The study aimed to understand the language learning in the perspective of Krashen’s SLA Theory and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory as applied in classroom setting. It was bound to develop a language learning model grounded on a theory. The research is a grounded theory design. Classroom activities were conducted casually with themes intended for inquiry and data gathering in form of observation, interview and documentation anchored on Language learning acquisition, Monitor, Natural Order, Input and Affective filter hypotheses, together with the Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura. All of the five language learning hypotheses of Krashen were affirmed true to the learning experience of the participants. The Social Learning theory of Albert Bandura was also proven to be true as to the participants’ language learning phenomena. It was found that language learners were not given opportunities to connect informal learning and formal learning. Their preferred learning style in the input was not, considered. Learners need social, active and concrete language models to look up.This study has generated theories such as Language learning and language acquisition can come separately and independently Preferred learning styles in the input is causative of positive learning output Physically active language models stimulate attention and imitation. To fill the gaps found in the three generated theories become the grounds to support a developed language learning model called Social, Active and Concrete Language Learning Model SAC LaLeMo The conclusions recommend for informal and informal learning attributes to be connected. Social Media learning attributes maybe provided to consider preferred language learning styles of students in the input. Social Media and other learning modalities may present active and concrete language models for students to imitate. Other researchers may consider the SAC LaLeMo to be validated. Dr. Anibel A. Lamo "Understanding the Language Learning: A Grounded Theory Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61169.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/61169/understanding-the-language-learning-a-grounded-theory-perspective/dr-anibel-a-lamo
PCG Education White Paper - Next Generation Science in Support of Language Ac...Public Consulting Group
This document argues that teaching science to all students using the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) can help improve English language acquisition for English language learners (ELLs) by engaging them in the language-intensive practices of science. The NGSS require students to observe, measure, describe, analyze, and defend their work using academic language, providing opportunities to learn both science content and language skills simultaneously in an authentic context. The document outlines how the NGSS are structured to support language development and provides examples of how certain performance expectations incorporate descriptive, technical, and analytical language use.
Compensation still matters: language learning strategies in the third millenn...James Cook University
Digital media play enormous roles in much of the learning, communication, socializing and ways of working of “Net-Generation” learners who are growing up in a wired world. Living in this digital era may require different ways of communicating, thinking, approaching learning, prioritizing strategies, interpersonally communicating, and possibly developing compensatory techniques for information gaps among other categories of Language Learning Strategies. The Net-Geners therefore, need new skills and new strategies to perform successfully as learners and workers. This study uses a mixed-methods approach that includes concurrent quantitative and qualitative data (i) to identify the Net-Generation learner’s strategy preferences based on the “Strategies Inventory for Language Learning” (SILL) categories currently considered the most comprehensive strategy inventory and (ii) to identify possible emergent compensation strategies among Net-Geners as a comprehensive study of the strategies used by the Net-Geners is clearly beyond the scope of this article. The results indicate that compensation strategies have undergone a number of modifications and are used differently by the Net-Geners in order to compensate their knowledge gap and help enhance their ESL learning.
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the language needs of 349 tertiary students in Oman to validate the English curriculum. The study found that most respondents were under 19 years old and female. It also found that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents' profiles, but speaking skills and vocabulary skills were not. The document discusses the methodology used, which was a descriptive method employing purposive sampling and questionnaires. It also provides tables analyzing the respondents' profiles and language performance in areas like listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and grammar. The study aims to help curriculum designers develop an English learning process based on students' needs.
Functional English Design for Domestic Migrant Workersidhasaeful
This paper aimed at: (1) describing the content of Functional English Design (FED) materials and (2) describing the appropriateness of the FEDas the English training materials for the migrant workers' candidates (MWC). This study used ADDIE (Analysing, Designing, Developing, Implementing and Evaluating) model involving totally 200 MWC in the 4 PPTKIS (namely authorized private boards in which duties serves the Indonesian workers' placement and protection abroad).The data were taken from the documentation, the trainees’ English training achievements using the FED and peer-debriefing. The gathered data was analyzed using: Content Analysis and Mean-difference computation of the trainees' test results descriptively. This study found: (1) the content of the FEDthatdeveloped“Imparting and seeking factual information” with “Minimum–adequate language Functions” was matched with the trainees needs and (2) the FED was appropriate to use as an alternative English materials since it was designed based on the result of needs analysis beside the test result in significant improvement i.e. the Mean Difference of the oral pre and post-test was 2.25 within the scoring standard scale of 0-10, while the Md of the written pre-post-test was 13.35 within the scoring standard scale of 0-100. Besides, the peers debriefing stated that the FED was recommended for use in the 4 investigated PPTKIS.
HOW WOULD OUR STUDENTS LIKE TO BE CORRECTED? : A STUDY ON LEARNERS’ BELIEFS A...Eko Purwanti
This study aims at finding out whether learners with different English proficiency backgrounds respond differently to corrective feedbacks (CFs) and what kind of CFs are acceptable for them. This study was conducted using a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview and learning journals as the instruments to collect the data. Six students were involved in this study, two of them were high achievers, two were medium achievers, and the other two were low achievers. The findings showed that all participants in this study believed that they needed CFs from their lecturers and they were confident that CFs was very significant to improve their English competence. This study revealed that although most of the participants were alright to receive CFs immediately after they made mistakes, they would do differently if they became teachers. They would wait until their students finish talking before they give CFs or they would do it at the end of the class. The results confirmed that they preferred CFs which were accurate, appreciative, motivating and make them feel comfortable. Finally, this current study also points out that the way how lecturers give feedbacks has to consider the type of mistakes.
Language Learning Strategy among Mongolian Studentsijtsrd
This document summarizes a research study that examined the language learning strategies used by 120 Mongolian students preparing to take the IELTS exam. The study utilized the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) questionnaire to assess students' use of different strategies in six categories: memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social. Results showed that metacognitive strategies had the highest reported use with a mean of 4.16, while cognitive strategies had the lowest at 3.34. The two individual strategies used most were "paying attention when someone speaks English" and "trying not to translate word-for-word."
A Study of the Effects of Competitive Team-Based Learning and Structured Academic Controversy on the Language Proficiency of Iranian EFL College Seniors
Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD (TESOL)
E-mail: mhhosseini73@yahoo.com
• This article was published at the International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology, 3 (2012): 54-69.
See http://beyondelt.blogfa.com
Assignment 6. Protocol and Data Analysis-Sample video presentation [Autoguard...SuzMtzg
This document discusses research on factors that affect English language learning. It aims to identify the level of influence of sociocultural level, geographical location, motivation, and personal factors on students' English acquisition. The study was conducted on students from a technical high school in Chiapas, Mexico. The theoretical framework discusses theories of foreign language learning and acquisition, noting the importance of English as a global language. It also covers differences between native and non-native speakers and learning theories such as behaviorism and innatism.
PCG Education White Paper - Next Generation Science in Support of Language Ac...Public Consulting Group
This document argues that teaching science to all students using the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) can help improve English language acquisition for English language learners (ELLs) by engaging them in the language-intensive practices of science. The NGSS require students to observe, measure, describe, analyze, and defend their work using academic language, providing opportunities to learn both science content and language skills simultaneously in an authentic context. The document outlines how the NGSS are structured to support language development and provides examples of how certain performance expectations incorporate descriptive, technical, and analytical language use.
Compensation still matters: language learning strategies in the third millenn...James Cook University
Digital media play enormous roles in much of the learning, communication, socializing and ways of working of “Net-Generation” learners who are growing up in a wired world. Living in this digital era may require different ways of communicating, thinking, approaching learning, prioritizing strategies, interpersonally communicating, and possibly developing compensatory techniques for information gaps among other categories of Language Learning Strategies. The Net-Geners therefore, need new skills and new strategies to perform successfully as learners and workers. This study uses a mixed-methods approach that includes concurrent quantitative and qualitative data (i) to identify the Net-Generation learner’s strategy preferences based on the “Strategies Inventory for Language Learning” (SILL) categories currently considered the most comprehensive strategy inventory and (ii) to identify possible emergent compensation strategies among Net-Geners as a comprehensive study of the strategies used by the Net-Geners is clearly beyond the scope of this article. The results indicate that compensation strategies have undergone a number of modifications and are used differently by the Net-Geners in order to compensate their knowledge gap and help enhance their ESL learning.
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the language needs of 349 tertiary students in Oman to validate the English curriculum. The study found that most respondents were under 19 years old and female. It also found that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents' profiles, but speaking skills and vocabulary skills were not. The document discusses the methodology used, which was a descriptive method employing purposive sampling and questionnaires. It also provides tables analyzing the respondents' profiles and language performance in areas like listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and grammar. The study aims to help curriculum designers develop an English learning process based on students' needs.
Functional English Design for Domestic Migrant Workersidhasaeful
This paper aimed at: (1) describing the content of Functional English Design (FED) materials and (2) describing the appropriateness of the FEDas the English training materials for the migrant workers' candidates (MWC). This study used ADDIE (Analysing, Designing, Developing, Implementing and Evaluating) model involving totally 200 MWC in the 4 PPTKIS (namely authorized private boards in which duties serves the Indonesian workers' placement and protection abroad).The data were taken from the documentation, the trainees’ English training achievements using the FED and peer-debriefing. The gathered data was analyzed using: Content Analysis and Mean-difference computation of the trainees' test results descriptively. This study found: (1) the content of the FEDthatdeveloped“Imparting and seeking factual information” with “Minimum–adequate language Functions” was matched with the trainees needs and (2) the FED was appropriate to use as an alternative English materials since it was designed based on the result of needs analysis beside the test result in significant improvement i.e. the Mean Difference of the oral pre and post-test was 2.25 within the scoring standard scale of 0-10, while the Md of the written pre-post-test was 13.35 within the scoring standard scale of 0-100. Besides, the peers debriefing stated that the FED was recommended for use in the 4 investigated PPTKIS.
HOW WOULD OUR STUDENTS LIKE TO BE CORRECTED? : A STUDY ON LEARNERS’ BELIEFS A...Eko Purwanti
This study aims at finding out whether learners with different English proficiency backgrounds respond differently to corrective feedbacks (CFs) and what kind of CFs are acceptable for them. This study was conducted using a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview and learning journals as the instruments to collect the data. Six students were involved in this study, two of them were high achievers, two were medium achievers, and the other two were low achievers. The findings showed that all participants in this study believed that they needed CFs from their lecturers and they were confident that CFs was very significant to improve their English competence. This study revealed that although most of the participants were alright to receive CFs immediately after they made mistakes, they would do differently if they became teachers. They would wait until their students finish talking before they give CFs or they would do it at the end of the class. The results confirmed that they preferred CFs which were accurate, appreciative, motivating and make them feel comfortable. Finally, this current study also points out that the way how lecturers give feedbacks has to consider the type of mistakes.
Language Learning Strategy among Mongolian Studentsijtsrd
This document summarizes a research study that examined the language learning strategies used by 120 Mongolian students preparing to take the IELTS exam. The study utilized the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) questionnaire to assess students' use of different strategies in six categories: memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social. Results showed that metacognitive strategies had the highest reported use with a mean of 4.16, while cognitive strategies had the lowest at 3.34. The two individual strategies used most were "paying attention when someone speaks English" and "trying not to translate word-for-word."
A Study of the Effects of Competitive Team-Based Learning and Structured Academic Controversy on the Language Proficiency of Iranian EFL College Seniors
Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD (TESOL)
E-mail: mhhosseini73@yahoo.com
• This article was published at the International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology, 3 (2012): 54-69.
See http://beyondelt.blogfa.com
Assignment 6. Protocol and Data Analysis-Sample video presentation [Autoguard...SuzMtzg
This document discusses research on factors that affect English language learning. It aims to identify the level of influence of sociocultural level, geographical location, motivation, and personal factors on students' English acquisition. The study was conducted on students from a technical high school in Chiapas, Mexico. The theoretical framework discusses theories of foreign language learning and acquisition, noting the importance of English as a global language. It also covers differences between native and non-native speakers and learning theories such as behaviorism and innatism.
This document provides guidance on developing academic writing skills through a one-day workshop. It discusses the key components of a research proposal, including defining the problem, reviewing relevant literature, and describing the proposed research methodology. It also outlines the typical structure of a research proposal into three chapters: introduction, literature review, and research methodology. Finally, it discusses how the proposal is transformed into a thesis research report, with additional chapters for data presentation and analyses and conclusions. The overall document serves as a handbook to train participants in best practices for academic writing, research proposals, and thesis reports.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Kurdish LanguageAI Publications
This document discusses a research study investigating vocabulary learning strategies used by Kurdish language learners at University of Duhok in Kurdistan. The study aims to examine the relationship between memory, metacognitive, social, and cognitive learning strategies and vocabulary acquisition. The researcher conducted a literature review on language learning strategies, the role of vocabulary in language learning, and classifications of vocabulary learning strategies. The findings showed a positive relationship between the four strategy types (memory, metacognitive, social, cognitive) and effective vocabulary learning.
