1) Os discípulos estavam se concentrando na pregação da palavra de Deus em vez de servir às mesas, então escolheram sete homens para cuidar da distribuição diária.
2) O ministério da palavra não é apenas pregar, mas estudar e viver a palavra diariamente, tanto para si mesmo quanto para o rebanho.
3) Para exercer efetivamente o ministério da palavra, o ministro deve ler, estudar, compartilhar e praticar a bíblia para si mesmo e para o rebanho.
The document summarizes Coca Cola's market research and development of New Coke in the 1980s. It describes how Coca Cola's market share was declining and consumer preferences shifting towards sweeter tastes and diet drinks. Coca Cola spent $4 million conducting extensive market research including surveys, focus groups, and taste tests which indicated consumers preferred the taste of New Coke. However, the research failed to capture consumers' brand loyalty and emotional attachment to original Coke. The launch of New Coke led to consumer backlash and Coca Cola re-introducing original Coke as Coca Cola Classic. The failure showed the importance of considering both rational and emotional factors in market research.
O documento discute os perigos e benefícios das redes sociais para cristãos. Aponta riscos como exposição indesejada de informações, uso excessivo de tempo que poderia ser dedicado a Deus, e acesso à pornografia. No entanto, também reconhece que as redes sociais, quando usadas corretamente, podem ser úteis para propagar o evangelho e acessar recursos bíblicos on-line.
A igreja que somos, a igreja que queremos ser.Cleide Corrêa
O documento resume as características de sete igrejas mencionadas no Apocalipse: Éfeso perdeu o entusiasmo inicial, Esmirna foi perseguida, Pérgamo tolerou falsos profetas, Tiatira tolerou o pecado, Sardes foi desatenta, Filadélfia permaneceu fiel, e Laodicéia se tornou soberba e morn.
Brand and Reputation Management – StarbucksHassaan Elahi
This report has analyzed the reputation management strategy of Starbucks that helped it to maintain its brand reputation for which it is famous globally. The report has also provided details associated with different theories of branding and relate it with existing strategies of Starbucks that have enabled it to create brand awareness and brand recall among its customers. Furthermore, it has also highlighted how successful Starbuck was in improving its image through its brand reputation management strategies that allowed it to win back the trust of its customers.
Starbucks has over 15,000 stores in 35+ countries with $11 billion in annual revenue and 20% yearly growth. Their success is attributed to customized drinks, best HR practices like generous benefits, and strategic expansion. Starbucks trains employees extensively to be coffee experts and ensure a welcoming environment in high traffic locations.
Starbucks aims to satisfy customers and create a "third place" environment beyond home and work. It focuses on ethically sourcing high-quality coffee beans and improving farmers' lives. The company was founded in 1971 and expanded under CEO Howard Schultz in the 1980s-90s. Starbucks offers benefits to part-time employees and trains staff on coffee, customer service and retail skills. It has become a popular gathering place with Wi-Fi and food items in addition to coffee drinks.
1) Os discípulos estavam se concentrando na pregação da palavra de Deus em vez de servir às mesas, então escolheram sete homens para cuidar da distribuição diária.
2) O ministério da palavra não é apenas pregar, mas estudar e viver a palavra diariamente, tanto para si mesmo quanto para o rebanho.
3) Para exercer efetivamente o ministério da palavra, o ministro deve ler, estudar, compartilhar e praticar a bíblia para si mesmo e para o rebanho.
The document summarizes Coca Cola's market research and development of New Coke in the 1980s. It describes how Coca Cola's market share was declining and consumer preferences shifting towards sweeter tastes and diet drinks. Coca Cola spent $4 million conducting extensive market research including surveys, focus groups, and taste tests which indicated consumers preferred the taste of New Coke. However, the research failed to capture consumers' brand loyalty and emotional attachment to original Coke. The launch of New Coke led to consumer backlash and Coca Cola re-introducing original Coke as Coca Cola Classic. The failure showed the importance of considering both rational and emotional factors in market research.
O documento discute os perigos e benefícios das redes sociais para cristãos. Aponta riscos como exposição indesejada de informações, uso excessivo de tempo que poderia ser dedicado a Deus, e acesso à pornografia. No entanto, também reconhece que as redes sociais, quando usadas corretamente, podem ser úteis para propagar o evangelho e acessar recursos bíblicos on-line.
A igreja que somos, a igreja que queremos ser.Cleide Corrêa
O documento resume as características de sete igrejas mencionadas no Apocalipse: Éfeso perdeu o entusiasmo inicial, Esmirna foi perseguida, Pérgamo tolerou falsos profetas, Tiatira tolerou o pecado, Sardes foi desatenta, Filadélfia permaneceu fiel, e Laodicéia se tornou soberba e morn.
Brand and Reputation Management – StarbucksHassaan Elahi
This report has analyzed the reputation management strategy of Starbucks that helped it to maintain its brand reputation for which it is famous globally. The report has also provided details associated with different theories of branding and relate it with existing strategies of Starbucks that have enabled it to create brand awareness and brand recall among its customers. Furthermore, it has also highlighted how successful Starbuck was in improving its image through its brand reputation management strategies that allowed it to win back the trust of its customers.
Starbucks has over 15,000 stores in 35+ countries with $11 billion in annual revenue and 20% yearly growth. Their success is attributed to customized drinks, best HR practices like generous benefits, and strategic expansion. Starbucks trains employees extensively to be coffee experts and ensure a welcoming environment in high traffic locations.
Starbucks aims to satisfy customers and create a "third place" environment beyond home and work. It focuses on ethically sourcing high-quality coffee beans and improving farmers' lives. The company was founded in 1971 and expanded under CEO Howard Schultz in the 1980s-90s. Starbucks offers benefits to part-time employees and trains staff on coffee, customer service and retail skills. It has become a popular gathering place with Wi-Fi and food items in addition to coffee drinks.
[1] O documento discute a relação entre cristãos e cultura, explicando que a cultura é influenciada pelo pecado mas contém elementos bons, [2] cristãos devem rejeitar práticas contrárias à Bíblia mas podem aproveitar o conhecimento de outras culturas, [3] é possível implantar uma "contracultura cristã" através da música, arte e literatura que exaltem a Deus.
