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Introduction: The Scientific Study Of Life Biology
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE How we’re different from rocks.
What makes something alive ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scientists have found living things share common characteristics,  no matter what the species . . .
1)  Cells : All living things are made of cells ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
2)   Organization : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],I’m an organ!
3)  Metabolism : All living things use energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4)  Homeostasis :  Living things expend energy to maintain a stable internal environment. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5)   Growth and Development ,[object Object]
6)  Reproduction : All living things reproduce ,[object Object],[object Object]
To be considered alive, a  thing must possess ALL of these 6 characteristics, not just some. . . .
For instance. . . ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Eight General Life Functions ,[object Object]
1. Respiration ,[object Object]
2. Reproduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5. Growth  the process by which living organisms increase cell numbers and cell size. With increasing cell number comes cell specialization. ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hierarchical organization of Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hierarchical organization of Life
 
Classification
Classifying life KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS
Scientific Method
Beginnings ,[object Object],[object Object]
Aristotle ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Galileo Galilei ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key Idea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Galileo’s Experiment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scientific Method Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How is biological research done? The Scientific Method Step to scientific method 1.  Making observations  about the natural world 2.  Asking a question  about what you have observed 3.  Construct hypotheses  that may answer your  question Based on Hypothetic-deductive method
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Testing your Hypothesis: Experiment ,[object Object]
Experiment ,[object Object]
Experiment ,[object Object]
Controls and Variables
Scientific Experiments Follow Rules ,[object Object],The Control Variable The experimenter makes a special effort to keep  other factors constant  so that they will not effect the outcome.Those factors are called  control variables.
What is the Purpose of a Control? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Review
The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation
Scale 1mm = 1,000um
Discovery of Microorganisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Microscopes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I. Light Microscope ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Body Tube Nosepiece Objectives Stage Clips Light Ocular lens (Eyepiece) Arm Stage Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the  arm  and one hand under the  base . Base Diaphragm
 
What’s my power? To calculate the power of magnification,  multiply  the  power  of the  ocular lens  by the  power  of the  objective . What are the powers of magnification for each of  the objectives we have on our microscopes?
Lenses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
focal point
Comparing Powers of Magnification We can see better details with higher the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification?
Let’s give it a try ... 1 –  Turn on  the microscope and then rotate the nosepiece to click the  red-banded objective  into place . 2 – Place a slide on the stage and secure it using the stage clips. Use the  coarse adjustment knob  (large knob) to get it the image into view and then use the  fine adjustment knob  (small knob) to make it clearer.  3 – Once you have the image in view, rotate the nosepiece to view it under different powers.   Be careful with the largest objective!  Sometimes there is not enough room and you will not be able to use it!
[object Object]
 
Preparation and Staining of Specimens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: of a Staining techniques ,[object Object]
primary  stain mordant counterstain decolorization positive negative
How to make a wet-mount slide … 1 – Get a clean slide and coverslip from your teacher. 2 – Place  ONE  drop of water in the middle of the slide.  Don’t use too much or the water will run off the edge and make a mess! 3 – Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water drop.
5 – Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the red-banded objective. Once you see the image, you can rotate the nosepiece to view the slide with the different objectives. You do not need to use the stage clips when viewing wet-mount slides! 4 - Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop .  Cover Slip Lower slowly
II.  Electron Microscopy ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electron Microscope
Fly head
Surface of a fruit fly eye
III.  Scanning Electron Microscope ,[object Object],[object Object]
Fly head

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Pre IB Bio intro to bio

  • 1. Introduction: The Scientific Study Of Life Biology
  • 2.
  • 3. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE How we’re different from rocks.
  • 4.
  • 5. Scientists have found living things share common characteristics, no matter what the species . . .
  • 6.
  • 7.  
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. To be considered alive, a thing must possess ALL of these 6 characteristics, not just some. . . .
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 23.  
  • 25. Classifying life KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38. How is biological research done? The Scientific Method Step to scientific method 1. Making observations about the natural world 2. Asking a question about what you have observed 3. Construct hypotheses that may answer your question Based on Hypothetic-deductive method
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 49. The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation
  • 50. Scale 1mm = 1,000um
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. Body Tube Nosepiece Objectives Stage Clips Light Ocular lens (Eyepiece) Arm Stage Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base . Base Diaphragm
  • 55.  
  • 56. What’s my power? To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective . What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives we have on our microscopes?
  • 57.
  • 59. Comparing Powers of Magnification We can see better details with higher the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification?
  • 60. Let’s give it a try ... 1 – Turn on the microscope and then rotate the nosepiece to click the red-banded objective into place . 2 – Place a slide on the stage and secure it using the stage clips. Use the coarse adjustment knob (large knob) to get it the image into view and then use the fine adjustment knob (small knob) to make it clearer. 3 – Once you have the image in view, rotate the nosepiece to view it under different powers. Be careful with the largest objective! Sometimes there is not enough room and you will not be able to use it!
  • 61.
  • 62.  
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65. primary stain mordant counterstain decolorization positive negative
  • 66. How to make a wet-mount slide … 1 – Get a clean slide and coverslip from your teacher. 2 – Place ONE drop of water in the middle of the slide. Don’t use too much or the water will run off the edge and make a mess! 3 – Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water drop.
  • 67. 5 – Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the red-banded objective. Once you see the image, you can rotate the nosepiece to view the slide with the different objectives. You do not need to use the stage clips when viewing wet-mount slides! 4 - Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop . Cover Slip Lower slowly
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 72. Surface of a fruit fly eye
  • 73.

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Fly head