The specific processes, techniques, and actions that learners take to facilitate their language learning have been widely explored under the concept of language learning strategies (LLS); however, more exploration is needed about recent investigations in this area, as calls for new theorization of strategies research have emerged. This systematic literature review aimed at exploring the prevailing research methodologies and educational settings appertaining to LLS in English as foreign language (EFL) contexts. The study analyzed 42 articles published from 2017 to 2023 in journals in the field of social sciences in the Scopus and ERIC databases. The findings show how non-intervention quantitative approaches are predominant in LLS research, occasionally accompanied by qualitative data collection methods. Accordingly, most research has favored descriptive and correlational designs, identifying the relationships between the use of strategies and variables such as language proficiency, demographic aspects, motivation, and self-regulation. Grounded on the revision of existing evidence, this article advises future strategy-based research to focus on primary and secondary levels of education, strategy instruction, cultural aspects, and qualitative research designs.
The document provides instructions for structuring an essay, including analyzing the question, grouping source materials, taking notes, constructing a thesis statement, writing an outline, finalizing references and citations, editing drafts, getting feedback, and writing a first draft. It discusses developing a thesis statement that takes a stance and is narrow enough to fully support, and includes examples of a reading grid, synthesis grid, and paragraph structure for writing the body of an essay.
Applying Genre-Based And L2 Pragmatic Instruction To Teaching Oral Presentati...Sarah Adams
This document describes the development of an online instructional platform to teach EFL college students oral presentation skills. It was designed based on principles of genre-based instruction and L2 pragmatic research. The platform engages learners in comparing presentation features of expert and learner samples. It then scaffolds learners to apply rhetorical and pragmatic features in their own practice presentations. An evaluation with 4 students found the platform expanded their understanding of "good presentations." The document argues that online materials should use authentic samples from a variety of cultural backgrounds to reflect the diversity of communication in a global community.
A Model For Implementing Problem-Based Language Learning Experiences From A ...Elizabeth Williams
This document summarizes a study that developed a model for implementing problem-based language learning over seven years at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. The model was developed using a design-based research approach involving 14 instructors and 2800 students. The model consists of elements like hybridizing courses, scaffolding for teachers and students, and developing a collaborative culture. Each element is described from a process perspective detailing how challenges were addressed along the way. The model is intended to integrate relevant problem-based learning and linguistic aspects while working around institutional constraints. It is hoped that the model will support future problem-based learning implementations.
Strategic Intervention Material SIM for Grade 11 Scienceijtsrd
This research assessed the effectiveness of Strategic Intervention Material for Grade 11 Science at Don Andres Soriano National High School, Toledo City Division. Twenty one students from Grade 11 STEM Academic Strand were the respondents of the study. Quasi experimental method of research particularly the one group pre and post test design with purposive sampling was used in the study. To determine the significant mean difference, a t test was used. The study was designed to assess the status of strategic intervention material as an instructional tool for learning acquisition. The topics of the experiment were the layers of the earth and the continental drift theory. Findings revealed that SIM aided students to obtain higher academic performance in Earth Science. Post data rejected the null hypothesis. Thus, there was a significant difference between the pre test and post test results. Strategic intervention materials were made which can be utilized as a medium of instruction for students’ new way of learning acquisition. Gica M. Tugbong "Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for Grade 11 Science" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53996.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/53996/strategic-intervention-material-sim-for-grade-11-science/gica-m-tugbong
Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabularyijtsrd
This paper focuses on the vocabulary features and learning strategies for language learners. Through using wide range of vocabulary and effective strategies, learners are able to develop their vocabulary. Since the vocabulary knowledge is vital for all four language skills, listening, reading, speaking and writing, it is necessary to determine how they can tackle the text which they have never encountered. To be able to know and cope with a wide range of vocabulary, it is needed for learners to know effective strategies for learning vocabulary. Chaw Su Hlaing "Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabulary" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27954.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/27954/assembling-the-strategies-for-learning-vocabulary/chaw-su-hlaing
The document summarizes 7 research studies on topics related to classroom communication and discourse analysis. The studies used qualitative methods like observation, audio recording, and questionnaires to understand teacher-student interactions and the impact of different teaching approaches. Key findings included that discourse analysis methods improved students' reading, analysis and language skills; inexperienced teachers used more semantic schemas in their talk; and learner-centered approaches led to more active student participation compared to teacher-centered methods. Gaps identified were a need for mixed methods studies and considering student perspectives.
This document discusses learner autonomy in language learning contexts. It argues that while learning strategies and learner training can support learner autonomy, the key factor is the nature of the pedagogical dialogue between teacher and learner. For learners to develop autonomy, teachers must also develop autonomy in how they structure learning. Learner autonomy has both a pedagogical dimension of accepting responsibility for learning, and a communicative dimension of using the language. Fostering both dimensions from early stages of learning allows learners to use the language with confidence, promoting further development.
Stephen Krashen developed the Monitor Model to explain second language acquisition. The model has five main hypotheses: 1) Language is acquired subconsciously through meaningful exposure similar to first language acquisition. 2) Language is acquired in a natural order that cannot be forced. 3) Learning involves conscious output monitoring but has limited role in acquisition. 4) Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition but not conscious learning. 5) The affective filter hypothesis explains how anxiety can prevent input comprehension. Krashen's theories have influenced language teaching but also received criticism for lack of empirical evidence.
This document provides summaries of 5 source documents that could be cited in a research paper on language learning strategies for adult learners. Each summary is 1-3 sentences and provides the authors, purpose, audience and relevance to the research topic. The sources discussed include journal articles and a book on topics such as online vs traditional learning, language learning strategies, methodology in language teaching, and factors that influence learning.
Reading Strategies and Reading
comprehension in English among ESL school
students in Dubai, UAE – A Moderated
Mediation Regression Model
1
Sheeba Jojo,
2Channintorn Jittawiriyanukoon, 3Varughese Kizhakkacharuvil John
1Assumption University of Thailand, Bangkok 10240
2Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
3Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
Corresponding Author: Sheeba Jojo
Ph: +971 50 769 5778
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between reading strategies and the Lexile score of
the online reading comprehension program ‘Literacy Pro’. It was hypothesized that the reading strategies adopted
by students and the same recommended by the teachers have a positive intervening effect on the Lexile scores. The
findings of the study were not completely supportive as hypothesized. The moderated mediation regression results
are not reflecting any significant improvement in the Lexile score of students through the intervention of reading
strategies adopted by the students and the training imparted to that effect by the teachers. The technology oriented
‘Literacy Pro’ is a multi-component reading skill development program. Reading comprehension is the product of
multiple skills and knowledge sources, and the struggling readers often experience difficulty in multiple reading
skills. The foundational skills such as word identification, vocabulary knowledge, and reading fluency in addition
to strategies are necessary to construct meaning of the text and reading comprehension. Teachers must promote
text discussions in the classroom, provide online quiz competitions to improve vocabulary, grammar, and
construction of the sentences of a given text in the online reading program. An attractive and motivating software
application shall be developed and integrated to ‘Literacy Pro’ for individual learning practices and reading
comprehension.
Aspects In The Development Of Critical Thinking In Asian EFL Higher Education...Jose Katab
This document summarizes a research article about developing critical thinking skills in Asian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) higher education. It discusses how critical thinking is important for learners' academic and career success but is not widely supported in Asian EFL classrooms. The document reviews literature on defining critical thinking and the relationship between language skills and critical thinking. It suggests improving EFL education by incorporating critical thinking into instructional strategies, teaching materials, and teacher training to develop both language proficiency and critical thinking abilities in learners. The goal is to raise awareness of critical thinking among EFL educators and authorities to better prepare students.
This field report summarizes Adeeba Rao's project on fostering comprehension among 2nd standard students in Mount Litera Zee School in Saharanpur, UP, India. The report includes an acknowledgement, introduction discussing the importance of comprehension, a literature review on relevant theories and strategies, methodology, results from classroom observations, limitations, and conclusions. The project aimed to develop students' comprehension skills through discussion-based lessons using storybooks and modeling strategies like prediction, summarization, and making connections.
Utilizing Reciprocal Strategies to Improve Non English Majored Students’ Read...ijtsrd
The research aims to make an overview introduction of reciprocal teaching and examine the effects of this teaching technique on improving non English majored students’ reading comprehension at UNETI. The research employed a quasi experimental design with mixed methodology approach. SPSS 22 statistic technique of independent t test and paired sample t test was applied to process and analyze the quantitative data. The significance value was measured at 0,365 which is higher than the level of significance 0,05 . This proved that there was a significant effect of using RT strategy on students’ reading comprehension. Besides, qualitative methodology was applied in order for the researchers to get deeper understanding on participants’ performance and attitudes towards reciprocal teaching in reading class. With data collection tools as journals and focus group interview, textual data was gathered, analyzed and crosschecked to evaluate the validity and reliability of the research. The findings demonstrated that participants are impacted positively with reciprocal teaching instruction. In the light of the present study, the students reported that they found the reading lessons more interesting and exciting. Besides, the students were motivated to interact in class to discuss the target passage. Hence, they felt more confident and responsible for their own study. Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha | Vu Viet Phuong | Do Thi Tieu Yen "Utilizing Reciprocal Strategies to Improve Non- English Majored Students’ Reading Comprehension" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38601.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38601/utilizing-reciprocal-strategies-to-improve-non-english-majored-students’-reading-comprehension/nguyen-thi-thanh-ha
A Rationale For The Integration Of Critical Thinking Skills In EFL ESL Instru...Kate Campbell
This document provides a rationale for integrating critical thinking skills into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction. It discusses five categories of reasons for doing so: 1) Philosophical reasons related to the connection between language and thought, 2) Cognitive and metacognitive reasons regarding how critical thinking influences memory, comprehension, and metacognition, 3) Pedagogical reasons as modern language teaching methods require problem-solving, evaluation, and decision making, 4) Socio-economic reasons as critical thinking is a key skill required by the job market in the knowledge economy. The document concludes critical thinking can and should be developed through language instruction to benefit students.
This document discusses the importance of context in language comprehension and learning. It presents research showing that providing contextual information and activating students' background knowledge can improve comprehension. Visual aids like pictures and videos are found to help lower-level learners, while techniques like discussing vocabulary, titles and questions are also effective, especially for more advanced learners. The role of schema theory is explained, which holds that comprehension involves both bottom-up processing of textual details and top-down processing using context and expectations. Contextualizing language instruction and practice is recommended over isolated teaching of forms.
This document compares and contrasts second language acquisition theory and second language pedagogy. It discusses Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model theory, which posits that language is acquired through meaningful interaction rather than formal instruction. Language acquisition is a subconscious process, whereas learning is a conscious process. It also notes differences in how children and adults acquire a second language. Overall, it finds that while acquisition happens naturally, learning requires formal instruction and benefits from teaching methods, but acquisition allows for near-native fluency.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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This document provides guidance on developing academic writing skills through a one-day workshop. It discusses the key components of a research proposal, including defining the problem, reviewing relevant literature, and describing the proposed research methodology. It also outlines the typical structure of a research proposal into three chapters: introduction, literature review, and research methodology. Finally, it discusses how the proposal is transformed into a thesis research report, with additional chapters for data presentation and analyses and conclusions. The overall document serves as a handbook to train participants in best practices for academic writing, research proposals, and thesis reports.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Kurdish LanguageAI Publications
This document discusses a research study investigating vocabulary learning strategies used by Kurdish language learners at University of Duhok in Kurdistan. The study aims to examine the relationship between memory, metacognitive, social, and cognitive learning strategies and vocabulary acquisition. The researcher conducted a literature review on language learning strategies, the role of vocabulary in language learning, and classifications of vocabulary learning strategies. The findings showed a positive relationship between the four strategy types (memory, metacognitive, social, cognitive) and effective vocabulary learning.
The specific processes, techniques, and actions that learners take to facilitate their language learning have been widely explored under the concept of language learning strategies (LLS); however, more exploration is needed about recent investigations in this area, as calls for new theorization of strategies research have emerged. This systematic literature review aimed at exploring the prevailing research methodologies and educational settings appertaining to LLS in English as foreign language (EFL) contexts. The study analyzed 42 articles published from 2017 to 2023 in journals in the field of social sciences in the Scopus and ERIC databases. The findings show how non-intervention quantitative approaches are predominant in LLS research, occasionally accompanied by qualitative data collection methods. Accordingly, most research has favored descriptive and correlational designs, identifying the relationships between the use of strategies and variables such as language proficiency, demographic aspects, motivation, and self-regulation. Grounded on the revision of existing evidence, this article advises future strategy-based research to focus on primary and secondary levels of education, strategy instruction, cultural aspects, and qualitative research designs.