Starbucks Cofee Company: Transformational and RenewalLúcia Dénis
This document discusses the 7Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence) of Starbucks. It analyzes Starbucks' innovations in products like the Mastrena espresso maker and Frappuccino beverages. It also discusses Starbucks' pricing strategy of charging premium prices based on high quality and customer perceived value. The document outlines Starbucks' global expansion strategy through both company-operated and franchised stores. It then summarizes Starbucks' efforts to promote through loyalty programs, digital platforms, and social media. Starbucks prioritizes training partners and creating a diverse, respectful workplace culture. The document recommends Starbucks improve processes through new payment systems and online ordering to enhance efficiency.
Coca-Cola introduced New Coke to replace classic Coke in 1985 due to declining market share and the success of Pepsi's blind taste tests. However, customers strongly protested the removal of classic Coke and switched to Pepsi. Within 79 days, New Coke's market share dropped significantly. Coca-Cola then re-launched classic Coke due to public demand and their emotional attachment to the original formula. The introduction and failure of New Coke is considered one of the biggest marketing blunders of all time.
Este documento discute como os jovens podem andar segundo o coração de Deus. Primeiro, contrasta jovens na Bíblia que andaram segundo o padrão deste mundo com aqueles que andaram segundo o coração de Deus. Em seguida, apresenta cinco decisões essenciais para que os jovens possam andar segundo o coração de Deus: 1) decidir amar a Deus, 2) decidir buscar ao Senhor, 3) decidir conhecer a voz de Deus, 4) decidir viver em santidade, e 5) decidir ador
O documento apresenta um resumo de várias doutrinas bíblicas discutidas em uma disciplina teológica. Inclui discussões sobre a doutrina da Trindade, a natureza divina de Cristo, o Espírito Santo como uma pessoa da Trindade, e a doutrina da salvação através da morte e ressurreição de Cristo. Os principais pontos são apresentados de forma concisa com citações bíblicas para apoiar os ensinamentos.
The document provides an overview of the Coca-Cola company and its history of advertising. Some key points:
- Coca-Cola was founded in 1892 and is the world's largest beverage company, selling over 3,500 drinks worldwide. It is headquartered in Atlanta.
- Early advertising included coupons and promotional items in the 1880s. In the 1970s, ads focused on fun and friendship. Famous slogans include "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke."
- Coca-Cola uses various advertising channels including TV, print, billboards, internet, product placement and sponsorships. Major campaigns aim to increase brand awareness and showcase emotions.
1) Starbucks was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington and initially only sold coffee beans. In the 1980s, Howard Schultz had the idea to open coffee shops like those he saw in Italy, serving coffee and creating a third place for the community. However, the original founders did not want to get into the restaurant business.
2) In 1987, Schultz convinced the original founders to sell Starbucks to him so that he could open coffee shops serving coffee and creating a community space. Under Schultz's leadership, Starbucks expanded rapidly across the US and internationally.
3) Starbucks focuses on creating an uplifting experience for customers through well-trained employees, comfortable seating, and digital platforms like WiFi
Starbucks was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington as a coffee shop and has since expanded to over 24,000 stores globally. Starbucks aims to inspire people through high-quality coffee while upholding corporate social responsibility. This includes ethical sourcing of coffee, fair trade practices, partnering with organizations to fight disease and support the environment, and increasing recycling and waste reduction efforts to be more sustainable. While Starbucks contributes to social causes, the company must determine how much social responsibility is enough to be considered truly responsible.
O documento discute a ética cristã e o comportamento apropriado em cultos religiosos. Ele descreve como conversas, celulares e desorganização durante cultos são problemas comuns que faltam respeito a Deus e aos outros. A ética cristã ensina a amar a Deus e ao próximo, e que o comportamento deve edificar a igreja em vez de distraí-la.
Final presentation for my Introduction to Marketing class as a freshman at Xavier University. In it, my partner and I apply the following concepts to Starbucks: the 4 Ps of Marketing, competitive analysis, and target market analysis. On the last slide, we make recommendations based on our research that we think could help improve Starbucks's business.
The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971,
By three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco
English teacher Jerry Baldwin
History teacher Zev Siegl, and
Writer Gordon Bowker
The three were inspired to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans.
Starbucks is a global coffeehouse chain with over 21,000 stores in 65 countries. It purchases high quality coffee beans from around the world to roast and sell a variety of coffee and tea drinks. In addition to coffee, Starbucks serves breakfast, lunch and snack items. It has expanded from its origins in 1971 in Seattle through global growth and acquisitions of other brands like Teavana and Evolution Fresh. Starbucks remains a leader in the coffee industry and continues developing new products to meet customer demand.
1. O documento descreve a qualificação ideal de Jesus como mestre, destacando Sua encarnação da verdade e Seu desejo de servir.
2. Alguns elementos que prepararam Jesus para ensinar foram Sua natureza divina, Sua experiência humana e o fato de viver de acordo com Seus ensinamentos.
3. Jesus ensinava com autoridade porque Sua sabedoria vinha de dentro, ao contrário dos escribas que citavam outras autoridades, e Sua vida reforçava o que pregava.
This document provides an analysis of Starbucks' business model. It examines Starbucks' value proposition, target customers, competitors, value chain, revenue model, and overall strategy. Key points include that Starbucks' value proposition focuses on quality products and customer service that build brand loyalty. Its main target customers are adults aged 25-40. Competitors include other coffee shops as well as fast food chains. Starbucks has a vertically integrated supply chain and standardized processes that help control costs. Its strategy of global expansion and product diversification should help it continue growing profitably.
Atravessia do mar vermelho red sea crossingWesley Reis
O documento discute evidências arqueológicas e históricas que corroboram a narrativa bíblica da travessia do Mar Vermelho por Moisés e os israelitas, incluindo a descoberta de uma ponte de terra subaquática que teria permitido a passagem.
1) O documento discute a importância do discipulado e como a prática atual difere do modelo de Jesus, que envolvia convivência intensa de 24 horas por dia.
2) É sugerido que falta exemplificação concreta do que significa priorizar o discipulado, com poucas experiências e ideias vagas.
3) Jesus mostrou como fazer discípulos ao conviver intensamente com os doze, e o discipulado moderno precisa se aproximar mais desse modelo.
