties (first week of march) instead of
traditational late maturing types.
Harvesting practices ...

29. CONCLUSION...
Low cost control measure with out any hazard.
Improve productivity with less expenditure.
So, our farmers should focus on it...

30. thank
u
MY
FAMILY...