The document provides instructions for structuring an essay, including analyzing the question, grouping source materials, taking notes, constructing a thesis statement, writing an outline, finalizing references and citations, editing drafts, getting feedback, and writing a first draft. It discusses developing a thesis statement that takes a stance and is narrow enough to fully support, and includes examples of a reading grid, synthesis grid, and paragraph structure for writing the body of an essay.
Applying Genre-Based And L2 Pragmatic Instruction To Teaching Oral Presentati...Sarah Adams
This document describes the development of an online instructional platform to teach EFL college students oral presentation skills. It was designed based on principles of genre-based instruction and L2 pragmatic research. The platform engages learners in comparing presentation features of expert and learner samples. It then scaffolds learners to apply rhetorical and pragmatic features in their own practice presentations. An evaluation with 4 students found the platform expanded their understanding of "good presentations." The document argues that online materials should use authentic samples from a variety of cultural backgrounds to reflect the diversity of communication in a global community.
A Model For Implementing Problem-Based Language Learning Experiences From A ...Elizabeth Williams
This document summarizes a study that developed a model for implementing problem-based language learning over seven years at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. The model was developed using a design-based research approach involving 14 instructors and 2800 students. The model consists of elements like hybridizing courses, scaffolding for teachers and students, and developing a collaborative culture. Each element is described from a process perspective detailing how challenges were addressed along the way. The model is intended to integrate relevant problem-based learning and linguistic aspects while working around institutional constraints. It is hoped that the model will support future problem-based learning implementations.
Strategic Intervention Material SIM for Grade 11 Scienceijtsrd
This research assessed the effectiveness of Strategic Intervention Material for Grade 11 Science at Don Andres Soriano National High School, Toledo City Division. Twenty one students from Grade 11 STEM Academic Strand were the respondents of the study. Quasi experimental method of research particularly the one group pre and post test design with purposive sampling was used in the study. To determine the significant mean difference, a t test was used. The study was designed to assess the status of strategic intervention material as an instructional tool for learning acquisition. The topics of the experiment were the layers of the earth and the continental drift theory. Findings revealed that SIM aided students to obtain higher academic performance in Earth Science. Post data rejected the null hypothesis. Thus, there was a significant difference between the pre test and post test results. Strategic intervention materials were made which can be utilized as a medium of instruction for students’ new way of learning acquisition. Gica M. Tugbong "Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for Grade 11 Science" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53996.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/53996/strategic-intervention-material-sim-for-grade-11-science/gica-m-tugbong
Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabularyijtsrd
This paper focuses on the vocabulary features and learning strategies for language learners. Through using wide range of vocabulary and effective strategies, learners are able to develop their vocabulary. Since the vocabulary knowledge is vital for all four language skills, listening, reading, speaking and writing, it is necessary to determine how they can tackle the text which they have never encountered. To be able to know and cope with a wide range of vocabulary, it is needed for learners to know effective strategies for learning vocabulary. Chaw Su Hlaing "Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabulary" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27954.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/27954/assembling-the-strategies-for-learning-vocabulary/chaw-su-hlaing
The document summarizes 7 research studies on topics related to classroom communication and discourse analysis. The studies used qualitative methods like observation, audio recording, and questionnaires to understand teacher-student interactions and the impact of different teaching approaches. Key findings included that discourse analysis methods improved students' reading, analysis and language skills; inexperienced teachers used more semantic schemas in their talk; and learner-centered approaches led to more active student participation compared to teacher-centered methods. Gaps identified were a need for mixed methods studies and considering student perspectives.
This document discusses learner autonomy in language learning contexts. It argues that while learning strategies and learner training can support learner autonomy, the key factor is the nature of the pedagogical dialogue between teacher and learner. For learners to develop autonomy, teachers must also develop autonomy in how they structure learning. Learner autonomy has both a pedagogical dimension of accepting responsibility for learning, and a communicative dimension of using the language. Fostering both dimensions from early stages of learning allows learners to use the language with confidence, promoting further development.
Stephen Krashen developed the Monitor Model to explain second language acquisition. The model has five main hypotheses: 1) Language is acquired subconsciously through meaningful exposure similar to first language acquisition. 2) Language is acquired in a natural order that cannot be forced. 3) Learning involves conscious output monitoring but has limited role in acquisition. 4) Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition but not conscious learning. 5) The affective filter hypothesis explains how anxiety can prevent input comprehension. Krashen's theories have influenced language teaching but also received criticism for lack of empirical evidence.
This document provides summaries of 5 source documents that could be cited in a research paper on language learning strategies for adult learners. Each summary is 1-3 sentences and provides the authors, purpose, audience and relevance to the research topic. The sources discussed include journal articles and a book on topics such as online vs traditional learning, language learning strategies, methodology in language teaching, and factors that influence learning.
Reading Strategies and Reading
comprehension in English among ESL school
students in Dubai, UAE – A Moderated
Mediation Regression Model
1
Sheeba Jojo,
2Channintorn Jittawiriyanukoon, 3Varughese Kizhakkacharuvil John
1Assumption University of Thailand, Bangkok 10240
2Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
3Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
Corresponding Author: Sheeba Jojo
Ph: +971 50 769 5778
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between reading strategies and the Lexile score of
the online reading comprehension program ‘Literacy Pro’. It was hypothesized that the reading strategies adopted
by students and the same recommended by the teachers have a positive intervening effect on the Lexile scores. The
findings of the study were not completely supportive as hypothesized. The moderated mediation regression results
are not reflecting any significant improvement in the Lexile score of students through the intervention of reading
strategies adopted by the students and the training imparted to that effect by the teachers. The technology oriented
‘Literacy Pro’ is a multi-component reading skill development program. Reading comprehension is the product of
multiple skills and knowledge sources, and the struggling readers often experience difficulty in multiple reading
skills. The foundational skills such as word identification, vocabulary knowledge, and reading fluency in addition
to strategies are necessary to construct meaning of the text and reading comprehension. Teachers must promote
text discussions in the classroom, provide online quiz competitions to improve vocabulary, grammar, and
construction of the sentences of a given text in the online reading program. An attractive and motivating software
application shall be developed and integrated to ‘Literacy Pro’ for individual learning practices and reading
comprehension.
Aspects In The Development Of Critical Thinking In Asian EFL Higher Education...Jose Katab
This document summarizes a research article about developing critical thinking skills in Asian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) higher education. It discusses how critical thinking is important for learners' academic and career success but is not widely supported in Asian EFL classrooms. The document reviews literature on defining critical thinking and the relationship between language skills and critical thinking. It suggests improving EFL education by incorporating critical thinking into instructional strategies, teaching materials, and teacher training to develop both language proficiency and critical thinking abilities in learners. The goal is to raise awareness of critical thinking among EFL educators and authorities to better prepare students.
This field report summarizes Adeeba Rao's project on fostering comprehension among 2nd standard students in Mount Litera Zee School in Saharanpur, UP, India. The report includes an acknowledgement, introduction discussing the importance of comprehension, a literature review on relevant theories and strategies, methodology, results from classroom observations, limitations, and conclusions. The project aimed to develop students' comprehension skills through discussion-based lessons using storybooks and modeling strategies like prediction, summarization, and making connections.
Utilizing Reciprocal Strategies to Improve Non English Majored Students’ Read...ijtsrd
The research aims to make an overview introduction of reciprocal teaching and examine the effects of this teaching technique on improving non English majored students’ reading comprehension at UNETI. The research employed a quasi experimental design with mixed methodology approach. SPSS 22 statistic technique of independent t test and paired sample t test was applied to process and analyze the quantitative data. The significance value was measured at 0,365 which is higher than the level of significance 0,05 . This proved that there was a significant effect of using RT strategy on students’ reading comprehension. Besides, qualitative methodology was applied in order for the researchers to get deeper understanding on participants’ performance and attitudes towards reciprocal teaching in reading class. With data collection tools as journals and focus group interview, textual data was gathered, analyzed and crosschecked to evaluate the validity and reliability of the research. The findings demonstrated that participants are impacted positively with reciprocal teaching instruction. In the light of the present study, the students reported that they found the reading lessons more interesting and exciting. Besides, the students were motivated to interact in class to discuss the target passage. Hence, they felt more confident and responsible for their own study. Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha | Vu Viet Phuong | Do Thi Tieu Yen "Utilizing Reciprocal Strategies to Improve Non- English Majored Students’ Reading Comprehension" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38601.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38601/utilizing-reciprocal-strategies-to-improve-non-english-majored-students’-reading-comprehension/nguyen-thi-thanh-ha
A Rationale For The Integration Of Critical Thinking Skills In EFL ESL Instru...Kate Campbell
This document provides a rationale for integrating critical thinking skills into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction. It discusses five categories of reasons for doing so: 1) Philosophical reasons related to the connection between language and thought, 2) Cognitive and metacognitive reasons regarding how critical thinking influences memory, comprehension, and metacognition, 3) Pedagogical reasons as modern language teaching methods require problem-solving, evaluation, and decision making, 4) Socio-economic reasons as critical thinking is a key skill required by the job market in the knowledge economy. The document concludes critical thinking can and should be developed through language instruction to benefit students.
This document discusses the importance of context in language comprehension and learning. It presents research showing that providing contextual information and activating students' background knowledge can improve comprehension. Visual aids like pictures and videos are found to help lower-level learners, while techniques like discussing vocabulary, titles and questions are also effective, especially for more advanced learners. The role of schema theory is explained, which holds that comprehension involves both bottom-up processing of textual details and top-down processing using context and expectations. Contextualizing language instruction and practice is recommended over isolated teaching of forms.
This document compares and contrasts second language acquisition theory and second language pedagogy. It discusses Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model theory, which posits that language is acquired through meaningful interaction rather than formal instruction. Language acquisition is a subconscious process, whereas learning is a conscious process. It also notes differences in how children and adults acquire a second language. Overall, it finds that while acquisition happens naturally, learning requires formal instruction and benefits from teaching methods, but acquisition allows for near-native fluency.
Ähnlich wie Understanding the Language Learning A Grounded Theory Perspective (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD61169 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 6 | Nov-Dec 2023 Page 352
1970s and 1980s examined. Choosing a learning
model encompasses theory verification and
generation where each stage contributes to the other
in a non-linear way (Ghani & Daud, 2018; Jasa,
Harahap, & Medan, 2018) just like an edifice of great
structure with very strong foundation, a learning
model also needs to anchor and find in a reliable
foundation in the form of a theory. As always have
been (Khalil M., et.al, 2016), a teacher is involved in
instructional design activities that mostly lack
scientific underpinning and proper documentation. In
contrast to subject matter experts, instructional
designers formally trained to use several instructional
design models that developed for systematic planning
and the development of instruction. These systematic
processes in designing instruction aims at increasing
instructional efficiency and facilitating student
learning. In that respect, design models translate the
general principles of learning and instruction to
provide a procedural framework for developing
instructional models and creating an environment for
successful learning outcomes.
There has been no clear picture of why learners
succeed or fail in learning languages. For which, there
may be several potential reasons. It is evident that
there are very strong founding theories applied in L2
learning to establish the reasons behind their success
or failure in the field of language. The great question
now is “How are the learners doing in the perspective
of these theories? How are they behaving under the
applied theory?
A lot more still is to be answered especially towards
coping another educational era, the Education 4.0. As
of this time when there is still an observed amount of
difficulty to understand language learners on their
attitude towards learning English as a Second
Language, this study was pushed to understand
language learners more on a grounded theory
perspective.
Theoretical Framework
A language-learning model needs not be hasty and
half-baked. It needs a founding theory to support its
relevance and reliability. The grounded theories take
that of Krashen’s SLA and Bandura’s Social
Learning. These theories as applied in language
classrooms setting need revisiting to further the
understanding of the language learning situations and
behavior of the learners in it.
Fig. 1. Krashen’s Second Language Acquisition Theory
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD61169 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 6 | Nov-Dec 2023 Page 353
Stephen Krashen’s Second Language Acquisition Theory subscribed for years along the teaching –learning
endeavors. It is however, observed at this point in the era of fourth industrial revolution that huge changes need
revisiting of language learning theories subscribed for long years already.
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
This theory has a focal point of behavioral inquiry in this study. As per Krashen, there are two different ways of
creating language capacity. Procurement includes the subliminal acknowledgment of information where data
puts away in the cerebrum by correspondence; this is the procedure utilized for creating local dialects. Learning,
then again, is the cognizant acknowledgment of information 'about' a language (for example the language
structure or structure). Krashen states this is frequently the result of formal language guidance. This recognizes
the procedures of language securing and language learning. He differentiates procurement and learning as two
particular and separate language forms. Securing happens inactively and unknowingly through verifiable, casual,
or common getting the hang of, bringing about certain information and gained ability of a language; at the end of
the day, to get a language is to "get" a language by depending on "emotions" of accuracy instead of cognizant
information on language rules. Krsahen states this is frequently the result of formal language guidance. As
indicated by this hypothesis, the ideal way a language found out is through characteristic correspondence.
