Types of Research Designs
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Types of Research There are many kinds of classification of research. Some of the classifications are as follows: According to Goal According to Time Element According to the Statistical Content & Description of Data 1. According to Goal a. Basic or Pure - It is conducted for knowledge gaining or shake of knowledge. b. Applied - the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles. c. Action Research- it is done for the immediate solution of the problems in natural setting or classroom situation. 2. According to Time Element a. Historical research - describes what was. Past Events b. Descriptive research - describes what is. Present Events c. Experimental research - describes what will be. Future Events 3. According to Statistical Content & Description of Data Quantitative Research- tries to seek Quantitative Description of the things observed in natural or manipulated setting by using Inferential Statistical Methods. Experimental Research, Descriptive Research, Correlational Research Qualitative Research- for Qualitative Description of the behavior and event observed in Natural Settings by using Descriptive Statistical Method. Phenomenological, Ethnographic, Grounded theory, Case Study, Historical Research, Narrative Research
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Ch .Steps In Research Process
The document outlines the 11 steps in the research process and applies them to understand Ishant's problem. It begins by defining the research problem as determining Ishant's specific issue, which is suspected to be dyslexia based on his symptoms. The objectives are then set as understanding dyslexia and how to help Ishant. Exploratory research is chosen as the design. Primary data will be collected through a questionnaire administered to Ishant's parents, brother, and teachers. The findings will then be analyzed and reported to understand Ishant's issue and how to address it.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Types of Research
This document outlines the typical format and components of a research proposal, including:
1. Title, investigators, facility
2. Introduction stating the problem, purpose, significance
3. Literature review
4. Method describing design, sample, equipment, procedure, analysis
5. Results with statistical analysis and tables/graphs
6. Discussion interpreting results
7. Summary and conclusion
8. Appendices and bibliography
It provides details on each section and considerations for selecting a research problem such as interest, solvability, and contribution. It also discusses formulating hypotheses to test relationships between variables.
Research Methods
This document discusses research methods and approaches. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover new information. The main objectives of research are to find answers or solutions to problems through scientific inquiry. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and action research. Research can be approached quantitatively by measuring variables, qualitatively by examining words and images, or using a mixed methods approach.
Formulation of Research Problem
After study of this presentation you will be able to understand the importance of research problems and objectives and how to formulate them.
Reserch Methodolgy - research design
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
4. Formulating research problems
This document discusses formulating the research problem in research methodology. It defines a research problem as a perceived gap between what is and what should be. The key points covered include:
- Identifying sources of research problems such as people, problems, programs, and phenomena.
- Considering factors like relevance, expertise, and ethics when selecting a research problem.
- Outlining the steps to formulate a research problem such as identifying the broad field and raising questions.
- The importance of formulating clear research objectives and operational definitions to focus the study.
Empfohlen
Ch .Steps In Research Process
The document outlines the 11 steps in the research process and applies them to understand Ishant's problem. It begins by defining the research problem as determining Ishant's specific issue, which is suspected to be dyslexia based on his symptoms. The objectives are then set as understanding dyslexia and how to help Ishant. Exploratory research is chosen as the design. Primary data will be collected through a questionnaire administered to Ishant's parents, brother, and teachers. The findings will then be analyzed and reported to understand Ishant's issue and how to address it.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Types of Research
This document outlines the typical format and components of a research proposal, including:
1. Title, investigators, facility
2. Introduction stating the problem, purpose, significance
3. Literature review
4. Method describing design, sample, equipment, procedure, analysis
5. Results with statistical analysis and tables/graphs
6. Discussion interpreting results
7. Summary and conclusion
8. Appendices and bibliography
It provides details on each section and considerations for selecting a research problem such as interest, solvability, and contribution. It also discusses formulating hypotheses to test relationships between variables.
Research Methods
This document discusses research methods and approaches. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover new information. The main objectives of research are to find answers or solutions to problems through scientific inquiry. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and action research. Research can be approached quantitatively by measuring variables, qualitatively by examining words and images, or using a mixed methods approach.
Formulation of Research Problem
After study of this presentation you will be able to understand the importance of research problems and objectives and how to formulate them.
Reserch Methodolgy - research design
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
4. Formulating research problems
This document discusses formulating the research problem in research methodology. It defines a research problem as a perceived gap between what is and what should be. The key points covered include:
- Identifying sources of research problems such as people, problems, programs, and phenomena.
- Considering factors like relevance, expertise, and ethics when selecting a research problem.
- Outlining the steps to formulate a research problem such as identifying the broad field and raising questions.
- The importance of formulating clear research objectives and operational definitions to focus the study.
Experimental Research
Experimental research uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal relationships between variables. It involves manipulating one or more independent variables and observing their effect on a dependent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. True experiments have control groups, random assignment, and manipulation of a single independent variable. Quasi-experiments lack random assignment. Experimental research is commonly used in fields like psychology, medicine, and social sciences to establish causal relationships.
Types of research
This document discusses different types of research and the research process. It describes two types of research: basic or pure research which aims to develop new knowledge, and applied research which focuses on applying existing theories. There are also two general methods: qualitative research which uses non-statistical analysis to understand underlying reasons and trends, and quantitative research which expresses data numerically and uses statistical analysis. The research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses to guide the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
Research meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, qualities, approaches
This document provides an overview of research, including its meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, process, ethics, and skills. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The key points made are:
- Research involves posing a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. It adds to knowledge, improves practice, and informs policy.
