Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, over 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forcibly relocated to internment camps due to fears they may act as spies for Japan, despite no evidence of espionage. They were forced to sell their homes and businesses with little notice, and were transported by bus to barracks surrounded by barbed wire in isolated camps across the country, where they tried to maintain normalcy through schools and activities. The internment was later ruled unconstitutional and internees received a formal apology and compensation from the U.S. government in 1988.
Japanese Internment & Korematsu v. United States Diana Fordham
After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government issued Executive Order 9066 in 1942 requiring Japanese Americans on the West Coast to be forcibly relocated to internment camps. Fred Korematsu refused to leave his home in California and was convicted for violating the order. His case reached the Supreme Court in 1944, and the Court ruled against him, agreeing that protecting national security took precedence over individual rights during wartime. Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were ultimately interned in camps during World War II.
Impact of WWI on African Americans & WomenDiana Fordham
This document summarizes how World War I transformed the roles of women and African Americans in the United States. It discusses the Great Migration of over 500,000 African Americans from the rural South to industrial northern cities to work in war industries. While African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination, their participation in the war increased racial tensions. The war also opened new opportunities for women as they took on traditionally male roles in factories, mines, and as military nurses. However, racial tensions remained high, as evidenced by the deadly 1919 Chicago Race Riot.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of the Spanish-American War. The main causes were the publication of an insulting letter about President McKinley, the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in 1898, and eyewitness reports of Spain's oppressive reconcentration policy in Cuba. The war lasted only 6 months from 1898 to 1899 and resulted in U.S. control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after Spain surrendered.
Mao Zedong led the Communist forces to victory in China's civil war in 1949, establishing communist rule. His leadership brought major changes like collectivization of farms and the disastrous Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution programs. Communism also spread to North Korea, with the country dividing after WWII and Kim Il Sung establishing a communist dictatorship in the North. This led to the Korean War as the North invaded the South in 1950, which ended in a stalemate but firmly established communist rule in North Korea and capitalist influences in the recovering South Korea. Overall, communist victory in China and North Korea's division increased tensions between the US and Soviet-backed states in East Asia during the Cold War.
The document discusses Tecumseh and The Prophet Joseph's efforts to form a confederacy of Indian tribes in the early 1800s in opposition to continued land cessions to white settlers. It describes The Prophet Tenskwatawa urging tribes to reject white customs and move to Prophetstown, Illinois, which grew in size and influence, worrying white leaders. When Governor William Harrison led US forces to attack Prophetstown in 1811 during the Battle of Tippecanoe while Tecumseh was away, The Prophet launched an attack that killed and wounded many Americans troops before the Indians were ultimately defeated.
The document discusses U.S. imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It provides reasons for the U.S. shift from anti-imperialism, including needs for new markets and raw materials as industrialization increased. The U.S. gained colonial territories and influence through the Spanish-American War and policies like the Open Door Policy in China. Debates emerged around the pros and cons of U.S. imperialism, and the U.S. went on to exert influence in Latin America through the Monroe Doctrine and subsequent policies.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, over 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forcibly relocated to internment camps due to fears they may act as spies for Japan, despite no evidence of espionage. They were forced to sell their homes and businesses with little notice, and were transported by bus to barracks surrounded by barbed wire in isolated camps across the country, where they tried to maintain normalcy through schools and activities. The internment was later ruled unconstitutional and internees received a formal apology and compensation from the U.S. government in 1988.
Japanese Internment & Korematsu v. United States Diana Fordham
After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government issued Executive Order 9066 in 1942 requiring Japanese Americans on the West Coast to be forcibly relocated to internment camps. Fred Korematsu refused to leave his home in California and was convicted for violating the order. His case reached the Supreme Court in 1944, and the Court ruled against him, agreeing that protecting national security took precedence over individual rights during wartime. Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were ultimately interned in camps during World War II.