Krashen (for example 1981, 1982, 1985) depicts obtaining as an inner mind process practically indistinguishable
from the one utilized in first language procurement.
With this in see, Krashen claims that blunder amendment influences learning, not obtaining; it prompts
reconsidering and modifying cognizant principles. As indicated by him, obtaining plays an undeniably focal job
than learning in second language execution. Cognizant guidelines just perform one capacity: editorial manager
or Screen.
The Monitor Hypothesis
Among language learners, there is always a kind of judging by spectators around including the teacher. This is
one of the scenarios this study was investigated. Krashen states that checking can add to the exactness of an
articulation yet its utilization ought to be restricted. He proposes that the 'screen' can occasionally go about as an
obstruction as it powers the student to back off and center more on exactness instead of familiarity. It will
consistently be a test to find some kind of harmony between empowering exactness and familiarity with your
understudies. This equalization will rely upon various factors including the language level of the understudies,
the setting of language use and the individual objectives of every understudy. This parity called open
competency.
The Natural Order hypothesis
As to the assumption of this study, learning a language follows a particular natural pattern. As per Krashen,
students obtain portions of language in an anticipated request. For some random language, certain syntactic
structures procured early while others obtained later all the while. This speculation recommends that this
common request of securing happen freely of conscious educating and along these lines instructors cannot
change the request for a syntactic instructing succession. As per this speculation, instructors ought to know that
specific structures of a language are simpler to secure and in this manner language structures educated in a
request that is helpful for learning. Educators should begin by presenting language ideas that are moderately
simple for students to secure and afterward use framework to present ideas that are more troublesome.
The Input hypothesis
Understanding the learners as attached to this study is vital especially in examining the inputs. This theory
proposes that language procurement happens when students get messages that they can comprehend. An idea
called intelligible info. Nevertheless, Krashen likewise proposes that this conceivable information ought to be
one-advance past the student's present language capacity, to permit students to keep on advancing with their
language improvement. This theory features the significance of utilizing the Objective Language in the study
hall. The objective of any language program is for students to have the option to impart viably. By giving
however much fathomable contribution as expected, particularly in circumstances when students not presented
to the TL outside of the homeroom, the educator can make a more successful open door for language acquisition.
The Affective Filter
The fifth theory, the affective filter, represents the impact of emotional components on second language
obtaining. Influence alludes to non-phonetic factors, for example, inspiration, fearlessness, and tension. As
indicated by the affective filter, influence impacts securing, however not learning, by encouraging or keeping
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD61169 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 6 | Nov-Dec 2023 Page 354
understandable contribution from arriving at the language acquisition gadget. As such, full of feeling factors, for
example, dread, apprehension, weariness, and protection from change can influence the securing of a subsequent
language by keeping data about the second language from arriving at the language territories of the brain.
Krashen claims that one deterrent that shows itself during language obtaining is the full of feeling channel; and
that 'screen' affected by enthusiastic factors that can forestall learning. This speculative channel does not
influence obtaining legitimately but instead keeps contribution from arriving at the language securing some
portion of the mind. As indicated by Krashen the full of feeling channel incited by a wide range of factors
including uneasiness, fearlessness, inspiration and stress.
Besides, when the full of feeling channel squares conceivable information, obtaining falls flat or happens less
significantly then when the emotional channel bolsters the admission of understandable info. The full of feeling
channel, accordingly, represents singular variety in second language procurement. Second language guidance
can and should work to limit the impacts of the emotional channel. In any part of training, it is consistently
essential to make a sheltered, inviting condition in which understudies can learn.
In language training, this might be particularly significant since to take in and produce language, students need
to feel that they can commit errors and face challenges. This relates legitimately to Krashen's speculation of the
full of feeling channel. To get familiar with making a positive homeroom condition.
Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Somehow or another, Bandura's setting partners with Stephen Krashen's subsequent language learning
hypothesis being tried in this examination. The social learning hypothesis of Bandura accentuates the
significance of watching and demonstrating the practices, mentalities, and enthusiastic responses of others.
Bandura (1977) states: Social learning hypothesis clarifies human conduct as far as constant complementary
association between intellectual, social, a natural impact. It is additionally the hypothetical establishment for the
procedure of conduct displaying which is generally utilized in preparing programs. This is one where it identifies
with this investigation where model or guide is the issue.
The most well-known (and inescapable) instances of social learning circumstances are TV ads. Advertisements
recommend that drinking a specific refreshment or utilizing a specific hair cleanser will make us famous and win
the reverence of appealing individuals. Contingent on the segment forms included, (for example, consideration
or inspiration), we may demonstrate the conduct appeared in the business and purchase the promoted item.
Cognitive Theory
One of the hypotheses that this investigation holds is the Psychological hypothesis. This worries those
psychological procedures that saw through people's critical thinking procedure and individuals' learning
methodologies. It examines human minds' reasoning procedure. Cognitivists accept that an individual has natural
methods of getting, handling and using data at various intellectual improvement stages; advocate the
investigation of individuals' psychological advancement procedures and models, and structure distinctive
instructional projects dependent on one's psychological advancement needs at various formative stages. Jane
Piaget (1898-1980), Jerome Seymour Bruner (1915) and David P. Ausubel (1918-2008) speak to this hypothesis.
In training, intellectual formative hypothesis is to build up understudies' capacities of inventive reasoning, data
examining, and critical thinking through PC helped guidance.
Constructivist Theory
Another hypothesis tied down on is Constructivist hypothesis. This is supportive of letting understudies to
develop their perspective of the world, reasoning of living, specialized aptitude, and information structures;
underlines one's learning activity, social and situational learning encounters. The center of this hypothesis is
disclosure learning. Understudies learn by doing. John Dewey (1859-1952), a notable instructive clinician,
accepted that rehearsing is an establishment of learning, and without learning practice, understudies would get
lost. He focused on that understudies build their insight by and by, and instructional structure should regard
understudies' mental improvement needs.
Previous Soviet therapist Vygotsky proposed a social constructivist hypothesis that underlines one's social and
social foundations to decide one's conduct. He accepted human's development is a result of culture. The impact
of Constructivist hypothesis on the turn of events and execution of instructive innovation reflected in the
spearheading instructive games, mixed media improvement and dynamic online communications.
In the sense that Innovation is the keyword of Education 4.0, it is catering to the need of the society in
‘innovative era’. It is in accordance to the changing behavior with the special characteristics of parallelism,
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connectives (Goldie, 2016), and visualization. The learning theories must help to develop the learner’s ability to
apply the new models. Moreover, this model which will help the learner to develop according to the changes in
society. Sinlarat (2016) stated that the learning model of this era is a new learning system, allowing the learner to
grow with knowledge and skills for the whole life, not just to know how to read and write. To be able to live in a
society and to be equipped with the best of his/her ability. Therefore, Education 4.0 will be more than just an
education.
Conceptual Framework
The very advantage of this study is the assumption of a gap in the application of language learning theories and
other learning theories. There must be a missing link between the learners’ behavior and the theory perspective
in the language learning approach as applied in the classroom. Language learners need to be studied, observed
and analyzed in their classroom setting behavior. It assumed that in the SLA theories of Krashen and Social
Learning Theory of Badura something is to consider in the application.
With the identified gaps, it created themes to be the anchor of the data gathering or the investigation. Language
learners were the participants in the study. They observed, interviewed, observed, and documented in their
behavior and attitude towards the classroom learning of the language. Questions that guided the inquiry
anchored on six themes drawn from Krashen’s five SLA Hypotheses and Bandura’s Social Learning hypothesis.
Analysis of the pervading theory in language learning and acquisition was the much input of the investigation.
The established theory of Stephen Krashen on Second Language Acquisition was revisited. Language students
subjected to a direct and indirect observation to describe them along with the claims of hypotheses posed by
Krashen in his SLA theory. The language learning scenes expected to react with the claims of the five
hypotheses. The investigation aimed at understanding the learning of L2 in the perspective of grounded theory. It
expected to catalyze grounded theory as basis for a language-learning model.
Fig. 2. Schematic Diagram of Social, Active and Concrete Language
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Learning Model
The result of the study was able to saturate three theories to support a language-learning model developed.
As the questions were able to elicit answers through observations of the students, the six hypotheses tested of its
claimed affirmation, negation and gaps. This was how the existing description processed according to its
affirmation and negation or gaps of the hypotheses. The appreciation of the learners’ behavior vis-a-viz SLA
theories and Social Learning theory were processed and analyzed in order that a new theory generated and
became foundation of the new language-learning model. Innovations embedded in the new language-learning
model encompassed the novel behavior found in the students.
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to develop a language-learning model addressing Education 4.0 from the perspective of a
grounded theory. Its specific objectives were to:
1. Describe language learning on the perspective of Stephen Krashen’s Second Language Learning and Albert
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Framework.
2. Describe language learning as applied in classroom setting on the perspective of grounded theory.
3. Identify the gaps of language learning in the classroom setting.
4. Design a language-learning model based on the findings of the study.
Assumptions of the Study
From the objectives stated, these are the assumptions in working towards concluding theory:
1. Learning about the language has no influence on their language acquisition.
2. Consciousness of accuracy does not affect language fluency.
3. Learning the language does not necessarily follow any order.
4. Comprehensive Input does not necessarily affect language output
5. Emotional variables does not block language-learning performance.
6. Language learning is not primarily social
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study set a limit and coverage in terms of time, people and materials to spend in its conduct. It made a target
to finish by the end of School Year 2019-2020.
The researcher involved only one class of learners who enrolled in Grade 9 of Year 2019-2020. She chose the
class she handled for observation. The classroom activities and springboard lessons were language learning
picked out topics attuned to the themes of Krashen’s SLA Theories and Bandura’s social learning theory. The
topics were picked out of the last two-quarter lessons of English 9. The conduct of such classes was non-graded
since this was only for the purpose of observing and getting data about how students learn language in the
perspective of SLA theories and social learning theory.
There was a minimum of three repeated observations. Moreover, observations continue with interviews and
documentary analysis until saturation of the data. In the retrieval of data, only observation transcripts and picture
taking allowed since school authorities and parents did not allow videotaping for privacy protection of the
learners. The conduct lasted for four weeks or the whole month of February to specify.
Significance of the Study
This study is of great importance for the whole humanity in general who without a language to live with is deem
dumb. It is however very specific to benefit directly the following:
Language learners. Being the recipients of any language model designed, they affected of whatever
undertakings in the language classroom incorporated in a learning model applied. Understanding language
learning indirectly understands them in the way they should learn.
Language Teachers. Teachers of language bombarded with multiple tasks not to mention other attached
functions in school and family affairs. With such clamor, language teachers may find the guide and the
directions as planned in the output of this study.
Learning Materials Developers. This research may shed light on the basis of their materials development
intended to facilitate language learning in lesser and lighter classroom tasks. This may set directions towards
choice of modality. It applies in varied learning environments.
School Administrators. Information that gleaned from this study may guide them in financial planning and
school managerial operations supporting teachers and learners.
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School Stakeholders. General reading public like parents, local government units and other entities in the
community may also find treasures of knowledge as to the background of language learners’ behaviors affecting
them at home in the community.
Definition of Terms
In this study, terms used may not be of the same meaning as those in generic. For readers’ understanding, these
terms defined according to its operational use in this study.
Education 4.0. A school of thought encourages non-traditional thinking when it comes to imparting education.
Education 4.0 developed as a response to Industry 4.0, in order to create trained, qualified professionals who are
ready for a highly globalized and digital-driven world of work.
Language Acquisition. It is the ability to use and understand language through a subconscious process. In
which they are unaware of grammatical rules of the language.
Language Fluency. One’s ability to speak or write smoothly, easily, readily in the target language.
Language Learning. It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language.
Learning Model. It is a theory anchored design of how learning exercises and activities be implemented with
the aim of producing positive output. It can unite school leaders, teachers, and students with shared goals, a
shared understanding of how to reach the goals, and a shared vocabulary for discussing progress.
Learning Theory. It describes how students absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive,
emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a
worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
Neo Normal. In this study, the term refers to the worldwide change of learning modalities as called for by health
protocols to avoid infection with COVID 19 (corona virus disease).It prescribes physical distancing as normal in
the current world health situation.
SLA. Second Language Acquisition. When one has acquired another language after first language or mother
tongue, it is SLA. In this study, SLA here is English, the next to the Filipino mother tongue.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
This part of the paper lays down literature and studies related to the problems and issues dealt with in this study.
Presentation of the literature and studies arranged thematically.
The Necessity of a Learning Theory
Learning hypotheses give the establishment to the determination of instructional systems and take into a concrete
forecast of their adequacy as Hubbell, E. R., and Goodwin, B. (2019) put it. Educators engaged with numerous
instructional structure exercises without formal preparation in learning speculations and the study of guidance.
To accomplish successful learning results, the study of input and instructional structure models used to manage
the advancement of instructional plan methodologies that evoke fitting psychological procedures. Significant
learning speculations examined and chose instances of instructional structure models clarified and confirmed.