O documento discute três tipos de benções mencionadas na Bíblia: 1) Benção espiritual, que inclui todas as bênçãos celestiais dadas em Cristo, como ser santo e ter uma posição elevada; 2) Benção material, que depende da capacidade e esforço de cada um; e 3) Benção física, como saúde e longevidade, que podem ser condicionais ao cumprimento dos mandamentos.
This document discusses Starbucks' collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Global Exchange. It provides background on Starbucks and their mission of social responsibility. It also provides background on Global Exchange, their promotion of fair trade coffee, and their criticism of Starbucks for not purchasing fair trade. The document evaluates whether buying fair trade coffee would help or hurt Starbucks and assesses next steps they could take to improve collaboration with NGOs like Global Exchange.
coca cola company.its history,its old methods of advertisement ,promotional activities of coca cola and its sponsorship in sports and other places,SWOT analysis of coca cola.
Total Legal: A “Joint” Journey into the Chemistry of CannabinoidsMarkus Roggen
This lecture gives an overview of the state of the cannabis science, the North American markets and our cannabis research.
Bridging the gap between analytical chemistry, machine learning, and synthetic chemistry, this compilation of studies explores the multifaceted nature of cannabis compounds. We begin with advancements in extraction techniques, utilizing machine learning to optimize yield predictions in large-scale botanical recovery, specifically focusing on cannabis. This approach significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of extraction processes. We then transitions to molecular analysis, examining the stability and transformation of CBD derivatives, highlighting the need for robust quality control in product development. Additionally, the lecture addresses the critical aspect of safety in cannabis use by exploring innovative strategies for heavy metal testing, demonstrating how pooling methods can reduce testing resources while maintaining safety standards. The lecture will answer the question of how to build the best joint, the implications of joint architecture on cannabis consumption, offering insights into optimizing product efficacy and consumer experience.
Overall, this lecture encapsulates the collaborative efforts between academia and innovative research, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and potential of cannabis chemistry.
Unveiling the Cannabis Plant’s PotentialMarkus Roggen
Cannabinoid research is one of the most exciting areas of the cannabis science field, with new information being discovered about the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids on a seemingly frequent basis. As we learn more about the cannabinoids that make up the cannabis plant and their unique qualities, research must be conducted with a focus on applying knowledge toward developing wellness products and cannabis therapies for patients. This panel will discuss the unique challenges facing the cannabinoid research field, results from recent research efforts, and what the future may hold for therapeutic applications of cannabinoids.
[1] O documento discute a relação entre cristãos e cultura, explicando que a cultura é influenciada pelo pecado mas contém elementos bons, [2] cristãos devem rejeitar práticas contrárias à Bíblia mas podem aproveitar o conhecimento de outras culturas, [3] é possível implantar uma "contracultura cristã" através da música, arte e literatura que exaltem a Deus.
Starbucks Cofee Company: Transformational and RenewalLúcia Dénis
This document discusses the 7Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence) of Starbucks. It analyzes Starbucks' innovations in products like the Mastrena espresso maker and Frappuccino beverages. It also discusses Starbucks' pricing strategy of charging premium prices based on high quality and customer perceived value. The document outlines Starbucks' global expansion strategy through both company-operated and franchised stores. It then summarizes Starbucks' efforts to promote through loyalty programs, digital platforms, and social media. Starbucks prioritizes training partners and creating a diverse, respectful workplace culture. The document recommends Starbucks improve processes through new payment systems and online ordering to enhance efficiency.
Coca-Cola introduced New Coke to replace classic Coke in 1985 due to declining market share and the success of Pepsi's blind taste tests. However, customers strongly protested the removal of classic Coke and switched to Pepsi. Within 79 days, New Coke's market share dropped significantly. Coca-Cola then re-launched classic Coke due to public demand and their emotional attachment to the original formula. The introduction and failure of New Coke is considered one of the biggest marketing blunders of all time.
Este documento discute como os jovens podem andar segundo o coração de Deus. Primeiro, contrasta jovens na Bíblia que andaram segundo o padrão deste mundo com aqueles que andaram segundo o coração de Deus. Em seguida, apresenta cinco decisões essenciais para que os jovens possam andar segundo o coração de Deus: 1) decidir amar a Deus, 2) decidir buscar ao Senhor, 3) decidir conhecer a voz de Deus, 4) decidir viver em santidade, e 5) decidir ador
O documento apresenta um resumo de várias doutrinas bíblicas discutidas em uma disciplina teológica. Inclui discussões sobre a doutrina da Trindade, a natureza divina de Cristo, o Espírito Santo como uma pessoa da Trindade, e a doutrina da salvação através da morte e ressurreição de Cristo. Os principais pontos são apresentados de forma concisa com citações bíblicas para apoiar os ensinamentos.
The document provides an overview of the Coca-Cola company and its history of advertising. Some key points:
- Coca-Cola was founded in 1892 and is the world's largest beverage company, selling over 3,500 drinks worldwide. It is headquartered in Atlanta.
- Early advertising included coupons and promotional items in the 1880s. In the 1970s, ads focused on fun and friendship. Famous slogans include "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke."
- Coca-Cola uses various advertising channels including TV, print, billboards, internet, product placement and sponsorships. Major campaigns aim to increase brand awareness and showcase emotions.
1) Starbucks was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington and initially only sold coffee beans. In the 1980s, Howard Schultz had the idea to open coffee shops like those he saw in Italy, serving coffee and creating a third place for the community. However, the original founders did not want to get into the restaurant business.
2) In 1987, Schultz convinced the original founders to sell Starbucks to him so that he could open coffee shops serving coffee and creating a community space. Under Schultz's leadership, Starbucks expanded rapidly across the US and internationally.
3) Starbucks focuses on creating an uplifting experience for customers through well-trained employees, comfortable seating, and digital platforms like WiFi
Starbucks was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington as a coffee shop and has since expanded to over 24,000 stores globally. Starbucks aims to inspire people through high-quality coffee while upholding corporate social responsibility. This includes ethical sourcing of coffee, fair trade practices, partnering with organizations to fight disease and support the environment, and increasing recycling and waste reduction efforts to be more sustainable. While Starbucks contributes to social causes, the company must determine how much social responsibility is enough to be considered truly responsible.