Impact of WWI on African Americans & WomenDiana Fordham
This document summarizes how World War I transformed the roles of women and African Americans in the United States. It discusses the Great Migration of over 500,000 African Americans from the rural South to industrial northern cities to work in war industries. While African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination, their participation in the war increased racial tensions. The war also opened new opportunities for women as they took on traditionally male roles in factories, mines, and as military nurses. However, racial tensions remained high, as evidenced by the deadly 1919 Chicago Race Riot.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of the Spanish-American War. The main causes were the publication of an insulting letter about President McKinley, the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in 1898, and eyewitness reports of Spain's oppressive reconcentration policy in Cuba. The war lasted only 6 months from 1898 to 1899 and resulted in U.S. control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after Spain surrendered.
Mao Zedong led the Communist forces to victory in China's civil war in 1949, establishing communist rule. His leadership brought major changes like collectivization of farms and the disastrous Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution programs. Communism also spread to North Korea, with the country dividing after WWII and Kim Il Sung establishing a communist dictatorship in the North. This led to the Korean War as the North invaded the South in 1950, which ended in a stalemate but firmly established communist rule in North Korea and capitalist influences in the recovering South Korea. Overall, communist victory in China and North Korea's division increased tensions between the US and Soviet-backed states in East Asia during the Cold War.
The document discusses Tecumseh and The Prophet Joseph's efforts to form a confederacy of Indian tribes in the early 1800s in opposition to continued land cessions to white settlers. It describes The Prophet Tenskwatawa urging tribes to reject white customs and move to Prophetstown, Illinois, which grew in size and influence, worrying white leaders. When Governor William Harrison led US forces to attack Prophetstown in 1811 during the Battle of Tippecanoe while Tecumseh was away, The Prophet launched an attack that killed and wounded many Americans troops before the Indians were ultimately defeated.
The document discusses U.S. imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It provides reasons for the U.S. shift from anti-imperialism, including needs for new markets and raw materials as industrialization increased. The U.S. gained colonial territories and influence through the Spanish-American War and policies like the Open Door Policy in China. Debates emerged around the pros and cons of U.S. imperialism, and the U.S. went on to exert influence in Latin America through the Monroe Doctrine and subsequent policies.
Aqui os dejo un trabajo de 4º ESO sobre la Guerra en vietnam, y en el final de ella, un video con un ataque de napalm, si eres una persona sensible, no recomiendo que te pares a ver este trabajo ya que contiene imagenes posiblemente no aptas para personas con estas características
Theodore Roosevelt believed in American interventionism and naval strength. He helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War and sent the Great White Fleet around the world. Roosevelt also announced the Roosevelt Corollary expanding America's right to intervene in Latin America and took control of the Panama Canal Zone. Woodrow Wilson initially kept America neutral in WWI but Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram led Wilson to declare war in 1917.
The Gilded Age saw immense industrial growth fueled by new technologies, abundant resources, and massive immigration. This led to huge fortunes for industrialists but also harsh working conditions and inequality. As cities grew rapidly, political machines consolidated power while corruption and poor living standards plagued urban immigrants and workers. On farms, overproduction caused economic hardship. The post-Civil War South saw some economic development but blacks faced increasing segregation and loss of civil rights under Jim Crow. Responses to these challenges included labor organizing, populism, and differing philosophies within the black community.
O documento descreve o período da ditadura militar no Brasil entre 1964 e 1985, quando houve o restabelecimento da democracia. Durante esse período, os militares restringiram as liberdades democráticas e impuseram censura, enquanto promoviam um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico baseado no autoritarismo e na repressão de dissidentes. O documento também aborda os principais acontecimentos políticos e econômicos desse período turbulento da história brasileira.
The document summarizes Japan's economic development during World War 1 and the 1920s. It discusses how WW1 brought an export-led boom to Japan's economy, but the bubble burst in 1920 and a recession began. During this period, foreign direct investment and import substitution expanded heavy industries and new large business conglomerates (zaibatsu) emerged. The document also outlines the rise of democracy, labor movements, and diplomacy during the Taisho period from 1910-1920s. Kijuro Shidehara pursued more moderate diplomacy to maintain relations with the US and respect arms limitation treaties during his time as Foreign Minister from 1924-1927 and 1929-1931.
The document provides an overview of the Bill of Rights and its amendments. It explains that the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect individual liberties in response to concerns over a strong federal government. The summary discusses the key protections covered in the first ten amendments, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, right to bear arms, due process, and rights of the accused. It also notes later amendments that protected civil rights and expanded voting rights.