One example of theory verification and testing was that of Pienemann (Lantolf, J. P., & Zhang, X., 2015). He
objected to the claim that the Teachability Hypothesis is a development of general Processability Theory. Only
spontaneous speech can generate data that are relevant for assessing the predictions of Processability Theory and
Teachability Hypothesis. Moreover, the alleged departure from the requirements of Processability Theory about
what counts as evidence of a stage having been attained or not.
Processability hypothesis is one of the most persevering issues in human discernment research. Managing and
tying down to language learning speculation saw to be acceptable indicators of accomplishment in L2 learning.
The utilization of clear or secret learning techniques in managing language learning undertakings may
demonstrate understudies' degree of language capability and the other way around. Learning a language is an
overwhelming task that includes a few beginning procedures. For a considerable length of time, these procedures
examined through perceptions, studies, and analyses in the endeavor to give a solid portrayal of the language-
learning marvel and help the students in accomplishing explicit objectives. Past exploration that concentrated on
the instructor, the showing strategies, and language procurement gave proof that varieties of student's
accomplishments in language learning exist. Such disclosure prompted a move in the spotlight and more
accentuation on the idea of language learning techniques (Cabaysa and Baetiong, 2010).
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Any learning endeavor that needs assurance of success, according to Tilson, J., Sandretto, S. & Pratt, K. (2017),
relies on example subscribed theory. It is a notion of reflection that underpinned by criticality wherein people
taught, for example, how to read societal inequality, and were then encouraged taking action against unjust
situations to create societal change. A concept of the theory is required if a learning reflection and doing are to
be assured. This praxis encompasses both. Praxis involved carefully considered and consciously theorized
action. In this word, praxis “requires theory to illuminate it.
Given the social constructivist hypotheses of learning depicted as one of the establishing speculations of this
examination as identified with Language Learning Hypotheses of Krashen, the discoveries of this investigation
have come to fit in Obsidian Learning Model. The model grounded in three core values (Victor, 2016):
1. Learning must be fully learner-centered, supporting the learner not only in periods of formal instruction but
also in outside school presence. Learners do not passively absorb information. Alternatively, social,
collaborative experiences enable both personal and group construction of knowledge. Access to online tools
promotes the integration of personal experience with networked wisdom.
2. Learning blended. Learning experiences must focus, easily manageable, and target the unique needs of the
individual learner. It is expensive, time-consuming, and ineffective to keep learners in a classroom for days.
Instead, learning should be ongoing, occur when needed, and make use of inexpensive (if not free)
technologies.
3. Learning should be a social experience. It should provide opportunities for collaboration and interaction –
both within formal learning experiences and continuing in at home and in the community, in the form of
collaborative problem-solving, ongoing performance support, and communities of practice. Instructional
design for distributed learning must take into account social presence, using learning strategies that
encourage and build camaraderie and engagement just as connectives suggests that literacy also includes
knowledge gained from online sources.
Based on these principles, Obsidian Learning uses the term “distributed learning” to describe learning that is:
Blended, using various combinations of ILT, WBT, and mobile learning. Collaborative, including individual,
partnered, and greater group experiences, spread out over time, including formal training, informal education,
and refresher. Just-in-time (JIT) learning that occurs at the point of need, along with performance support.
Focused, he is focused on competency development.
Reviewing Language Learning Models
In the Philippines, Gonzales (2018) presented a conducted study that focused on intrinsic motivation factors. It
helped identify what specific L2 communicative skills are more helpful to students to learn. The study showed
that selected freshmen college students from different universities in Manila were intrinsically motivated to
learning speaking and reading skills. They were intrinsically motivated via knowledge and accomplishment.
They further reported that, basically, Filipino students were intrinsically motivated to learn English because of
their exposure to the language. Moreover, they argued that Filipino learners are inherently motivated to use
English in speaking, reading, and listening due to the nature of these skills and the tangible rewards that these
skills may bring the learners.
This study led him to develop the Filipino Foreign Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire (FFLLM-Q).
His exploration yielded six-motivation orientation towards FL learning: (1) desire for career and economic
enhancement; (2) desire to become a global citizen; (3) desire to communicate and affiliate with foreigners; (4)
desire for self-satisfaction in learning; (5) self-efficacy; and (6) desire for cultural integration.
For unknown dialect learning, another model surveyed in this examination. A model called "Show preemptive
kindness" Model" tried by Mantasiah, R. (2018) to know the viability of show proactive kindness model in
unknown dialect figuring out how to build understudy's self-adequacy and scholarly inspiration. This learning
model propelled by a film named show visionary kindness. The film portrays a kid who has a basic plan to
change the world. The youngster thinks about that to change the world; he should welcome many individuals to
do graciousness. The path utilized by the youngster called "show proactive kindness…" The focal point of these
lines is to share generosity with the others, and the individuals share a similar benevolence to someone else. This
idea moves specialists to create show preemptive kindness models. This model actualized in unknown dialect
learning.
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One of the benefits of this model is that each understudy has the same job in the class. Each engaged with the
learning procedure. The model triggers the scholarly inspiration and self-adequacy of understudies, as one of the
most significant angles, which see to build under study's scholastic and self-viability. They should feel being
associated with the class effectively. There are some learning steps in the utilization of this model. 1) Talk and
understudies must pick an understudy who can be data focus. 2) The talk will disclose learning material to the
picked understudy. 3) The understudy is capable of disclosing to the three different understudies related to the
learning material; the number relies upon all out of understudies in the class. It can change that each understudy
is capable of two or four understudies. 4) The following stage is each understudy of the three understudies must
disclose to three different understudies, the procedure proceeds until all understudies getting the clarification. 5)
The last advance of this model is talk can affirm to the last or center understudies to disclose learning material to
guarantee that clarification got by all understudies is correct.
Obsidian's Disseminated Learning model is another achievement-coordinated model that applied in language
learning. Its three significant parts prepare extensive correspondence roads for language students. It incorporates
1. Innovation: Through innovation – in the homeroom, via web-based networking media stages like Twitter or
Facebook – students are engaged to team up with one another and to look for assets for their very own learning
systems (PLNs). 2. Experience: An assortment of learning encounters utilizing a variety of media – instructor
drove preparing (both study hall and virtual), online preparing, execution support (for without a moment to spare
learning), networks of training – prompts expanded student commitment and fabricates the innovation interceded
coordinated effort abilities that are so indispensable in our worldwide economy. 3. Individuals: Community
learning is a central segment of Obsidian's Appropriated Learning model. Learning encounters should support
synergistic learning and critical thinking; and, the improvement of progressing networks of training, and shaping
associations, e.g., PLNs interfacing with different PLNs.
For effective execution of dispersed learning, the learning fashioner should enlarge the customary components of
instructional frameworks configuration to incorporate these three segments.
In Obsidian's Conveyed Learning model, ILT is commonly short and much centered around critical thinking and
application. In different cases, online preparing (WBT), or eLearning (electronic learning), is a more applicable
strategy. Run of the mill conveyance of eLearning is using the Web utilizing such advances as self-managed
execution errand, remotely coordinating, and video conferencing.
Obsidian has utilized the mediations recorded underneath in disseminated learning situations:
Micro learning (learning nuggets): Brief learning exercises (enduring a couple of moments as long as a few
minutes) that can be utilized to upgrade (or even supplant) important course modules; models incorporate
brief recordings followed by tests and smaller-scale digital broadcasts conveyed on stages like YouTube and
Twitter. As Obsidian, we frequently utilize the expression "learning pieces" to depict small-scale learning.
As a model, learning chunks are errands that students act in a specific setting to achieve definite results. In
this way, as focused and contextualized pieces, smaller-scale learning (or learning chunks) can use with
portable innovations to give just in time execution support.
Learning Video: With the ascent in the fame of free video-sharing locales, for example, YouTube and the
accessibility of value video catching innovation on cell phones, recordings as a learning design are getting
progressively well known. They utilized to clarify and disentangle complex ideas, frameworks, or
procedures. Perfect learning recordings are ordinarily short (from three to five minutes in length) and are in
this way appropriate for versatile learning.
Simulations: A reproduction is an instructional technique that repeats as loyally as conceivable circumstance,
procedure, or system. Reenactments should be possible face to face (as pretending) or utilizing innovation
(both face to face and on the web). Reenactments ought to be student-focused, major, and adaptable
circumstance.
To amplify open doors for collective learning, circulated learning encounters ought to remember exercises to
improve social nearness for a wide range of learning cooperation: understudy to-understudy, understudy to-
educator, instructor to-understudy, understudy to-substance, and understudy to-world.
The accompanying techniques demonstrated methods for making elevated levels of social nearness. It makes a
conversation space for open collaboration to encourage bunch attachment and communication. It empowers the
two facilitators and students to offer criticism that contains praises and bid thanks to making a strong learning
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network. It underpins the clear articulation of affirmation of others' info, understanding, difference, compliment,
and questions. It utilizes feeling, humor, and self-divulgence to reinforce passionate associations in the
gathering. It gives devices to the singular sharing of assets and data with the conference. Recollect that the
gathering's aggregate information and experience are significant for building social nearness and can improve
conversation and cooperation.
Consider additionally approaches to evaluate the authority of substance as well as of the social, communitarian
components of learning in the 21st century. In this model, knowledge estimated as far as an individual
accomplishment as well as by analyzing the manners by which students interface with others to team up and
share the making of information.
The Emergence of Technology in Language Learning
The utilization of the developing innovation in a language-learning model to satisfy the needs of the fourth
modern upset educators pressed to develop effective instructional models specifically to the end of this study, a
language-learning model. It aims to understand language learning and brings in changes to the idea. While it
seems comparatively easy to single out specific factors of successful learning under experimental laboratory
conditions, it seems practically impossible to attribute success and failure in classroom learning situations, which
affected by a multitude of visible and invisible factors, many of which are subconscious and therefore
inaccessible through introspection.
Improvements in advanced innovations and their application in English language instructing can make
instructors stress over what their job will be later on. Even though it is improbable that robots supplant
educators, a portion of the procedures and substance generally oversaw by the instructor administered by
programming. For instance, there has been a generous take-up of learning, especially in the K-12 setting (that is,
in essential and optional schools) in North America. As one model, Carpe Diem secondary schools in the USA
utilize a 'flex' model of learning in the conveyance of center subjects like science and English. In this model,
understudies spend a considerable piece of exercise time in PC rooms, working exclusively through subject
material conveyed through versatile learning programming.
Paraprofessionals (non-specialists, typically secondary school graduates) help understudies with the product
when consequential, supervising these times of self-study. In the wake of working with versatile learning
programming for 30 to an hour at once, understudies move into study halls with prepared educators. The latter
who complete the entire class, gathering and pair work. The homeroom periods give a chance to educators to
work with understudies on higher-request aptitudes, for example, basic reasoning, critical thinking, and venture
work. This model of learning sees an inexorably broad take-up in the USA. Other K-12 schools that follow a flex
mixed learning approach incorporate Rocket transport Training schools in California, New Study hall schools in
New York, Matchbook Learning schools in Detroit, and Ednovate schools in Los Angeles.
Innovation is an apparatus to upgrade social learning in Obsidian's Dispersed Learning model. Models, for
example, Learning Entrance: A planned page (or set of pages) housed on knowledge the executive’s framework
(LMS), SharePoint, or some other site that fills in as the center of the program. Interpersonal interaction
Advancements: Such apparatuses as websites, wikis, and online systems of companions and expert associates
can be surprising empowering influences of social, communitarian learning.
The user-focused, and intelligent nature of person-to-person communication innovations empowers coordinated
effort and sharing of data. This device used to help the improvement of internet learning networks. Advances
like wikis and web journals can catch the co-formation of information while Facebook has shut gathering
highlight use as a stage for online conversation and joint effort. Versatile Getting the hang of discovering that is
conveyed utilizing portable correspondence advancements, for example, tablets, cell phones, and comparative
gadgets. Adaptable learning can incorporate execution emotionally supportive networks, brief instructional
exercises, agendas, recordings, video chatting (talk), and small-scale learning. Experience what realizing
encounters will best address the issues of the student, and when would it be advisable for them to happen? On
certain occasions, a short teacher drove preparing (ILT) may be such required. Then again, virtual ILT with
innovation-driven coordinated effort may better address the issues of scattered students.
The use of e-learning is becoming a global issue now. In an educational field, there are many institutions already
use it. The examination intended to test the plausibility and adequacy of the improvement of instructional
materials. E-Learning was dependent on the learning in sound/radio media improvement course. The foundation
laid behind the issue is the experience of the understudies that experience issues in building up the sound/radio
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media original copy. This experience brought about by the restricted time the instructor needed to clarify the
screenwriting material, and term the understudies needed to compose the sound/radio content. Hence, it
influenced the absence of understudies' comprehension of the course material and the understudies' scriptwriting
result, which is not possible to create yet (Krisanto An., et al. 2017).