O documento discute a ética cristã e o comportamento apropriado em cultos religiosos. Ele descreve como conversas, celulares e desorganização durante cultos são problemas comuns que faltam respeito a Deus e aos outros. A ética cristã ensina a amar a Deus e ao próximo, e que o comportamento deve edificar a igreja em vez de distraí-la.
Final presentation for my Introduction to Marketing class as a freshman at Xavier University. In it, my partner and I apply the following concepts to Starbucks: the 4 Ps of Marketing, competitive analysis, and target market analysis. On the last slide, we make recommendations based on our research that we think could help improve Starbucks's business.
The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971,
By three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco
English teacher Jerry Baldwin
History teacher Zev Siegl, and
Writer Gordon Bowker
The three were inspired to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans.
Starbucks is a global coffeehouse chain with over 21,000 stores in 65 countries. It purchases high quality coffee beans from around the world to roast and sell a variety of coffee and tea drinks. In addition to coffee, Starbucks serves breakfast, lunch and snack items. It has expanded from its origins in 1971 in Seattle through global growth and acquisitions of other brands like Teavana and Evolution Fresh. Starbucks remains a leader in the coffee industry and continues developing new products to meet customer demand.
1. O documento descreve a qualificação ideal de Jesus como mestre, destacando Sua encarnação da verdade e Seu desejo de servir.
2. Alguns elementos que prepararam Jesus para ensinar foram Sua natureza divina, Sua experiência humana e o fato de viver de acordo com Seus ensinamentos.
3. Jesus ensinava com autoridade porque Sua sabedoria vinha de dentro, ao contrário dos escribas que citavam outras autoridades, e Sua vida reforçava o que pregava.
This document provides an analysis of Starbucks' business model. It examines Starbucks' value proposition, target customers, competitors, value chain, revenue model, and overall strategy. Key points include that Starbucks' value proposition focuses on quality products and customer service that build brand loyalty. Its main target customers are adults aged 25-40. Competitors include other coffee shops as well as fast food chains. Starbucks has a vertically integrated supply chain and standardized processes that help control costs. Its strategy of global expansion and product diversification should help it continue growing profitably.
Atravessia do mar vermelho red sea crossingWesley Reis
O documento discute evidências arqueológicas e históricas que corroboram a narrativa bíblica da travessia do Mar Vermelho por Moisés e os israelitas, incluindo a descoberta de uma ponte de terra subaquática que teria permitido a passagem.
1) O documento discute a importância do discipulado e como a prática atual difere do modelo de Jesus, que envolvia convivência intensa de 24 horas por dia.
2) É sugerido que falta exemplificação concreta do que significa priorizar o discipulado, com poucas experiências e ideias vagas.
3) Jesus mostrou como fazer discípulos ao conviver intensamente com os doze, e o discipulado moderno precisa se aproximar mais desse modelo.
O documento discute três tipos de benções mencionadas na Bíblia: 1) Benção espiritual, que inclui todas as bênçãos celestiais dadas em Cristo, como ser santo e ter uma posição elevada; 2) Benção material, que depende da capacidade e esforço de cada um; e 3) Benção física, como saúde e longevidade, que podem ser condicionais ao cumprimento dos mandamentos.
This document discusses Starbucks' collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Global Exchange. It provides background on Starbucks and their mission of social responsibility. It also provides background on Global Exchange, their promotion of fair trade coffee, and their criticism of Starbucks for not purchasing fair trade. The document evaluates whether buying fair trade coffee would help or hurt Starbucks and assesses next steps they could take to improve collaboration with NGOs like Global Exchange.
coca cola company.its history,its old methods of advertisement ,promotional activities of coca cola and its sponsorship in sports and other places,SWOT analysis of coca cola.
Total Legal: A “Joint” Journey into the Chemistry of CannabinoidsMarkus Roggen
This lecture gives an overview of the state of the cannabis science, the North American markets and our cannabis research.
Bridging the gap between analytical chemistry, machine learning, and synthetic chemistry, this compilation of studies explores the multifaceted nature of cannabis compounds. We begin with advancements in extraction techniques, utilizing machine learning to optimize yield predictions in large-scale botanical recovery, specifically focusing on cannabis. This approach significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of extraction processes. We then transitions to molecular analysis, examining the stability and transformation of CBD derivatives, highlighting the need for robust quality control in product development. Additionally, the lecture addresses the critical aspect of safety in cannabis use by exploring innovative strategies for heavy metal testing, demonstrating how pooling methods can reduce testing resources while maintaining safety standards. The lecture will answer the question of how to build the best joint, the implications of joint architecture on cannabis consumption, offering insights into optimizing product efficacy and consumer experience.
Overall, this lecture encapsulates the collaborative efforts between academia and innovative research, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and potential of cannabis chemistry.
Unveiling the Cannabis Plant’s PotentialMarkus Roggen
Cannabinoid research is one of the most exciting areas of the cannabis science field, with new information being discovered about the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids on a seemingly frequent basis. As we learn more about the cannabinoids that make up the cannabis plant and their unique qualities, research must be conducted with a focus on applying knowledge toward developing wellness products and cannabis therapies for patients. This panel will discuss the unique challenges facing the cannabinoid research field, results from recent research efforts, and what the future may hold for therapeutic applications of cannabinoids.
Have a Good Trip? How to Analyze PsychedelicsMarkus Roggen
Entheogens, frequently used interchangeably with hallucinogens and psychedelics, are naturally occurring psychoactive substances. Historically, these substances have been used to induce a change of perception, mood, consciousness, or behavior for the purposes of spiritual development or social enrichment. In addition to these uses, these substances have become strong candidates for alternative medicines for the treatment of psychological disorders. Cannabis, a more common entheogen, has paved the way for decriminalization and legalization of other substances, such as psilocin, psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD to be used for clinical treatments. While these compounds in many places are still classified as Schedule I substances under the Controlled Substances Act, other entheogenic plants with different psychoactive compounds are not, such as Mitragyna speciosa and Amanita muscaria, which already appear on the market in the form of edibles, extracts, or powders. With the lack of standardized methods for these psychoactive targets, and with the rise of legalization and clinical treatment centers, it is important to understand this emerging market from a safety and quality perspective. This session will focus on emerging products, testing targets, sample preparation, method development, and analytical challenges. Attendees of this session will learn technical steps that need to be considered to develop robust, reproducible analytical methods, and a quality assurance program to expand into this new and evolving area of testing.