The Monroe Doctrine established that European powers should not interfere or colonize in the Americas. It was a response to concerns that European powers, through the Holy Alliance, wanted to reestablish control over former Spanish colonies that had gained independence. While not an actual law, the doctrine asserted that further European colonization in the Americas would be viewed as aggression towards the United States. It supported Washington's isolationist policies and established the US as the dominant power in the Americas.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, over 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the west coast, two thirds of whom were U.S. citizens, were forcibly relocated to internment camps in the interior of the country. General John L. DeWitt advocated for their internment due to concerns about potential disloyalty, influenced by his own biases. In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the removal and exclusion of people from certain areas, and Japanese Americans were forced to report to camps surrounded by barbed wire in remote desert locations. While the Supreme Court upheld the internment in 1944, Fred Korematsu's conviction was later overturned when it was found the Justice Department withheld evidence
O documento descreve a cronologia que levou à Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal em 25 de Abril de 1974, que pôs fim a 48 anos de regime ditatorial. Alguns eventos-chave incluem a formação do Movimento das Forças Armadas em setembro de 1973, a publicação do livro "Portugal e o Futuro" em fevereiro de 1974 defendendo uma abordagem política para as colônias, e a ocupação dos estúdios de rádio e posições estratégicas em Lisboa na manhã de 25 de abril, culminando
A Revolução Russa de 1917 foi um período de conflitos, iniciado em 1917, que derrubou a autocracia russa e levou ao poder o Partido Bolchevique, de Vladimir Lênin. Recém-industrializada e sofrendo com a Primeira Guerra Mundial, a Rússia tinha uma grande massa de operários e camponeses trabalhando muito e ganhando pouco. Além disso, o governo absolutista do czar Nicolau II desagradava o povo, que queria uma liderança menos opressiva e mais democrática. A soma dos fatores levou a manifestações populares que fizeram o monarca renunciar e, no fim do processo, deram origem à União Soviética, o primeiro país socialista do mundo, que durou até 1991.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
The Americans Chapter 10 America claims an empirekprice70
The document provides an overview of American imperialism and expansionism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the acquisition of Alaska, Midway Islands, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines, and efforts to build a canal in Panama. It also covers the Open Door policy in China and interventions in Latin America, especially Mexico during this time period. The U.S. sought to increase its global influence and protect economic and strategic interests through these imperialist ventures and policies.
The document summarizes some of the major events leading up to the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. These included British harassment of US shipping and impressment of American sailors into the British navy. Economic tensions and failed diplomacy led President Madison and the pro-war War Hawks in Congress to declare war in 1812, despite opposition. The war resulted in some key battles but ultimately ended in a stalemate with the 1814 Treaty of Ghent.
The document discusses the key events of World War I and America's entry into the war. It provides a timeline of events from the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria through America's declaration of war in 1917 and Germany's surrender in 1918. The timeline notes America's initial neutrality, attacks on civilian ships that turned public opinion against Germany, America joining the Allied forces in 1917, and American troops achieving their first victory in 1918 before the war ended on November 11, 1918 with Germany's surrender.
The document provides information about several genocides that occurred in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur. It discusses key details like locations, timelines of events, important people involved, motivations, and methods used to carry out the systematic killing of certain groups. The lasting impacts of these tragic events are also examined.
Asian-african decolonization
Africa is the continent most fragmented geopolitical and also the most cosmopolitan in terms of diversity of its population
The integration should be understood in a threefold dimension:
cultural-historical dimension in the vertical plane
the spatial and economic dimension in the horizontal plane;
the social or organic dimension
As Mães da Praça de Maio eram um grupo de mulheres na Argentina que protestavam contra a ditadura militar (1976-1983) e exigiam informações sobre os filhos desaparecidos. Elas marchavam semanalmente em frente à Casa Rosada segurando fotos dos filhos. Suas manifestações pacíficas ajudaram a pressionar o regime e trouxeram atenção internacional para os direitos humanos na Argentina.
1. The United States pursued an aggressive role in Latin America after the Spanish-American War, encouraging investment and political influence. This engendered anti-American sentiment as native populations felt their independence threatened.
2. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine with his Roosevelt Corollary, asserting America's right to intervene to prevent European intervention and promote stability. He used "big stick diplomacy" backed by military force.
3. Woodrow Wilson proclaimed a policy of "moral diplomacy" but still intervened in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, sending troops after attacks along the Mexican border.
Aqui os dejo un trabajo de 4º ESO sobre la Guerra en vietnam, y en el final de ella, un video con un ataque de napalm, si eres una persona sensible, no recomiendo que te pares a ver este trabajo ya que contiene imagenes posiblemente no aptas para personas con estas características
Theodore Roosevelt believed in American interventionism and naval strength. He helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War and sent the Great White Fleet around the world. Roosevelt also announced the Roosevelt Corollary expanding America's right to intervene in Latin America and took control of the Panama Canal Zone. Woodrow Wilson initially kept America neutral in WWI but Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram led Wilson to declare war in 1917.
The Gilded Age saw immense industrial growth fueled by new technologies, abundant resources, and massive immigration. This led to huge fortunes for industrialists but also harsh working conditions and inequality. As cities grew rapidly, political machines consolidated power while corruption and poor living standards plagued urban immigrants and workers. On farms, overproduction caused economic hardship. The post-Civil War South saw some economic development but blacks faced increasing segregation and loss of civil rights under Jim Crow. Responses to these challenges included labor organizing, populism, and differing philosophies within the black community.
O documento descreve o período da ditadura militar no Brasil entre 1964 e 1985, quando houve o restabelecimento da democracia. Durante esse período, os militares restringiram as liberdades democráticas e impuseram censura, enquanto promoviam um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico baseado no autoritarismo e na repressão de dissidentes. O documento também aborda os principais acontecimentos políticos e econômicos desse período turbulento da história brasileira.
The document summarizes Japan's economic development during World War 1 and the 1920s. It discusses how WW1 brought an export-led boom to Japan's economy, but the bubble burst in 1920 and a recession began. During this period, foreign direct investment and import substitution expanded heavy industries and new large business conglomerates (zaibatsu) emerged. The document also outlines the rise of democracy, labor movements, and diplomacy during the Taisho period from 1910-1920s. Kijuro Shidehara pursued more moderate diplomacy to maintain relations with the US and respect arms limitation treaties during his time as Foreign Minister from 1924-1927 and 1929-1931.
The document provides an overview of the Bill of Rights and its amendments. It explains that the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect individual liberties in response to concerns over a strong federal government. The summary discusses the key protections covered in the first ten amendments, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, right to bear arms, due process, and rights of the accused. It also notes later amendments that protected civil rights and expanded voting rights.
The Monroe Doctrine established that European powers should not interfere or colonize in the Americas. It was a response to concerns that European powers, through the Holy Alliance, wanted to reestablish control over former Spanish colonies that had gained independence. While not an actual law, the doctrine asserted that further European colonization in the Americas would be viewed as aggression towards the United States. It supported Washington's isolationist policies and established the US as the dominant power in the Americas.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, over 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the west coast, two thirds of whom were U.S. citizens, were forcibly relocated to internment camps in the interior of the country. General John L. DeWitt advocated for their internment due to concerns about potential disloyalty, influenced by his own biases. In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the removal and exclusion of people from certain areas, and Japanese Americans were forced to report to camps surrounded by barbed wire in remote desert locations. While the Supreme Court upheld the internment in 1944, Fred Korematsu's conviction was later overturned when it was found the Justice Department withheld evidence
O documento descreve a cronologia que levou à Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal em 25 de Abril de 1974, que pôs fim a 48 anos de regime ditatorial. Alguns eventos-chave incluem a formação do Movimento das Forças Armadas em setembro de 1973, a publicação do livro "Portugal e o Futuro" em fevereiro de 1974 defendendo uma abordagem política para as colônias, e a ocupação dos estúdios de rádio e posições estratégicas em Lisboa na manhã de 25 de abril, culminando
A Revolução Russa de 1917 foi um período de conflitos, iniciado em 1917, que derrubou a autocracia russa e levou ao poder o Partido Bolchevique, de Vladimir Lênin. Recém-industrializada e sofrendo com a Primeira Guerra Mundial, a Rússia tinha uma grande massa de operários e camponeses trabalhando muito e ganhando pouco. Além disso, o governo absolutista do czar Nicolau II desagradava o povo, que queria uma liderança menos opressiva e mais democrática. A soma dos fatores levou a manifestações populares que fizeram o monarca renunciar e, no fim do processo, deram origem à União Soviética, o primeiro país socialista do mundo, que durou até 1991.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
The Americans Chapter 10 America claims an empirekprice70
The document provides an overview of American imperialism and expansionism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the acquisition of Alaska, Midway Islands, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines, and efforts to build a canal in Panama. It also covers the Open Door policy in China and interventions in Latin America, especially Mexico during this time period. The U.S. sought to increase its global influence and protect economic and strategic interests through these imperialist ventures and policies.