The mixed model of learning offered by these schools has scrutinized a few checks. Right off the bat, they are
supplanting some school hours with versatile learning content conveyed using PCs and directed by
paraprofessionals. It implies that schools can pay qualified educators for fewer contact hours with understudies;
after some time, expenses can altogether decrease. In any case, the nature of a versatile learning substances can
be flawed. Methodologically, the flex mixed learning approach mirrors a conventional perspective on learning,
where the material is packaged into little pieces to be processed by the students directly. Understudies in
government-sanctioned tests, which as often as possible occur on the web, replicate this substance.
There is consistently a job of innovation, even in Flipped Learning. It might well give an advantageous gathering
spot to humans and machines to cooperate to contribute the ideal learning open doors for understudies. One of
the soonest and most broadly cited advocates of the technique should without a doubt be Salman Khan and his
Khan Institute, the all-encompassing way of thinking behind it is more seasoned than this online manifestation
(see Mazur, 2017; Lage and Platt, 2010). Nevertheless, Khan carried the plan to the consideration of the more
extensive world with his straightforward and available adaptation on the web. Conversing with The Money Road
Diary in 2011, Khan portrayed the way of thinking behind his work as 'giving understudies and instructors
influence to "flip" the customary study hall: understudies can hear addresses at home and invest their energy at
school doing "schoolwork" – that is, taking a shot at issues' (Khan, 2011). Initially intended to build the
investigation of science among kids, the site currently offers an assortment of branches of knowledge, up and
down the Flipped model lines.
For whatever length of time that there are new investigates, there are additionally advancements tapped for
reason for more extensive cluster of learning. It is clear in one investigation into the adequacy of the flex mixed
learning approach indicating blended outcomes. (Lafer, 2014). Understudies can get adroit at stepping through
online examinations, however less capable in basic reasoning and critical thinking abilities. In spite of the
admonitions, the flex mixed learning approach is a pattern, which is probably going to make advances all around
over the long haul (see Hockly, 2016).
Mixed learning has additionally developed essentially in English language instructing over learning can bring
down educational cost costs for instructive establishments. Nevertheless, it is significant that all around planned
mentor bolstered mixed learning does not bring down costs (Horn and Staker, 2012). A second driver for the
development of learning is mechanical, as equipment and programming become progressively available and
reasonable. Different purposes behind embracing mixed learning given by English language instructors and
establishments incorporate huge class sizes; absence of homeroom space; educator disappointment with the
effect of eye-to-eye instructing; and the restricted introduction to English that students get in planned classes
(Aborisade, 2013). Likewise, political insecurity may affect a foundation's choice to embrace mixed realizing,
when students do not genuinely go to vis-à-vis classes because of political distress (Armada, 2013).
With innovation headways, other most recent advancements demonstrated students the flavor of everything as in
learning models that offer distributive learning qualities. Grounded in social constructivist speculations of
learning, the model stresses the utilization of mixed learning arrangements (educator drove, on the web,
versatile, continuous execution support) to cultivate community learning. There are three essential segments in
the model: innovation, experience, and individuals. Obsidian's conveyed taking in arrangements draw from
every one of these segments relying upon school authoritative imperatives, instructional prerequisites, and
student needs.
The Global Language Education Scenario in the 21st Century
In accordance with the article of Borlongan (2016), entitled “Relocating Philippine English in Schneider’s
Dynamic Model,” the case of the Philippines is different from that of the United States, Australia, Canada, and
New Zealand in terms of the linguistic repertoire and language choices available. Again, the Philippines (and, in
this case, also Singapore) departs from these monolingual-in-English countries in that the original colonizers are
no longer existent in contemporary society, and what is left is only the language English.
Education 4.0 is catering to the need of society in an innovative era. It is in accordance with the changing
behavior with the unique characteristics of parallelism, connectives (Goldie- ,2016), and visualization. This
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learning management must help to develop the learner’s ability to apply the new knowledge in the new standard,
which will help the learners to elaborate according to the changes in society. Sinlarat (2016) stated that the
learning management of this era is a new learning system, allowing the learner to grow with knowledge and
skills for the whole life, not just to know how to read and write. To be able to live in a society and to be
equipped with the best of his/her ability. Therefore, Education 4.0 will be more than just an education.
Works towards the codification of Philippine English through dictionaries and grammars have initiated and are
ongoing. Schneider Model rightly predicts that dictionaries come first before reference grammars. He says that
changes are fewer and much harder to accept as correct, given that there is the so-called common core of English
grammar earlier mentioned. Dictionary came out first before more extensive corpus-based grammatical analyses
(synthesized were done and the essentials of the verb and noun systems in Philippine English prepared and
written (Bengco, 2014; Borlongan, 2011a, 2016; Morales, 2016).
Borlongan and Lim (2013) have drawn up an inventory of the features of Philippine English. Also, Philippine
English words have added in recent updates of the Oxford English Dictionary (Salazar, 2015). Quite
importantly, exonormativity stabilization in terms of grammar documented even across time (Borlongan, 2014).
Indeed, a foreign scholar comments as early as the 1990s that Philippine English is among the well documented
in Southeast Asian English. A pedagogical model for teaching Philippine English already developed by
Bernardo (2013).
Education 4.0 is a reaction to the requirements of IR4.0 where human and innovation adjusted to empower
additional opportunities. Fisk (2017) clarifies that the new vision of learning elevates students to learn aptitudes
and information that required as well as to distinguish the source to gain proficiency with these abilities and
facts. Literacy is worked around them with respect to where and how to learn and following of their presentation
is done through databased customization. Friends become exceptionally critical in their learning. They take in
together and from one another, while the instructors accept the job of facilitators in their knowledge.
Language of the Digital Age
From 2019 on, tectonic forces continue to reshape life, economies, industries, and jobs around the world. The
constantly changing and reshaped the future world is where Higher Education students wish to benefit from and
contribute. Most of our current and future students ask – What will the future hold for me? How will my
education be relevant? (Alexander, B. et al., 2019) Today’s young people understand that lifelong learning is
going to be the norm for them. The possibility that learning a subsequent language is a pass to more elevated
level of employment or a worldwide position is a legend. Today information on another dialect is one of the
various abilities, which may support an individual secure important business, not an assurance to a superior
activity or a professional success.
The progression in ICT is, without a doubt, quickly changing the way of life of work. Educators should set up to
utilize and embrace innovation as innovation improves understudy's learning; instructors ought to comprehend
that 21st-century homeroom must give creation upheld showing materials (Padmavathi, 2016). Educators'
application of innovation will come out with incredible learning conditions. Besides, it will change the
instructive procedure of learning and educating in where the students will manage information in a useful and
dynamic manner. The innovation isn't just considering as an apparatus, which included for existing showing
strategies yet additionally these days, the new advancements by the fourth mechanical unrest are viewed as a
cutting edge instrument to improve and bolster better approaches for learning and instructing process.
The Learning Modality Call
A great part of the conditions in the ongoing occasion’s request that students need to remain a ways off while
interfacing with others in the learning procedure. Gadgets, contraptions and different instruments for
correspondence and network are popular. (Pegrum, 2014). Cell phones have democratized access to innovation,
and to a degree, this is valid for an assortment of reasons: they are generally modest, they are simple, snappy and
modest to energize, information associations are frequently modest, and they are moderately hardwearing and
great out in the field where other more sensitive advances may die. In any case, we would do well to recollect
that not every person has a cell phone, not every person can charge them, and not every person can get to online
administrations with them. In this regard, the computerized partition talked about before in this article is as
applicable to the portable setting for what it's worth to some other innovation. Solanki and Shyamlee (2012) and
Pourhosein Gilakjani (2017) bolstered the view that language-learning model should be reliable to the time. It
alluded to as explicit plat structure; thought; step, procedures, and strategy, language-learning models are
utilized by educators to additionally upgrade finding out about a language. While there are requests of getting
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receptive to the fourth modern insurgency, there is a genuine need to give a proportion of students' full of feeling
decision and language instructors' information on an of language learning in the period of Education 4.0.
It is in all likelihood the case, in any case, that there are more cell phones in the possession of students
worldwide than some other sort of innovation which can be presented as a powerful influence for learning and
instructing. In addition, it is consequently that we see vast advances of versatile education into the English
language study hall, both in cutting edge and low-tech conditions, in created and creating nations and settings
(see, for a choice of contextual investigations).
It is maybe the omnipresence of the gadgets, and the subsequent effect on instructive foundation funds makes
them so undeniably situated across the board appropriation and use. Embracing a Present to Your Gadget or
BYOD approach implies that foundations no longer need to put resources into supersize equipment themselves,
letting lose any financial plan for different purposes largely. Besides, maybe more significantly, they are an
innovation, which installed in the lives of understudies outside the study hall. It has neither rhyme nor reason not
to convey that relationship over into the study hall. Additionally, it encourages understudies to see how they
consider the unadulterated amusement. The device brings to hold up under the administration of their learning.
Why the need for Teacher-Learner Preparation?
The investigation of Datu, et.al. (2018) tended to the arrangement through evaluating the degree to which Mental
Capitalization related with ideal scholarly and prosperity results. Six hundred Filipino secondary school
understudies selected in the investigation. The aftereffects of auxiliary condition demonstrating uncovered that
PsyCap emphatically anticipated scholastic commitment, thriving, related joy, and positive effect. Ramifications
of the discoveries explained as far as how PsyCap can possibly help with encouraging positive educational
attachment.
In accordance with the investigation of Abukhattala, (2016), additionally with that came to by Abdulrahman
(2014), it found that the understudies in the area Simunjan are not prepared to utilize the innovation of ICT in
educating. The examination took a gander at the deterrents looked by the instructors to apply innovation for
showing the English language. The discoveries demonstrated that educators face numerous obstacles, for
example, the brevity of innovative hardware, the old foundation, absence of abilities and preparing, absence of
experience and the utilization of conventional techniques that prevented the instructors from utilizing innovation
in showing the English language. The consequences of this exploration are as per the examination led by
Kamaruddin, Abdullah, Idris, and Nawi (2017). Abukhattala (2016) directed the test utilizing subjective
exploration concentrate with the point of researching English language educators' availability to employ
innovation in English language homeroom. The discoveries of this examination demonstrated the educators in
Libya are not prepared to apply the invention in instructing.
It is as yet the case, be that as it may, that instructors don't eventually feel sufficiently accomplished – even with
gadgets with which they are personally recognizable – to bring the innovation into their classes with them. While
cell phones are standardized (Bax, 2013) outside of the homeroom, for the two instructors and students, that
equivalent level of imperceptibility accomplishes inside. This skill is large because of an absence of starting
educator preparing, a circumstance, which has not changed, altogether as the pace of innovation advancement
has enlivened.
Language Learning Trend in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Because of the developing interest on viable correspondence among individuals from an assorted social and
social foundation in the working environment or scholarly settings, there is a need to learn different dialects
utilizing an assortment of learning assets and strategies turns into the objective of instructive exploration. To
fulfill such an answer, the examination in the field of SLA and EFL endeavors to discover language students
secure English viably and learn EFL/ESL. The essential discoveries recommend utilizing a strategy for ascertain
that will make the student much fearless, persuaded, and energetic. These models permit the students to rehearse
what they have realized inside the study hall with locals' speakers of the English language outside the study hall.
Therefore, the utilization of PC and Web stages began to involve a better than average region of study and
exploration.
The bit of time is introductory on change. Throughout the years, observational investigations along this line
completed. For example, Ying-Chun Lai (2018) analyzed the language learning procedures utilized by EFL
students in Taiwan comparable to language capability by using the understudies' outcomes in The English
Position Test and the Ledge review. Results indicated that the EFL students utilized remuneration systems the
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most and the full of feeling techniques the least. Understudies will, in general, speculation cleverly when they
experience troublesome learning tasks.
In Zhao's (2015) study, Chinese understudies utilized many remuneration methodologies and less of memory. It
gave a concrete positive relationship between metacognitive systems and English evaluations. Fewell (2010), in
any case, found negative connection between procedure use and language capability as the investigation
uncovered that Japanese understudies have a high reliance on memory systems. Truth tells; they just utilized that
system. Comparative examples of technique use rose among capable and less capable students.
It considered a need started on instructive justifications. Specialists have recommended that a dynamic factor for
fruitful innovation mix into the study hall is the educator (Rhema and Miliszewska, 2010). At the point when the
instructors reform their study halls with mobiles, PCs, and web associated gadgets, familiar and low-level
understudies would make gigantic additions (Kumar, Rose, and D'Silva, 2018). Specialists have discovered that
instructor convictions assume a beginning job in changing educators' innovation coordination into more
constructivist rehearses. Hence, the relations between instructors' assurance and educators' practices should assist
with revealing insight into how instructors settle on innovation joining choices (Ertmer, 2015). By the monstrous
headways of invention, the state of the training procedure is a considerable issue of concern.