From Leaf to Lab: Uncovering the Molecular Mysteries of CannabisMarkus Roggen
This lecture presents our cannabis research, conducted in collaboration with the University of British Columbia (UBC) Chemistry Department.
Bridging the gap between analytical chemistry, machine learning, and synthetic chemistry, this compilation of studies explores the multifaceted nature of cannabis compounds. We begin with advancements in extraction techniques, utilizing machine learning to optimize yield predictions in large-scale botanical recovery, specifically focusing on cannabis. This approach significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of extraction processes. We then transitions to molecular analysis, examining the stability and transformation of CBD derivatives, highlighting the need for robust quality control in product development. Additionally, the lecture addresses the critical aspect of safety in cannabis use by exploring innovative strategies for heavy metal testing, demonstrating how pooling methods can reduce testing resources while maintaining safety standards. The lecture will answer the question of how to build the best joint, the implications of joint architecture on cannabis consumption, offering insights into optimizing product efficacy and consumer experience.
Overall, this lecture encapsulates the collaborative efforts between academia and innovative research, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and potential of cannabis chemistry.
Your Secret Sauce to Succeeding as a Cannabis Business: A Data-Driven ApproachMarkus Roggen
The cannabis industry is going through boom-bust cycles, many businesses are losing money or barely scrape by. All that is set against an ever-growing market with sales growing 20-30% year over year.
In this session we are analysing various factors exerting pressure on the industry, from taxes to testing costs, but also business strategies and operational decisions. This is all funded on extensive analysis of dataset from sales, business performance, production processes and public sources.
The work from an interdisciplinary team of economists, data scientists and chemists cumulated in an in-depth analysis of the cannabis economy and guiding principles for industry-wide success.
Hot Topics and Hotboxing: Latest research on cannabis aerosolsMarkus Roggen
Cannabis testing focuses on harm reduction, by testing for unwanted pesticides, heavy metals and biological contamination. On one side, cannabinoid levels are precisely measured in the product.
Although these final product tests miss one important aspect of cannabis consumption. The actual process of consumption. For inhalable products, like joints and vape cartridges, the dosing of cannabinoids and chemical changes during burning/vaporization are mostly unknow.
We have developed a testing platform to quantify cannabinoid and terpene levels on a puff per puff basis. This setup also allows us to screen the aerosol and gas phase for potential toxicants present. We also looked at cannabinoid concentrations puff by puff, how those compare between joints and vapes, and how those levels change over the lifecycle of a product.
In this talk we will present our findings from our latest vape and joint experiment and answer the longstanding question: Which part of a joint is the best to smoke? And, will cannabis kill you?
How Long Is Your Trip? Analysing the Micros and Heroics of PsychedelicsMarkus Roggen
Psychedelics are a diverse group of drugs that are known for their ability to alter consciousness, perception, mood, and thought. Detecting the presence, quantity and quality of these compounds is crucial to research development and involves various analytical tools such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with optical or mass detectors, and other instruments types. These analytical tests are performed for a variety of reasons, including product, drug, or safety testing, all of which are subject to regulations and guidelines set by the licensing authorities. Besides the regulations, we face several other challenges with psychedelic analysis, such as the lack of standardized testing methods, difficulties in sample preparation, and analyte stability.
Birds, Bees and Buds: How to Talk About Cannabis and How to Label it CorrectlyMarkus Roggen
The current labeling of cannabis products is complicated, useless, and even gives the wrong incentive to the customer. The current market is tilted towards buying the highest total THC percentage, because it is a number that everyone believes they understand. There is a lot wrong with this. Starting from the problem that total THC is miscalculated. Adding the fact that “potency” and intoxication are not directly linked. Cannabis offers more bioactive compounds then just THC and CBD, but current labeling doesn’t show it. How can we present a cannabis product in a new way to guide the customer/patent to the right product. This presentation will build on my publications in the area of total THC labeling and chemovar research.
Crystallizing the science of CBD purificationMarkus Roggen
Cannabidiol, or CBD, is the new star of functional ingredients. It is a food, medicine, saviour of the farmers, even a health elixir.
The cannabis and hemp industries have recently experienced extreme growth and progress in all fields. Countries, states and countries are legalizing hemp and/or cannabis, cannabinoid producers see unpreceded business growth, new treatment option for various conditions are researched and approved. But while the markets are growing, hemp and cannabis producers are suffering. An overproduction depresses commodity prices, and inefficient processes squeeze the profit margins. Additionally, hemp and cannabis products require high purity of cannabinoid ingredients, both from a regulatory level and for patient care.
This presentation will cover the latest research on CBD isolation, from its solubility behaviour in common extraction solvents to purification via crystallization. Our latest findings in understanding, controlling, and optimizing cannabis production in analytics, processing, extraction and formulation are presented. The collaborative effort of the multidisciplinary research team at Delic Labs led to a diverse set of insight in every stage of production.
Simulations of Test Reduction Using Pooled Heavy Metals Analysis in CannabisMarkus Roggen
Background: Cannabis species have a propensity to bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals from their growth media. Increased testing for these metals is required to improve the safety of the legal medical and recreational cannabis industries. However, the current methods used for mandated heavy metals tests are not efficient for a large framework. As a result, there is limited testing capacity, high testing costs, and long wait times for results across North America.
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate that pooling strategies can be used to increase the throughput in cannabis testing labs and reduce some of the strain on the industry.
Methods: This paper presents an algorithm to simulate different pooling strategies. The algorithm was applied to real world data sets collected from Washington and California state testing labs.
Results: Using a single pooling method, for the California lab, pooling four samples on average resulted in a 54.1% reduction in tests required for 100 samples. Conclusion: The algorithms generated from lab data demonstrated that pooled testing strategies can be developed on a case- by-case method to reduce the time, effort, and costs associated with heavy metals tests.
