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PROF.DR.G.SUNDARAMURTHY’S UNIT BHARGAVI.K.
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PAST H/O ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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FAMILY H/O ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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IN THE LINES OF… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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DISORDERS OF  SEX  AND  DEVELOPMENT 46 XX OVOTESTICULAR 46 XY CAH
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THYROID FUNCTION TESTS ,[object Object]
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],FOLLICULAR PHASE:0.11-1.08 LUTEAL PHASE:0.95-5.0
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USG PELVIS
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COARSE VOICE, PRIMARY AMENNORRHOEA HORMONE PROFILE TESTOSTERONE,LH USG PELVIS ABSENT UTERUS,OVARIES BIOPSY OF INGUINAL STRUCTURES-TESTIS
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DIAGNOSIS ,[object Object],[object Object]
PARTIAL AIS COMPLETE AIS Broad spectrum from absent or male  Absent Wolfian duct Absent Absent   Müllerian duct derivatives    Broad spectrum from female with mild clitoromegaly to male with micropenis and/or hypospadias  Female External genitalia  X-linked recessive   X-linked recessive Inheritance 
Mutations in AR gene  Mutations or deletions in androgen receptor gene  Molecular defect    High or normal serum LH and T levels, normal or slightly elevated FSH levels  High or normal serum LH and T levels, normal or slightly elevated FSH levels Hormonal diagnosis    Gynecomastia Gynecomastia Puberty  Ectopic, inguinal or intraabdominal,  Inguinal or intraabdominal,  Testes 
? PARTIAL AIS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MANAGEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object]
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PRIMARY AMENNORRHOEA  WITH DELAYED PUBERTY BONE AGE-  CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY THYROID PROFILE LH, FSH, PROLACTIN INCREASED LH,FSH NORMAL LH,FSH
INCREASED LH,FSH KARYOTYPING 45 X ( turner’s) 46 XX (pure gonadal dysgenesis) 46 XY (swyer’s)
NORMAL LH, FSH PROLACTIN HIGH IMAGING MRI ABNORMAL- PITUITARY CAUSES NORMAL MRI EATING DISORDERS STRESS
AMENNORHOEA  WITH NORMAL PUBERTY ULTRA SONOGRAM UTERUS  PRESENT HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERPROLACTINEMIA  FSH LEVELS LOW- MRI HIGH FSH- PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE
GENITAL  TRACT  ABNORMALITIES ULTRA SONOGRA m ABSENT UTERUS FORESHORTENED VAGINA KARYOTYP e 46 XX MULLERIAN AGENESIS- ROKITANSKY 46 XY TESTOSTERONE HIGH LOW ANDROGEN  INSENSITIVITY OR  5 A RED DEFICIENCY TESTICULAR REGRESSION
CAH  21 OH DEFICIENCY MASCULINISATION SALT WASTING INCREASED 17 OH P 11 OH DEFICIENCY INCREASED DOC SALT RETENTION HYPERTENSION 3 B HSD DEFICIENCY LESS VIRILIZ, SALT  LOSING ^DHEA ONLY FORM  CAUSING AMB. GENIT IN MALES
Ovotesticular disorders of sexual development ,[object Object],[object Object]
46 XY DSD ISOLATED  DEFICIENCY OF MIS PHENOTYPIC MALE WITH AN  INGUINAL HERNIA ON ONE SIDE AND AN IMPALPABLE  CONTRALATERAL GONAD DEFICIENT  TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYME DEFECTS OR LEYDIG CELL DEFECTS 5 ALPHA REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY EXTREME  VIRILISATION  AT PUBERTY HIGH T/DHT RATIO PARTIAL  GONADAL DYSGENESIS 46 XY OR MOSAICISM ONE GONAD IS DYSGENETIC PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS B/L STREAK  GONADS AIS
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Exists along continuum depending on degree of mutation in AR gene
Androgen Receptor Gene ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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TESTIS GONADS ABSENT OR VESTIGIAL  MULLERIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES: USUALLY ABSENT WOLFIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES : FEMALE WITH BLIND VAGINALPOUCH GENITALIA X-LINKED RECESSIVE,MUTATIONS IN AR GENE INHERITANCE 46 XY KARYOTYPE
INCREASED PLASMA LH AND TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATION,INCREASED ESTRADIOL, FSH LEVELS OFTEN NORMAL RESISTANCE TO ANDROGENIC N METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONE AND METABOLIC PROFILE: GENETIC HETEROGENEITY: RECEPTOR NEGATIVE, UNSTABLE OR RECEPTOR POSITIVE FORM ANDROGEN RECEPTOR STUDIES ABSENT PUBIC AND AXILLARY HAIR,BREAST DEVELOPMENT AND FEMALE HABITUS AT PUBERTY, PRIMARY AMENNORHOEA”HAIRLESS WOMEN” HABITUS:
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TESTIS- USUALLY UNDESCENDED GONADS ABSENT MULLERIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES: RUDIMENTARY-HYPOPLASTIC-NORMAL WOLFIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES : AMBIGUOUS WITH BLIND VAGINAL POUCH-PERINEOSCROTAL OR PENILE HYPOSPADIAS, ASMALL VAGINAL POUCH, A HOODED PHALLUS, UNFUSED PREPUTIAL FOLDS, BIFID SCROTUM, OCCASIONALLY GONADS. GENITALIA X-LINKED RECESSIVE,MUTATIONS IN AR GENE INHERITANCE 46 XY KARYOTYPE
genetic heterogeneity, partial deficiency of normal receptor, mutations lead to qualitatively abnormal receptor. ANDROGEN RECEPTOR STUDIES increased plasma lh n testosterone, increased estradiol, fsh levels normal or slightly increased Partial resistance to androgenic and metabolic effects of testosterone HORMONE AND METABOLIC PROFILE: decreased to normal axillary and pubic hair, beard growth and body hair, gynaecomastia HABITUS:
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Special dynamic endocrine tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES
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A Case of Refeinstein's Syndrome

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  • 18. DISORDERS OF SEX AND DEVELOPMENT 46 XX OVOTESTICULAR 46 XY CAH
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  • 31. COARSE VOICE, PRIMARY AMENNORRHOEA HORMONE PROFILE TESTOSTERONE,LH USG PELVIS ABSENT UTERUS,OVARIES BIOPSY OF INGUINAL STRUCTURES-TESTIS
  • 32.