Access regularly thought to be probably the best hindrance to the utilization of computerized advances in
language instructing and learning; a term frequently connected with this inconsistent access to innovation is
'computerized partition.’ This term is most regularly comprehended to allude to a geological division between
'the wealthy' and 'the less wealthy's – that is, between those that approach computerized advances (typically
expected to live in created nations), and those that do not route work out advances (generally accepted to live in
bringing sovereignty).
Despite the fact that entrance to advanced advances and foundation connected to financial issues, for example,
buying power, this is not the main factor. Expanded access to cell phones in low asset settings has empowered
beforehand underserved populaces to get to modest or unreservedly accessible computerized English language
learning materials. For instance, the English in real-life venture in Bangladesh, bolstered by a scope of national
and worldwide partners, meant to give English language materials conveyed through print, radio, TV and cell
phones to 25 million individuals by 2017. The Learn English SMS venture, supported by the English Gathering
working with neighborhood versatile system administrators, conveyed jargon, syntax and study tips to English
language students through reasonable SMS messages in Sudan and Libya (see Pegrum, 2014, for a depiction of
these and other cell phone-based tasks). By 2016, Duolingo, a well-known indispensable versatile based
language-learning application, had 122 million clients in 194 distinct nations global landmasses, examining a
scope of dialects, with English and French the most famous decisions (see
http://making.duolingo.com/whichcountries-study-which-dialects and-what-can-we-gain from-it). Obviously,
language learning through versatile applications is today a practical alternative for some students all around.
Undoubtedly, the computerized isolate has a lot to do with financial status. It incorporates a level of training
what's more, how computerized media utilized in the home. It has to do with buying force and access to
equipment (Warschauer and Matuchniak, 2010). Maybe obviously, for each situation, the previous gathering had
less access to the web and informal organizations. Studies completed in the USA have discovered comparative
patterns (for example Parker, 2008; Rideout et al., 2010).
Synthesis
The literature and studies have in many different perspectives. It guided the direction of this research. The
readings discussing the Language Education directions showed the way towards the urgent call of conducting
thorough study in response to the agenda of Education 4.0. The ideas shared in the different articles and
researches strongly supports the aims of engaging into preparing language-learning models that will be relevant
to the digital age learning continuum. New idea is the challenge to effect success in language learning continuum
that dominates the insights taken from the readings. After the facts and concepts digested from the performance,
the researcher found the relevance and significance of testing theories that associate to the learning guide to
indorse.
The researcher learned that all learning models must anchor on a theory. Theories of language learning are
generally psychological since most learning outcomes are behavioral. It is also from the readings that the
researcher reviewed the past knowledge on stages of literacy and the influences that would affect behavioral
change or views of an individual towards the world. There are truths of cultural matters in education and
acquiring a language as discussed in the literature and studies.
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter lays down the process of the study. It describes the design, location, respondents, an instrument
used, the data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of the data. The presentation here serves as the
mover of the starting line to the finish.
Research Design
The research is a grounded theory design. The grounded theory here refers to the conduct of qualitative research
that aimed toward theory generation, which in turn became the basis for a new language-learning model. The
term grounded theory meant the methods of inquiry for collecting and, in particular, analyzing data. The
methodological strategies of grounded theory aimed to construct inferential proposition directly from data
analysis that I applied to the behavior shown by the learners during the pre-post and real-time classroom
activities. The resulting analyses built the deepening and strengthening foundations of Krashen’s, and Bandura
has tested theories. The term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of flexible
methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of inquiry. These analyses of the data provided
focused, abstract, conceptual theories that explain the studied language learning phenomena that led to the
development of the Language Learning Model.
Research Locale
Cagwait is a municipality of Surigao del Sur, which has a geographical location along the coastline of the
province. The study was conducted in a secondary school of Cagwait municipality, Jose Sanvictores Sr. National
School, where a class in Junior High School, particularly Grade 9, was conducted. It is a school along the
highway of Cagwait Municipality. The populace of Cagwait is a mixture of clans from Municipalities of Tago,
Bayabas and Marihatag, all with dominant fishers, farmers and some business entrepreneurs who capitalize on
the active beach resorts in Cagwait and Marihatag. Many of the Cagwait populace are former employees of the
then Aras-asan Timber Company (ARTIMCO) that was closed from operation 20 years ago. This locality is
often visited by tourists, of which some are foreigners who speak English mostly.
Research Participants
Grade 9 students subjected to the conduct of this research. They were about ages between 14-16 years old and
are active in different media, gadgets, mobile phones, and other electronic devices in their day-to-day
communication and studies. Both males and females use said media and electronic devices in some of their daily
communication and studies. Their mother tongue is the mixed Surigao del Sur languages.
Research Instrument
Classroom activities conducted casually with themes intended for observation. The themes grouped according to
the hypotheses in Krashen’s SLA and Bandura’s Social Learning theory. Questions posed in this research
anchored on all the lessons that delivered taken from Grade 9 a Journey through Anglo-American Literature
(Learner’s Material for English). This instructional material collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and universities. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories,
poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Lessons have tasks to fit in observation themes that reciprocate the objective of the study:
Theme 1: Source of ability to speak English outside the mother tongue.
Task 1: Looking up (Students observed and asked) how do you respond to an emergency? Whom do you call for
help? For each critical situation, indicate your life-saving solution. Cite your opinion on giving such a solution.
Theme 2: Grammar and Pronunciation rules consciousness
Task 2: A. Work in groups with five members. Recall and choose a movie that you have seen in a theater or on
television and take turns in narrating the stories. Use your knowledge of the participial phrases. The focus of
hating you is on your use of the participial phrases. You have 15 minutes to prepare.
B. Work in pairs. Read the model dialogues. Remember to use appropriate intonation and pronunciation when
you act out the dialogues.
Theme 3: Listening first before speaking; Reading first before writing
A. From reading, the excerpted play of Romeo and Juliet say by yourself the lines that appeal to the senses.
B. From listening to the movie Romeo and Juliet, say by yourself the lines that appeal to thesenses.
C. From the movie, Romeo and Juliet Identify literary devices from the text and use them in writing a story.
D. From the text story, Romeo and Juliet Identify literary devices from the text and use them in writing a story.
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Theme 4: Extent of oral reproduction after listening
The extent of writing output after reading
Task 4: A. Students made to watch the movie and read the text of the story “Romeo and Juliet” From these two
activities, task: Group yourselves into three-act out the first part of the play Romeo and Juliet. You could reduce
the actors in Shakespeare Company, if you do not have the right number of people, or find a way. For example,
one person may take on several small roles, or a puppet or inanimate object may become a character. You are
given time to work on a rough script (15 minutes) and then to practice (15 minutes). You must write out the
dialogue (in modern English).Referto your text.
B. Students made to listen to the song Spicks and Specks by Bee Gees while the lyrics shown to them. They
made to sing it after and pick out words with contrast sounds. They made to write their reflections on the song
they just read.
Theme 5: Emotional blocks affecting language learning
Task 5: Students asked of these:
A. Have you ever experienced bullying in school, at home, or in your community? Share your stories.
B. Reflect on the Quote and share their reflection about their learning to speak English. “Prejudice is a burden
that confuses the past, threatens the future, and renders the present inaccessible.” - Maya Angelou
Theme 6: All learning is primarily social
Task 6: A. Hashtags - Level of Utterance. Students made to recall on “Words found in newspapers and
magazines, on billboards, and even on the Internet may influence or persuade them to take some kind of action.
They share quotes, adages, and lines they got from well-known sources they idolize. They made to explain what
the words they choose have influenced them and how they are going to use them.
B. Write about how your relationship with your elderly friend or relative changed over time.
Follow these steps:
1. Fold aclean sheet of paper into two columns. At the top of the first column, write “When I Was Younger...”
and on the top of the second column, write, “When I Get Older...”
2. Think about what you thought, felt, or did with your elderly friend or relative when you were younger and
now that you are older. Write these in both columns and compare how they have changed.
Data Gathering Procedure
Fig. 3. Workflow of the Grounded Theory Data Gathering
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The grounded theory used all the available qualitative resources. The researcher started with a conceived
language-learning question based on the SLA Theories of Krashen and Social learning theory of Bandura. The
problem revolved around the question of whether Krashen’s SLA theories and that of Bandura’s Social Learning
theory were still sufficient and influential enough to support the basis for a language-learning model in the era of
Education 4.0. It also sets the direction towards the formulation of a new theory grounded from the data
gathered. From this initial opening, the study continually focused on an area of academic concern, which is a
development of a new language-learning model.
The First stage was identifying a data cited. This was the language learners participated to become the source of
data as answers to the question or conceived problem in language learning. Data had collected, and the collection
of data began.
For ethical considerations, parents’ consent sought together with the school administrations. The permission
allowed except video recording of the actual classroom activities. Protection of the privacy of research
participants ensured through coding them instead of naming them. An adequate level of confidentiality in the
scrutiny of documents considered of which journals of self - reports immediately returned after checking and
noting. Voluntary participation of participants considered important wherein they were not compelled to respond
if they did not want to. Participants were freely involved in conducted activities given their own decision about
whether or not to do so, without the exercise of any pressure or coercion.
The next stage dealt with planning data collection according to the objectives of the study chopped into themes.
Language lessons conducted for data collection made fit to each outlined theme. This generally began as the
planned conduct of classes started under each of the six themes. Themes 1-5 based on Language
learning/Acquisition hypothesis; Monitor hypothesis; Natural Order hypothesis, Input hypothesis and Affective
Filter hypothesis.
The core part of gathering data was when the real-time conduct of the classes in each theme. I used a range of
methods for collecting data in the study, a strategy called triangulation. This means that different methods
combined to study the same unit. The reason behind this strategy is that the flaws of one method were often
strengths of another. Moreover, by combining methods, observing had achieved the best of each, while
overcoming their unique deficiencies. The following methods were:
Direct-observation and indirect participant-observation. I observed the participants on several thematic class
sessions be able to judge their behavior in learning English. In situations named above, I also sometimes acted as
a participant. For instance, repairing communication breakdowns when asked to or stimulating the situations so
that the participant had to respond to it, which enlarged the bank of data.
I recorded the observations through the audio tape and by taking detailed notes immediately afterward; it was not
possible to take notes during the advertence because that would be disruptive to the situations observed and
would impede their naturalness.
Using both direct observations and indirect participant-observation techniques needed some augmentation of
self-reports to saturate real phenomenon in learning English 9. These provided a detailed and comprehensive
description of the subject's behavior. They were especially useful as the scope of the researcher's perspectives
was not restricted: I looked for patterns in naturally occurring data.
Self-reports. Self-reports were extracted from their journals as they reported reflections, reactions, and insights
about their experiences in the lesson. They were especially important for revealing information about the
experience with English, to which I did not have any other access. I also asked the participants regularly for self-
evaluation of the progress he/she made in English or how successfully he/she felt he/she had handled a specific
situation requiring him/her to use English.
Interviews. Interviews were one of the most important sources of this study as a source of information. Unlike in
surveys, the interviews were guided conversations rather than structured queries. For me, it meant both
following my line of inquiry and asking the actual questions in an unbiased manner, not forcing the participant to
adopt a particular position and maintain a friendly and non-threatening environment.
I used mainly open-ended questions rather than those requiring straightforward yes/no answers. The interviews
had a conversational format, and the questions asked aimed at both objective facts and the participants’ opinions.
Primarily, interviews were done to elicit participants’ views and reactions to the situations where they had to use
English. This offered subjective insights into their perceptions.
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The interviews recorded without prompting the participants. It was so that the researcher could go back to a
particular piece of information that came up in an interview. Also which later had discovered to be relevant to
the research topic.
Documentation. During and after a class, I collected journals and notebooks (by this, I mean any written
material accessible for re-examination such as compositions and written outputs since the class scope is reading
writing) from which I drew some of the data. The most important use of documents was 'to corroborate and
augment evidence from other sources' although it must be noted that the documents may not always be accurate
or unbiased.
Documents gathered and analyzed during of this study were diverse. I worked with the transcripts of the various
recordings made during interviews and observation notes that took throughout the whole period.
Further, I asked the participants to keep a list of books that he had read and films he had watched so that I could
go through the books and watch the films to get an idea of what kind of input he exposed. For the same purpose,
I also kept radio programs of the stations he had listened to. All this information was contained in a simple diary
the participants were instructed to keep, in which they noted down times and number of hours of their various
English input sources during a day (e.g., name of a radio station and the number of hours he listened to it).
I also examined other examples of the language they had to engage with activities in various documents, such as
filling up forms or Home school forms. The participants’ self-report notes used mainly as their retrospective
account of what kind of experience they had with English before the beginning of this study.
4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the details of the data gathered from the language learning/acquisition behavior shown by
the subjects. This qualitative analysis drew from the transcripts I did during direct and indirect observation and
interview together with document reading of subjects’ self-reports.