The document summarizes some of the major events leading up to the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. These included British harassment of US shipping and impressment of American sailors into the British navy. Economic tensions and failed diplomacy led President Madison and the pro-war War Hawks in Congress to declare war in 1812, despite opposition. The war resulted in some key battles but ultimately ended in a stalemate with the 1814 Treaty of Ghent.
The document discusses the key events of World War I and America's entry into the war. It provides a timeline of events from the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria through America's declaration of war in 1917 and Germany's surrender in 1918. The timeline notes America's initial neutrality, attacks on civilian ships that turned public opinion against Germany, America joining the Allied forces in 1917, and American troops achieving their first victory in 1918 before the war ended on November 11, 1918 with Germany's surrender.
The document provides information about several genocides that occurred in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur. It discusses key details like locations, timelines of events, important people involved, motivations, and methods used to carry out the systematic killing of certain groups. The lasting impacts of these tragic events are also examined.
Asian-african decolonization
Africa is the continent most fragmented geopolitical and also the most cosmopolitan in terms of diversity of its population
The integration should be understood in a threefold dimension:
cultural-historical dimension in the vertical plane
the spatial and economic dimension in the horizontal plane;
the social or organic dimension
As Mães da Praça de Maio eram um grupo de mulheres na Argentina que protestavam contra a ditadura militar (1976-1983) e exigiam informações sobre os filhos desaparecidos. Elas marchavam semanalmente em frente à Casa Rosada segurando fotos dos filhos. Suas manifestações pacíficas ajudaram a pressionar o regime e trouxeram atenção internacional para os direitos humanos na Argentina.
1. The United States pursued an aggressive role in Latin America after the Spanish-American War, encouraging investment and political influence. This engendered anti-American sentiment as native populations felt their independence threatened.
2. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine with his Roosevelt Corollary, asserting America's right to intervene to prevent European intervention and promote stability. He used "big stick diplomacy" backed by military force.
3. Woodrow Wilson proclaimed a policy of "moral diplomacy" but still intervened in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, sending troops after attacks along the Mexican border.
1. 1900-1940 Vietnam war im 19. Jahrhundert unter französischer
Kolonialherrschaft.
1940-1945 Im Rahmen eines Pazifikkrieges von den Japanern als Rohstoffbasis
besetzt.
Hungersnöte zwischen 1944 und 1945.
1946 Abkommen mit Frankreich und Ho Chi Minh, in dem Frankreich
Vietnam als „freien Staat“ anerkannte mit zeitlich begrenzter
Stationierung französischer Truppen in Tonking.
November: Bombardierung französischer Flugzeuge der
vietnamesischen Hafenstadt Hai Phong (Verluste: 600 Zivilisten).
Mitdem hat der Indochinakrieg begonnen.
1949 Bildung der französischen Front:
Gegenregierung Bao Dai (Frankreich): Großbritiannien, USA und
Vereinten Nationen.
82 %ige Finanzierung der Franzosen durch die USA und
Unterstützung mit Mittelstreckerbomber.
1954 Großer Verlust der Franzosen in der Schlacht Dient Bien Phu, bei der
fast alle eingesetzten Soldaten entweder fielen oder
gefangengenommen wurden.