Highlights: The benefits of pooled testing will vary depending on the region and rate of contamination seen in each testing lab. Overall, our results demonstrate pooled testing has the potential to reduce the fiscal costs of testing through increased efficiency, allowing increased testing, leading to greater safety.
Structure Activity Relationship between the Emerging Psychedelic Industry and...Markus Roggen
DELIC Labs seeks to establish a research hub in Vancouver to study cannabis and mushrooms through process design, optimization, analytics, and formulation research. It collaborates with academic and industry partners globally. The document discusses psychedelic compounds and their medical potential but also highlights flaws in current clinical trials, a lack of knowledge about psilocybin mushroom composition, and Delic Labs' work using metabolomics to address this. It also covers the patenting of psilocybin crystal structures and questions whether this is appropriate given the medical applications of these compounds.
- DELIC Labs conducts research on cannabis and mushroom production, collaborating with academic and industry partners. Research topics include process optimization, analytics, and formulation studies.
- CBD usage is increasing globally but users face confusion over legality, regulation, and determining proper dosages. CBD concentrations in e-liquids were found to deviate significantly from labeled amounts in some cases.
- CBD is subject to degradation over time from factors like heat, light, pH levels, and metal leaching. On average, 20% degradation was observed after 30 days at 37°C.
Out of the Shadows: Identifying Impurities in Cannabis ProductsMarkus Roggen
Highly concentrated cannabis products have seen rapid growth, as customers become more accustomed to cannabis consumption and actively seek out high-potency products. Cannabis concentrates come in various forms and product names, from Badder, Budder and Crumble to Distillate, Oil and Shatter. Those products can have THC concentrations are high as 95%, compared with less than 25% common in cannabis flower.
While the actual THC concentration can vary between 70 and 95%, what is common for all cannabis concentrates is that the total of identified compounds seldomly goes above 95% of product weight.
Delic Labs is a research venture that seeks to add fundamental scientific insight to the field of cannabis and mushroom production. In this regard, we set out to identify those compounds in the missing mass balance for cannabis concentrates. This presentation will show our latest advances in characterizing and quantifying impurities in cannabis concentrates. For example, we found reduced cannabinoid species in CBN products, THC isomers in distillates and oxidation products in CBD formulations.
Deep Purple: Discolouration in CBD productsMarkus Roggen
Presentation at ACS Spring 2022 conference.
Recently, there has been a flood of cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products, with divers marketing claims for a plethora of use cases. With this new market segment, regulatory oversight is still developing, and label claims of CBD concentration is often verifiable. CBD is unstable in solution and some CBD products are anecdotally reported to turn purple on storage; however, the decomposition products of CBD are mostly unknown.
Delic Lab embarked on a long and painstaking hunt for those decomposition products, established their identity through complementary chemical methods and established reaction pathways between them.
We will present our findings about common CBD oxidation products, who those are highly photochemically unstable and decomposes rapidly. Decomposition leads to a multitude of new cannabinoid derivatives.
Artificial Intelligence for Craft Cannabis ProductsMarkus Roggen
Cannabis extraction operations focus on extraction yields. This is an imprecise way to think about production. Defining the yield as yield per pound of biomass is very difference to yield per hour. And yield should not be the only focus for extractors. Quality of extract, cost of extraction, loss in post-processing, all these aspects should be considered too.
Our laboratory undertook extensive experimental studies on the extraction behavior of various solvents. We furthermore analyzed thousands of real-world extractions, from various producers and for different instruments to build a machine learning algorithm that can optimize extraction processes autonomously.
We present our latest results and insights from developing and utilizing our extraction optimization AI, to give the audience most actionable insight on how to make better cannabis extracts.
Don’t hold your breath: Smoke and vaping studies on cannabis products to qua...Markus Roggen
Delic Labs is a research company that collaborates with academic and industry partners to study cannabis and mushroom production through process design, optimization, and analytics research. Their research focuses on understanding thermal degradation of cannabinoids and terpenes during smoking and vaping, as well as quantifying cannabinoid and terpene levels inhaled on a puff-by-puff basis to provide insights into real-world usage. The research aims to add fundamental scientific insights to support the cannabis and mushroom industries.
DELIC Labs seeks to add scientific insight to cannabis and mushroom production through collaborative research. Their research focuses on process design, optimization, analytics, and formulation. They collaborate with academic and industry partners. Their research topics include process control, kinetics, in-process analytics, computational studies, and process development. CO2 extraction optimization is limited by focusing on single parameters and empirical exploration. DELIC Labs uses over 100,000 data points from multiple instruments and producers to develop machine learning and Bayesian optimization models to identify optimal extraction conditions considering multiple interactive factors.
Cannabis/Hemp Decarboxylation Monitoring by IRMarkus Roggen
CBDV is a research venture focused on supporting the cannabis and mushroom industries through collaborative research. Some areas of research include process design, optimization, and analytics. CBDV utilizes various analytical techniques like infrared spectroscopy to monitor decarboxylation reactions for cannabis extracts. IR spectroscopy allows for fast, easy, and economical in-process monitoring of decarboxylation without sample preparation. CBDV has developed IR monitoring methods for crude oil and flower and shown IR can predict cannabinoid concentrations during decarboxylation. Computational studies explored rate differences in THCA and CBDA decarboxylation. In summary, CBDV utilizes IR spectroscopy to monitor and control decarboxylation, a key processing step.
1) CBDV is a research venture that seeks to add scientific insight to cannabis and mushroom production through process design, optimization, analytics, and formulation research conducted in collaboration with academic and industry partners.
2) CBDV's research topics include chemometrics, kinetics, in-process analytics, computational studies, and process development for fundamental cannabis and mushroom chemistry.
3) CBDV has expertise in analytical chemistry, process chemistry, engineering, physics, data science, and statistics and is led by Dr. Markus Roggen and Prof. Glenn Sammis to provide scientific insights and solutions for the cannabis and mushroom industries.
CBDV is a research venture seeking to develop analytical methods like HPLC to quantify psilocybin in psychedelic mushrooms for cultivation sites, as current methods take too long; they developed a 3.5 minute HPLC method using ammonium bicarbonate and acetonitrile to quantify psilocybin without degradation, and will next explore extraction methods from mushrooms.