I studied students through direct observation, in a face-to-face interview and self-reports to get their insights
towards the classroom activities. The confidentiality of the responders’ identity, I just refer them as R1, R2, and
R3, and so on.
The language learning based on the perspective of Stephen Krashen’s SLA theory shows the different
hypotheses and themes as essential parts of the study. These are Theme 1. Source of ability to speak English
outside mother tongue; theme 2. Grammar and pronunciation rules consciousness; theme 3. Listening first before
speaking, reading first before writing; Theme 4. Extent of oral reproduction after listening, extent of writing
output after reading; and theme 5. Emotional blocks affecting language learning.
Theme 1: Source of ability to speak English outside the mother tongue.
Students disclosed candidly during informal discussions queued about how they got the expressions they used
when they made to perform instant dialogue in the role-play. R11 said she just heard it from a movie she
watched. Many also disclosed that their way of imitating English speaking and writing is from social media
videos, Facebook, Chats with English speaking chat groups, and chat mates. It was very notable that no one
mentioned emails or books they read as their source or channels of communication. R5, R2, R20, R44, and other
group responses revealed that they usually do not use text messaging anymore. They used Messenger Apps for
their communication with friends and other contacts.
When asked about their mother tongue, almost all of them were Surigaonon-Bisaya speakers. R10 and R20
revealed that their first language is Tagalog. None among them was English Mother Tongue speakers. When
asked if they spoke English at home, only R12, R16, R40, R15, and R33 revealed that they spoke English at
home sometimes, especially when doing performance tasks. When I asked a sample sentence, they usually said
in English at home; they mentioned these:
“Time to wake up na”
“Hoy, hurry you are late.”
“Wash your hands, dirty very dirty”
They heard these English expressions from their siblings of the mother’s instructions. They are also notably
fragmented English. It is, however, observable that they speak straight English when required so by the teacher
in particular classroom activities. During these instances, they use what they got from chatting, social media,
print and broadcast media, movies, and songs (Lai, Chun, 2015).
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How far English instruction is learned and the source of learning
Analyzing from their written self-reports in their journals, it observed that they spoke English a lot, but their
grammaticality had many flaws. Upon returning their journals to them, that was the time they recognized the
grammatical errors they made. When the researcher indirectly interviewed at least 15 students who had the most
grammatical error in the journal self-reports with the same questions to each of them, “Weren’t you aware of the
grammar rules that you violate in the sentences you wrote? “R 13, R21, R39, R37, R19, and R44 said they were
not aware since they had no good scores once grammar was the lesson. When asked why that was so, they
reason out that they found grammar lessons difficult, or they found it boring, intimidating, and uninteresting.
R12, R25, R48, R1, R17, R50, and R51 revealed they were not quite sure of their grammar, but they just used it
because they heard it from English speaking foreigners through social media.
Students also expressed avoidance of discussing grammar because, according to them, they were confused about
nouns, tenses of the verb, uses of adjectives, and all those conjunctions. R33 and R28 said they knew that they
had grammatical errors, but they were confused and that maybe if it were oral reproduction, they would not
speak anymore because they knew it was wrong in grammar.
From revelations given above with sample experiences, these were the specific points deduced: 1. Language
learners can speak English by experiential conditions; 1.1.2 Language learners forced to speak straight English
when compelled. 2. Language learners use the language first by imitating. 3. Language learners are not inclined
to talk about the language but are inclined to just use the before learning the structures of it. 4. Language
learners outsource their language imitation from social media, other multi-media platforms, and real-life
situations.
At these implications, the hypothesis of language learning and language acquisition underscores the order of
occurrence and boundaries. If language learning pointed to talking about the language, then it describes the
structures and the grammar that build the language in proper order. Where language learning relates to grammar
rules, language structures that the students hate, and that made them uninterested in the learning process is a
specific issue that inverted language learning as secondary to language acquisition. In this study, learners acquire
language from social media, print media, especially those with visual attractions and leisurely audible
reproduction. They acquired it first before they formally talk about its structure, grammaticality, and other rules
of language use. In short, they acquire first before they learn the language.
Students in this study signal a recrafting boundary of learning and acquisition and theorizing informal learning.
As also referred to the study of Christine Greenhow & Cathy Lewin (2016) that social constructivist and
connectivist ideas suggest that students may practice learning with formal, informal, and non-formal attributes
across varied contexts and exercise own preference over “how they learn, when they learn and with whom they
learn”. In this study, this is how they prefer acquisition first before learning.
If we go back to the founding theory of this study, we may refer back to the theory that “Acquisition occurs as a
result of participating in natural communication where the focus is on meaning (Ellis 1985)”. Krashen describes
learning as ‘conscious knowledge; and 'knowing about' language. Learning results of a conscious study of the
formal properties of the language.
It is by this, that hypothesis tested in this study saying “Learning about the language has no impact on their
language acquisition” is accepted. If learning about the language has no impact on learners’ language
acquisition, it articulates further, in this study “Language learning, and language acquisition can come separately
and independently”. It is expressly “undertheorizing” if we say only, “Learning about the language has no
influence on language acquisition” because it found in this study that students acquire the English language even
if they do not perform well in learning about the language.
Theme 2: Grammar and Pronunciation rules consciousness
Students were not very much productive when they made to construct sentences with pre-conditioned grammar
rules. Although few had correctly followed grammar rules in sentence construction, many were hesitant to orally
say the sentence because they were afraid it might be in wrong grammar. For example, when R16, R7, R15, R20,
R22, R30, and R41 requested to write it first before they said the sentence. They give time to make sure they
followed grammar rules. Class reproduction of the language delayed due to the students’ consciousness of their
grammaticality.
In a group activity, they had to finish a task where they orally presented it. Given the rule that they must be in
correct grammar, it observed that it took them three to five times to repeat a sentence before they moved on.
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Such a phenomenon implies a delay of communication goals caused by the consciousness of the language
grammar or construct.
On close observation during oral classroom activities such as reporting, dialogue line throwing, and oral tests, at
least half of the participating students were very conscious of the pronunciation. There were hesitant to say
something, especially if other classmates interrupted to check on their pronunciation. I noticed R15, R7, R19,
and R20 had repeated reproduction of words just to seek and felt the approval of the teacher and the classmates.
When they asked why they did not just go on without second utters or second thoughts of the words they said, it
was a shame for them to be wrong, for they might become a laughing stock. At some point in between
discussions, there were students like R12, R18, and R35 they asked which was the correct pronunciation of the
word “poem”, “center”, and “silhouette” because they heard the various pronunciation of it from the video clips
and movies they watched online. I advised them that to be sure of the pronunciation of a word, it was important
to see the dictionary for the IPA guide of pronunciation. R44 suggested that it could hear from google.
There was an implication that the language learners strive to be fluent in using the English language by being
watchful of their grammar and pronunciation. I see in them their effort to become fluent to get approval from
classmates and the teacher. It is, however notable that because they watched or say, “Monitored”, they spoke or
wrote with a delay, uneasiness and hesitation. In this scenario, we refer back to the definition of the term fluency
as “One’s ability to speak or write smoothly, easily, or readily in the target language.” With this definition, the
experiences and observed behavior of the students in the study is proof of no fluency.
Since these students delay to reproduce, the language and that speaking do not display a continuous flow caused
by monitored, then the null hypothesis of this study rejected. Saying that “Consciousness of accuracy does not
affect language fluency” is not true. The consciousness of accuracy affected so much the students’ fluidity of
language reproduction. Because they are conscious, they tend to delay in speaking and writing. This recurs the
argument that formal learning about the language interrupts the smooth flow of language reproduction, thereby
barring fluency.
Theme 3: Listening first before speaking; Reading first before writing
It was evident in their performance that they could say words or sentences better if they heard it first from the
movie they watched. While they were required to perform or reproduce orally what they just read from the text,
it was no better than when they heard it first. When they told to write what they heard from the movie, it was no
better than when they wrote after they were able to read it from the text.
These were evident from the responses during the interview of at least six of the participants when they said that
they could easily memorize and said orally words or sentences that they heard many times. Some ten participants
also revealed in their journals that it was hard for them to recall and write words and sentences that they had not
read, even if they had heard it already.
Such revelation only implies that the natural order in language learning/acquisition is that learners must hear the
spoken language first, and written language must have read first. This is an affirmation of Krashen’s claim that
language learning and acquisition follows a similar natural order.
Some participants wrote on their notes that they loved more to listen when it was in the movie, TV, and radio.
Some six participants revealed in the informal discussion that they would rather read materials that aided with
pictures or graphics than pure texts. They also said it was nice to read colored texts, especially if it was in power
point presentation. They felt like sleeping when they made to read voluminous texts and just all texts with no
pictures or illustrations.
Theme 4: Extent of oral reproduction after listening; Extent of writing output after reading
R5 mentioned in her self-report that she found it necessary to look for word meaning in the lyric, because she
wanted to feel it and sing it.
“I am forced to know vocabularies in a dictionary in understanding lyrics of songs and sing them with a
correct interpretation. Music in English makes me read the lyrics and understand meaning every word.
Singing songs was a relaxing and motivation stimulating way of learning English. In class, the teacher makes
us sing songs, and we are touched, and we sing, and we don’t forget it.”
It was very relaxing.
As I observed the students, I saw that they felt memorizing new words easier when they heard them many times.
Meanings gave more interpretation through singing English songs. They usually did not forget the meaning of
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lines because they understood the stories in the song. I found them very enthusiastic when they used songs this
way for memorizing vocabulary. They even requested for more songs in English class (Kusnierekk, Anna, 2016)
Aside from word meanings and nuances, it found that according to what R17, R11, and R26 revealed, their real
pronunciation of the word imitated from how the English singers enunciated it.
Discussing with group representatives R15, R31, and R27, I asked them what they understood on the
pronunciation distinction of “Spicks and Specks”, and these were their answers:
R15: “The spelling show, that their sounds are [I] and [ɛ]”
R31: “Their meanings are different”
R27: “We need to emphasize the difference”
The face-to-face interviews also made the students consider that when songs or video clips viewed and heard,
they accurately and honestly expressed their ideas and thoughts. Generally, the interviewed students replied that
they hoped they could always use these types of pedagogies to learn.
Notable among the students’ Reading resources as input in writing are not necessarily textbooks. R2 mentioned
he preferred not to use textbooks. This is just one evidence of the learners’ appetite for video viewing (Vondrick,
Carl, et al. 2016).
” Learning in stories like Romeo and Juliet and others are good if it is videos. If Ma’am makes us see movies
of stories it is always better than we read it in textbooks”
As I mentioned learning the vocabulary in the stories, R3 responded.
“I can answer the vocabulary check if there are pictures. If the test is all written or letters, sometimes it is
difficult. It is also boring in reading straight and no pictures. If the cellphone is allowed, I get it to google.
However, many times teachers are strict about cell phones. I cannot use it. Apps are important if I can use the
cellphone many things I learn.”
R4 had recalled listening to instrumental music with a low volume when he was reading character sketch (My
Friend Liz). Although they were answering reading questions, they did not feel nervous.
“Instrumental music erases my fear causing by examination and low grade. I mean music in slow inspired my
mind when I was reading. It gives my mind clear, and my heart beating is relaxing. I forget thinking of it. I
forget exam that is difficult for me am disturbed like low grades.”
It implied that the learners could give good and extensive outputs triggered by visually attractive and pleasant
auditory input. They preferred to listen to music, see a movie, and read with visual attractions. This finding had
affirmed the hypothesis” Comprehensive Input does affect language output”. There is a truth that comprehensive
input affects language output; however, the theory is insufficient to describe the way towards making the input
linked to students’ style of perceiving. It noted that in this study, students found to be inclined to auditory and
visual input. Suppose we refer to the study of Şener, Sabriye, and Ayten Çokçalışkan (2018) on "An
investigation between multiple intelligences and learning styles." It pointed out having identified students’
learning styles and being aware of the ways with which they can be more successful in their language learning
journey. It catered to their learning style as auditory and visual; it is of help for them to become more engaging
as language learners. This can theorize, as “Preferred learning style in the input is causative to learning output.”
Theme 5: Emotional blocks affecting language learning
In the case associated with Affective Filter theories, I focused on emotional blocks. The students disclosed freely
and frankly their feelings about the activities accomplished during the discussion. The results from the informal
discussion type interviews at the end of this study showed that students hinted at some attitudes toward the
pedagogies on themes under the affective filter. Descriptions for their feedbacks on the classroom engagement
revealed below.
Some students have no confidence when they were alone to speak or to write their expression in the open. When
they made to pass what they wrote, they did not want the teacher to see or read it outright. They passed outputs
the last to hide their paper under the papers of other classmates. They manifested hesitations to perform when
they were not sure they were correct. They pointed out some experiences where they became the center of
laughing stock as they found to be wrong in their oral or written answer.