Abkommen auf der Indochinakonferenz in Genf, dass Vietnam
gespalten wird. (Nordvietnam wird Viet Minh zugesprochen und
Süden formell Kaiser Bao Dai, der jedoch von den Franzosen ins Exil
geschickt worden ist).
1956
Südvietnam:
Südvietnam Ngo Dingh Diem gewann die gesamtvietnamesischen Wahlen für
Südvietnam. (Mit Unterstützung der USA, da freie Wahlen in Vietnam
für große Gefahren der „fortschriftlichen Kräfte“ ließe).
Er war daher die US-Marionette in Südvietnam und Präsident durch
eine manipulierte Wahl.
Führungsstil: Autoritär. Bekämpfung der Flusspiraten und als
gegensätzliche Hoffnung zu Ho Chi Minh.
Nordvietnam:
Nordvietnam Enteignung vieler Großgrundbesitzer und Exekutionen, um die
komunischte Basis zu festigen.
Unterstützung durch Südvietnam mit militärischen Waffen und
Fahrzeugen.
Kriegsveteranen in der Partei wurden zu 95 % aus der Partei entfernt.
1959 Bildung der vietnamesischen Front:
Demokratische Republik Vietnam (Vietnam): Sowjetunion und China.
Nebeninfo
(1927-1949)
USA: Bedrohung der Interessen in Rohstoffen in Asien (bereits ein
Verlust durch einen chinesischen Bürgerkrieg (1927 – 1949).
Außerdem Befürchtung auf den sogenannten Domino-Effekt, dass alle
Länder kommunistisch werden, daher auch die frühzeitige Eingriffen
in sozialistisch inspirierte Bewegungen durch die USA.
2. 1960 John F. Kennedy gewann die Präsidentschaftswahl gegen Nixon in der
USA und hielt die Entwicklung von Südostasien für besonders wichtig.
Um den vietnamesischen Verbündeten nicht zu verlieren, setzte er
eine massive Aufstockung der ARVN (Army oft he Republicof
Vietnam) und Entsendung von Eliteeinheiten (Green Berets) mit
Verwendung von Napalm.
1963 Buddhisten Krise durch Ngo Dinh Diems, die durch das Verbot der
buddhistischen Flagge ausgelöst worden war.
Kennedy ließ durch diese gewaltsame Provokation daher Ngo Dinh
Diem sofort festnehmen und später exekutieren.
Gedanken von Kennedy, bereits 1965 aus Vietnam zu ziehen, jedoch
wurde er Ende 1963 ermordet.
1964 Präsidenten Nachfolger Lyndon B. Johnson sagte, dass eine harte
Haltung nun sehr notwendig sei.
Die Glaubwürdigkeit vor den Verbündeten muss bewahrt werden und
es solle nicht der gleiche Fehler wie in China geschehen.
Nachfolger von Südvietnam wurde Duong Van Minh, der sich jedoch
sehr unbeliebt machte, weil er einen Kompromiss mit der FNL (Front
National de Liberation) und die USA um mehr Zurückhaltung bot.
Darauf wurde er sofort durch eine Spezialeinheit der USA gestürzt.
Johnson weitete die von Kennedy begonnen Infiltrierungen des
Nordens entschieden aus.
1965 Allmähliche Auflösung des Saigoner Regime, als die FNL sich nicht
scheuten US-Basen direkt anzugreifen.
Aufgrund dessen begann Operation Rolling Thunder, eine
Bombardierung des Ho-Chi-Minh Pfads. (Logistische Wege zur
Versorgung der FNL durch Nordvietnam)
Soldaten schossen immer in Dauerfermodus, was zu einer
Verbesserung der M16 führte.
Soldaten wurden mithilfe Hubschrauber in die Einsatzgegenden
gebracht als Lockvogel. Bei Feindkontakt sollten die verwundeten
Soldaten wieder rausgeflogen werden und ein Flächenbeschuss
dadurch gestartet werden sollte.
15 Millionen Tonnen Sprengstoff wurde für den Vietnamkrieg
verwendet. Doppelt soviel wie im 2. Weltkrieg.