5. Cannabis Botanik
• Ursprünglich aus China
• Cannabis = Hanf
• Produziert Cannabinoide
• Nutzhanf produziert Fasern
• Verwand mit Hopfen
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2286 4
6. Cannabis als Medizin
• Chronische Schmerzen and Spastik: mäßig-qualitative Beweise
• Übelkeit auf Grund von Chemotherapie: niedrig-qualitative
• Gewichtszuname bei HIV Erkrankung: niedrig-qualitative
• Schlafstörungen: niedrig-qualitative
• Tourette: niedrig-qualitative
• Gegen Krebs: keine Beweise
• Krebserregend: keine Beweise
• Tödliche Überdosis: keine Beweise
DOI:10.1001/jama.2015.6358; DOI: 10.17226/24625 5
5
7. Geschichte des Cannabis (Marihuana, Marijuana)
1500 v. Chr.
Frühste schriftliche
Bezüge auf
Medizinal
Cannabis in der
Chinesischen
Pharmakopöe
1611
Jamestown
Kolonisten bringen
Cannabis nach
Nord Amerika
1970s
„Substance Control
Act“ stuft Marihuana
als Schedule I Droge
ein
1996
California
legalisiert
Medizinal
Cannabis
2018
Canada
legalisiert
Genuss-
Cannabis
1911
Massachusetts
verbietet
Marihuana als
erster
Bundesstaat der
USA
2000s
>7 Million
Verhaftungen für
Cannabisbesitz
in den USA
2018
USA Farm Bill
legalisiert Hanf
(<0.5%wt. THC)
700 v. Chr.
Medizinischer
Gebrauch von
Cannabis im Mittleren
Osten beschrieben im
Venidad
20??
Deutschland
legalisiert
Genuss-
Cannabis
6
12. Cannabis Chemie
• Entdeckung von CBN in 1940 durch Robert S. Cahn
• Isolierung von CBD und THC in 1942 durch Robert Adams
• Wiederentdeckung & Korrektur in 1964 durch Raphael Mechoulam
• Warum hat es so lange gedauert:
• Cannabinoide sind keine Alkaloide!
Adams R. (1942). Bulletin of the NY Aca. of Medicine, 18(11), 705–730. 11
13. Cannabis Biochemie
• 1988 bis 1993: Identifizierung von Cannabinoid Bindungsstelle
CB1 und CB2 Rezeptoren
• CB1 hauptsächlich im Gehirn, peripheren Neuronen, Fettzellen,
Leberzellen, etc.
• CB2 hauptsächlich in Immunzellen (B Lymphozyt, Makrophage)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.004 12
14. Cannabis Biochemie
• 1992 bis 1997: Entdeckung von anandamide and 2-AG als
Neurotransmitter
- Hauptsächlich Mechoulam
Anandamide
Nach Sanskrit ”ananda” for Freude,
Glück
2-Arachidonoylglycerol
In hohen Konzentrationen
vorkommend
13
23. DELIC Labs ist ein Forschungslabor dass Grundlagenforschung
in den Gebieten Cannabis und Psychedelika betreibt.
Fundamental Collaboration
(Grundlegende Zusammenarbeit)
22
24. Anerkennung
Dr. Markus Roggen
Sajni Shah
Kendra Payne
Dr. Tom Dupree
Dr. Eric Janusson
Dr. Duane Hean
Sean Ryan
Gursaanj Singh Bajaj
Luiz Geraldo
Callum MacPhee
Klara Wyse
Bofeng Cheng
Rachel Damiani de Souza
Seth Hinz
Ziqing (Stella) Zhu
Katie O’Connell
Soheil Nasseri
Matthew Ke
Rehmanali Jiwani
Nattapat Juthaprachakul
Vanessa Clarke
Denys Dzuibii
Duo Lu
Wesley Sequeira
Ping (Hank) Chen
Ali Wasti
Amanda Assen
Dingding Xuan
Tim Sun
University of British
Columbia:
Prof. Dr Glenn Sammis
Brodie Thomson
Will Chappell
Joey Lai
Prof. Dr Tao Huan
Dr Maria Ezhova
Prof. Dr Jolene Reid
Dr Hart Plommer
Prof. Dr Nadine Borduas-
Dedekind
Prof. Dr Pierre Kennepohl
23
33. • Ganz viele Moleküle die wir berücksichtigen sollten
Cannabis Chemie
>140 Cannabinoids
>200 Terpenes
~30 Flavonoids
Alcohols,
Phenols
Aldehydes, Ketones
Alkaloids
Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids
Lactone
s
Thiol
s
32
35. Wann und Wie decarboxylieren?
Es gibt keine standatisierte Rezepte.
Vor der Extraktion
Biomasse
Nach der Extraktion
Öle
34
36. Nicht zu lange decarboxylieren
Probleme mit exzessiver Hitze:
• Verfügbarkeit der Instrumente
• Hohe Kosten der Produktion
• Nebenreaktion und Verfall
• Niedrige Ausbeute
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
THC
THC
(%)
CBN
&
d8-THC
(%)
d8-THC
CBN
Elapsed Time (Minutes)
35
37. Warum FTIR?
• Kleine Proben-Mengen
• Schnell und einfach
• Einfach zu benutzten
• Billig
• Öle: Ein Tropfen auf den Kristall
• Biomasse:
- Schnelle Extraktion mit Pentan
- Lösung auf Kristall tropfen
- Pentan verdunsten lassen
36
38. Decarb Kontrolle mit FTIR
IR Model für Öl Analyse
X-axis: HPLC Konzentration
Y-axis: IR Vorhersage
Decarb Ratio
THCA to THC
Decarb Ratio
CBDA to CBD
37
39. Decarb Kontrolle mit FTIR
IR Model Für THCA Biomasse Analyse
X-axis: HPLC Konzentration
Y-axis: IR Vorhersage
Decarb Ratio
CBDA to CBD
38
40. Weiteres IR Projekt: THC in Gummibären
• Kann das Cary 630 THC in Gummibären erkennen?