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  • 34.
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  • 36. PARTIAL AIS COMPLETE AIS Broad spectrum from absent or male Absent Wolfian duct Absent Absent Müllerian duct derivatives  Broad spectrum from female with mild clitoromegaly to male with micropenis and/or hypospadias Female External genitalia  X-linked recessive X-linked recessive Inheritance 
  • 37. Mutations in AR gene Mutations or deletions in androgen receptor gene Molecular defect  High or normal serum LH and T levels, normal or slightly elevated FSH levels High or normal serum LH and T levels, normal or slightly elevated FSH levels Hormonal diagnosis  Gynecomastia Gynecomastia Puberty  Ectopic, inguinal or intraabdominal, Inguinal or intraabdominal, Testes 
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  • 39.
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  • 41.
  • 42. PRIMARY AMENNORRHOEA WITH DELAYED PUBERTY BONE AGE- CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY THYROID PROFILE LH, FSH, PROLACTIN INCREASED LH,FSH NORMAL LH,FSH
  • 43. INCREASED LH,FSH KARYOTYPING 45 X ( turner’s) 46 XX (pure gonadal dysgenesis) 46 XY (swyer’s)
  • 44. NORMAL LH, FSH PROLACTIN HIGH IMAGING MRI ABNORMAL- PITUITARY CAUSES NORMAL MRI EATING DISORDERS STRESS
  • 45. AMENNORHOEA WITH NORMAL PUBERTY ULTRA SONOGRAM UTERUS PRESENT HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERPROLACTINEMIA FSH LEVELS LOW- MRI HIGH FSH- PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE
  • 46. GENITAL TRACT ABNORMALITIES ULTRA SONOGRA m ABSENT UTERUS FORESHORTENED VAGINA KARYOTYP e 46 XX MULLERIAN AGENESIS- ROKITANSKY 46 XY TESTOSTERONE HIGH LOW ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY OR 5 A RED DEFICIENCY TESTICULAR REGRESSION
  • 47. CAH 21 OH DEFICIENCY MASCULINISATION SALT WASTING INCREASED 17 OH P 11 OH DEFICIENCY INCREASED DOC SALT RETENTION HYPERTENSION 3 B HSD DEFICIENCY LESS VIRILIZ, SALT LOSING ^DHEA ONLY FORM CAUSING AMB. GENIT IN MALES
  • 48.
  • 49. 46 XY DSD ISOLATED DEFICIENCY OF MIS PHENOTYPIC MALE WITH AN INGUINAL HERNIA ON ONE SIDE AND AN IMPALPABLE CONTRALATERAL GONAD DEFICIENT TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYME DEFECTS OR LEYDIG CELL DEFECTS 5 ALPHA REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY EXTREME VIRILISATION AT PUBERTY HIGH T/DHT RATIO PARTIAL GONADAL DYSGENESIS 46 XY OR MOSAICISM ONE GONAD IS DYSGENETIC PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS B/L STREAK GONADS AIS
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58. TESTIS GONADS ABSENT OR VESTIGIAL MULLERIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES: USUALLY ABSENT WOLFIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES : FEMALE WITH BLIND VAGINALPOUCH GENITALIA X-LINKED RECESSIVE,MUTATIONS IN AR GENE INHERITANCE 46 XY KARYOTYPE
  • 59. INCREASED PLASMA LH AND TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATION,INCREASED ESTRADIOL, FSH LEVELS OFTEN NORMAL RESISTANCE TO ANDROGENIC N METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONE AND METABOLIC PROFILE: GENETIC HETEROGENEITY: RECEPTOR NEGATIVE, UNSTABLE OR RECEPTOR POSITIVE FORM ANDROGEN RECEPTOR STUDIES ABSENT PUBIC AND AXILLARY HAIR,BREAST DEVELOPMENT AND FEMALE HABITUS AT PUBERTY, PRIMARY AMENNORHOEA”HAIRLESS WOMEN” HABITUS:
  • 60.
  • 61. TESTIS- USUALLY UNDESCENDED GONADS ABSENT MULLERIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES: RUDIMENTARY-HYPOPLASTIC-NORMAL WOLFIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES : AMBIGUOUS WITH BLIND VAGINAL POUCH-PERINEOSCROTAL OR PENILE HYPOSPADIAS, ASMALL VAGINAL POUCH, A HOODED PHALLUS, UNFUSED PREPUTIAL FOLDS, BIFID SCROTUM, OCCASIONALLY GONADS. GENITALIA X-LINKED RECESSIVE,MUTATIONS IN AR GENE INHERITANCE 46 XY KARYOTYPE
  • 62. genetic heterogeneity, partial deficiency of normal receptor, mutations lead to qualitatively abnormal receptor. ANDROGEN RECEPTOR STUDIES increased plasma lh n testosterone, increased estradiol, fsh levels normal or slightly increased Partial resistance to androgenic and metabolic effects of testosterone HORMONE AND METABOLIC PROFILE: decreased to normal axillary and pubic hair, beard growth and body hair, gynaecomastia HABITUS:
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.