Durch den Einsatz von Entlaubungsmitteln (Agent Orange), führte
dies zu einer Langzeitkontamination der Vegetation und der
Bevölkerung mit dem darin als Verunreinigung enthaltenen Giftstoff
Tetrachlordibenzdioxin.
Es entstanden dadurch Krebserkrankungen, Fehlbildungen an
Neugeborenen und anderen Schäden. Noch im Jahr 2007 sind viele
Menschen von diesen Krankheiten aufgrund dessen noch betroffen.
3. 1966 Einführung der Tet-Offensive:
Vergrößerung des Truppenkontingent in Südvietnam auf 400.000
Soldaten.
General Westmoreland setzte eine Abnutzungsstrategie die FNL zu
bezwingen ein. „Search andDestroy“ (Lokalisieren und Zerstören
durch Artillerie)
Trotz der Verluste von den FNL, konnten sie sich stets erneuern und
sich weiters im Dschungel schützen und taktisch die Spezialeinheiten
auszuschalten.
Westmoreland musste aufgrund den Verlusten der US-Soldaten die
Öffentlichkeit stets beruhigen durch Aussagen, wie „Eine verstärkte
Anzahl an Bodentruppen schon bald den Sieg bringt!“
1967 Großräumiger Ansturm durch die FNL, welche einen
schwerwiegenden Rückfall der USA erwies, trotz den Meldungen der
CIA.
Zivilisten wurden durch die FNL ermordert.
Viele Städte wurden überrant durch die FNL oder gänzlich zerstört
durch die USA.
„Wir mussten Ben Tre zerstören, um es zu retten“
1968 Beendigung der Tet-Offensive mit Verlusten von 14.000 Zivilisten,
25.000 verwundet und 670.000 obdachlos.
Durch die Offensive der FNL erlitten sie militärisch eine Niederlage.
40.000 Tote. Daher mussten sie durch Nordvietnamesische Soldaten
wieder aufgefüllt werden, währenddessen die USA Gebiete die als
verlustreich oder gefährlich galten, sofort eingenommen haben. Der
Verlust der FNL war anscheinend doch zu hoch gewesen, aber noch
systematisch in geringer Zahl noch immer viele US-Truppen
ausradieren konnten. Jedoch kamen dann aus dem Nordvietnam die
„Nationale Volksarme“ (NVA), die Hauptlast des Krieges.
1969 Amtsnachfolger von Johnson wurde Richard Nixon. Dadurch konnte
Westmoreland sein Verlangen auf 200.000 Soldaten wieder nach
Vietnam zu schicken zum scheitern.
Währenddessen wurde die US-Basis in Südvietnam eingekesselt und
wegen einer schriftlichen Garantie von Johnson hätte man die Basis
retten müssen. Nach 77 Tagen Belagerung und den massivsten
Luftangriffen der Menschheitsgeschichte erzielten die Amerikaner
den Durchbruch.
1970 Einführung der Nixon-Doktrin, in der nur in Sonderfällen USA
Südvietnam unterstützt und bis dahin nur die Verbündeten
unterstützt, und die sogenannte Madmantheory, in dieser ein
nuklearer Angriff auf Vietnam für „möglich“ erschien.
Nordvietnam ließ sich durch diese Androhung jedoch nicht
beeinflussen.
1972 Oster-Offensive der Nordvietnamesen
Die NVA drang bis in den tiefen Süden von Vietnam durch. Präsident
Nixon zeigte sich nicht bereit den Verlust des Verbündeten
hinzunehmen. Dadurch startete eine massive Bombardierung in der
Operation Linebacker.
Die NVA erlitt dadurch Verluste von 100.000 Soldaten. Damit war der
Vorstoß gescheitert.
4. 1973 Verweigerung der Angriffshandlungen in Südvietnam durch den US-
Kongress.
1974 US-Kongress gestand 400 Millionen Dollar für einen Rückschlag der
Kommunisten aus Südvietnam erneut hinzu, jedoch war das Budget
dafür viel zu gering, aufgrund der Watergate-Affäre. (Missbräuchen
von Regierungsvollmächten)
1975 Vietnam wurde gänzlich Kommunistisch, trotz der US-
amerikanischen Intervention. Saigon wurde umbenannt in die Ho-Chi-
Minh Stadt.