• Einfache Methode zur Aufbereitung
• Schnell und einfach – Resultat in Minuten
• Muss THC und CBD unterscheiden können
IR Spektrum von
Gummibären
Δ9-THC Standard
39
48. Cannabinoidsynthese mit Glanz und Gloria
• Mechoulam benutzte biomimetrische Ansätze
• Evans nutzte enantioselektive Diels-Alder
• Carreira nutzte stereodivergente Dualkatalyse
• Sterespezifische Ansätze werden oft genutzt
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_2 47
49. Cannabinoidsynthese mit Billig
• Synthese von CBD muss günstig und skalierbar sein.
• Absolut kein THC als Nebenprodukt
• Olivetol in drei Schritten synthetisiert
• Finale Kupplung hat Probleme
48
50. Cannabinoidsynthese mit Billig und Besser
• Design of Experiment (DoE)
• Problem definieren
• Kein THC
• Höhere CBD Ausbeute
• Unterdrückung von abn-CBD and bis-CBD
49
51. Cannabinoidsynthese mit Billig und Besser
Experimental design for CDB Synthesis
Factor no. Factors lower level upper level Unit
A Olivetol 1.1 3 Eq
B Alumina 0.5 1.5 Eq
C BF3 0.02 0.2 Eq
D Temperature 60 90 °C
50
52. Ex. No. Responses
Olivetol Alumina BF3 Temperature Yield of THC Yield of CBD Yield of abn Yield of bis
1a 2.05 1.00 0.11 75 7% 38% 23% 2%
… … … … … … … … …
20 2.05 0.71 0.13 87 29% 26% 8% 1%
21 2.05 1.00 0.05 87 0% 15% 41% 2%
Predicted ideal 1.1 1.17 0.09 63
Cannabinoidsynthese mit Billig und Besser
51
54. Die Farbe Lila
• CBD Vape-Kartusche verfärben sich lila
• Es ist Reddit bekannt
• Aber nicht in der Akademischen Literatur
• Beam Test Cannabis-Nachweist
DOI:10.1016/0040-4020(68)88159-1; Reddit (March 2022). CBD E-juice turned purple in the tank. 53
55. Wann und warum verfärbt sich CBD
CBD Zersetzung von 20% in 30 Tagen bei 37°C
15% CBD Zersetzung in 30 Tagen
Stabile CBD Aufbewarung bei pH 4-6
Licht
Wärme
Säure / Base
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60477-6; DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0004 54
56. 65% PG, 30% VG,
5% CBD
25 °C, 60% RH, O2
10 Wochen
Licht und Dunkel
10 Wochen
Dunkle Aufbewarung
25 °C, 60% RH, O2
Wann und warum verfärbt sich CBD
55
69. CBD (& THC) in
Endprodukten
(Weihnachts)BACKEN
68
70. Das ist Karl
• Raucht Cannabis Vapes and
Joints
• Sammelt Giftstoffe via Filter und
Waschflasche
• Sammelt Cannabinoide via Filter
• Sammelt Terpene via
Waschflasche
69
75. Inhalation Methoden
• Rauch Temperatur : 44˚C (111˚F)
• Decarboxylation im Joint: FULL!
• Giftstoffe: Wir haben einige gefunden!
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01130 74
77. Zug um Zug: Zigaretten
R. Zimmermann, S. Ehlert, J. Heide, A. Walte; Universität Rostock, photonion
• Konzentration beim Einatmen hängt von der
Konsummethode ab
76
79. Das ware Leben: THC rauchen
• Durchschnittlich of <1 mg THC pro Zug
• 30 – 55 Züge
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
filter 1 filter 2 filter 3
Mass
(mg)
THC per puff in THC joint
THC 1mm
THC 3mm
THC 5mm
78
80. Das ware Leben: CBD rauchen
• Durchschnittlich of >1 mg CBD pro Zug
• 20 – 30 Züge
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3
Mass
(mg)
CBD per puff in CBD joint
CBD1mm
CBD3mm
CBD5mm
79
81. Das ware Leben: Terpene
Camphene
y = 46591x - 76382
R² = 0.9997
Eucalyptol
y = 56321x - 190078
R² = 0.9983
Linalool
y = 53370x - 283772
R² = 0.9926
Camphor
y = 59030x - 384024
R² = 0.9975
Isoborneol
y = 64181x - 440319
R² = 0.9962
Cedrol
y = 93279x - 1E+06
R² = 0.9936
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pe
a
k
Area
(c
o
unts
in
m
illions)
x
100000
Concentration (mg/ L)
GCMSTerpene Calibration
[Ca mp hene] (mg/L) [Euca lyptol] (mg /L) [Linalool] (mg / L)
[Ca mp hor] (m g/ L) [Isoborneol] (mg /L) [Ced rol] (mg /L)
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
0 10 20
Counts
Concentration (mg/ L)
• Was ist mit den
Terpenen?
80
82. Real World: Smoking Terpene Inhalation
• Durchschnittlich 0.07 mg Terpene pro Zug
81
83. Zusammenfassung
• Cannabis ist ein chaotische Industrie
• Cannabis kann, muss aber nicht medizinisch helfen
• Cannabis kann viel, wir wissen aber noch nicht warum
• Es gibt noch viel zu entdecken und zu erforschen
- Prozessanalysen
- Reaktionsmechanismen
- Dekomposition von Cannabinoiden
- Reaktionen während des Konsums
82
Bitte entschuldigen Sie etwaigen Versprecher oder unrunde Aussprachen während des Vortrages. Ich habe Chemie nicht auf Deutsch studiert und habe Cannabis erst in Nordamerika erlebt. Auch bin ich auf dieser Reise bis jetzt nur in Zürich und München gewesen, also war noch nicht im deutschsprachigen Raum um zu Üben.
Graphen werden hauptsächlich in. Englisch sein.
Ich danke der Unterstützung von Leo.org der TU
Viel Unentdecktes
Breites Betätigungsfeld
Wenig Konkurenz
Viele Low Hanging Fruits
Eine ganze Industrie ohne Wissenschaft, ohne die Grundlagen zu verstehen
Forschung inspiriert von:
Akademische Interese
Wirtschaftliche Gründe
Probleme von Produzenten
X
2 Fragen:
Wenn man einen Joint teilt, Anfang oder Ende rauchen?
Ist die THC% wirklich ausschlaggebend für den Konsum?