- Types of research include pure/applied, quantitative/qualitative, and deductive/inductive approaches. Areas of research relate to various fields like education, psychology, sociology, and more.
- Effective research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It follows scientific and ethical principles
Advanced research methods
1. The document discusses various research methods and types including older techniques based on authority and experience versus the modern scientific method.
2. It explains key terms like theory, hypothesis, and variables and outlines the steps of the scientific method including identifying a problem, suggesting solutions, deductive reasoning, and testing hypotheses.
3. Several types of research are described such as experimental, descriptive, and historical research with experimental research involving controlling variables and testing hypotheses through experiments.
Analysis of data in research
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Quantitative Methods of Research
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
SAMPLING
This document discusses sampling methods used in research. It defines sampling as obtaining information from a subset of a larger population. The key sections cover the sampling process, types of sampling including probability and non-probability methods, sources of sampling error, and factors to consider when determining sample size such as the nature of the population, number of variables, desired accuracy level, and available finances. Probability methods like simple random and stratified sampling aim to give all population members an equal chance of selection, while non-probability techniques like convenience and snowball sampling do not. Sample size is an important factor in controlling random error.
Introduction to research methodology
Research involves testing hypotheses and examining results to relate to the hypothesis and the world. The research methodology is the systematic process used to solve a research problem. Research objectives should be relevant, feasible, logical, observable, unequivocal and measurable. Research provides benefits such as building knowledge, understanding issues, and aiding business success. Motivations for research include gaining qualifications, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. Different types of research include descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
Experimental Research
This document discusses experimental research designs. It describes pre-experimental designs like one-shot case studies which lack random assignment and controls. True experimental designs, like pretest-posttest control group designs, manipulate variables and use random assignment and controls. Quasi-experimental designs, such as non-equivalent control groups, lack random assignment. Factorial designs examine effects of manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity for different designs.
Research types
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
Introduction to research
This document outlines the key aspects of research including: defining research as a systematic process of investigating a problem through collecting data to answer a question; describing the main types of research such as fundamental, quantitative, applied, and qualitative; and explaining the common steps of research such as formulating the problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The overall goal of research is to increase knowledge and understanding of a topic.
Research process
The document discusses the research process and provides details about a case study on a department store patronage project. The purpose of the project was to evaluate a major department store, Sears, and its competitors. A survey was conducted through in-home interviews of 271 households to understand customer preferences, perceptions, and factors influencing their choice of department stores. The findings helped identify Sears' weaknesses and develop appropriate marketing strategies to improve its image and sales.
ppt on data collection , processing , analysis of data & report writing
This document provides information on data collection methods and statistical analysis. It discusses various types of data collection including observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and case studies. It also covers primary and secondary sources of data. The document outlines steps for processing and analyzing data such as editing, coding, tabulation, and classification. It describes various statistical tools for analysis including measures of central tendency, dispersion, t-tests, and chi-square tests. Guidelines are provided for writing reports to communicate the results of a research study.
Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
Research methodology introduction ch1
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Chapter 3 research design
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
Research Methodology- lecture 2 and 3
research approaches, significance of research, research process, research methods versus research methodology, inductive and deductive research
SAMPLING ; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – RANDOM SAMPLING (SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING)
This document discusses simple random sampling, which is a type of probability sampling technique where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It provides examples to illustrate simple random sampling, such as selecting sugar from a bag or using a lottery system or random number table to randomly pick sample members. The key aspects of simple random sampling are that selection is random and does not depend on the characteristics of the population members, giving each member an equal chance of selection.
Research design
The document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research design which aims to formulate problems or develop hypotheses through literature reviews, experience surveys, and case studies. Descriptive research design aims to describe characteristics of populations through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies using structured data collection and probability sampling. Causal research design aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experiments and controlled data collection and analysis to establish evidence of relationships between variables. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and their objectives, characteristics, and methods.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
Fundamental Research - to Know Something
Applied Research - to Do Something
Action Research - to do something & Solve Something
Fundamental Research
Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research.
This research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
The main aim of it’s is the discovery of new knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge.
Basic researches involve the development of theory or contribution to the existing body of knowledge.
The findings of Basic Research have Universal Validity.
In case of Fundamental Research it is the desire to Know something.
Applied Research
Applied Research is directed towards the solutions of immediate, specific and practical problems.
Through applied research, educators are often able to solve their problems at the appropriate level of complexity, that is, in the classroom teaching learning situations.
The applied research also uses the scientific method of inquiry.
It’s methodology, however, is not as rigorous as applicability and not in terms of universal validity.
In case of Applied Research it is the desire to do something.
Action Research
Action Research is discovered by- Kurt Lewin
‘Corey’ is the originator of the term- ‘Action Research’
In Action Research, a practitioner can try out alternative strategies till the problem is solved satisfactory.
It is concerned with a local problem and is conducted in a local setting.
In case of Action Research it is the desire to do and solve something.
Steps of Action Research
-Plan
-Act
-Observe
-Reflect
Designs in Educational Research- Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive : What is ? (Present)
Experimental : What will be ? (Future)
Historical : What Was ? (Past)
Descriptive Research Design
It is designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions.
It studies investigate phenomena in their natural setting.
Here the researcher does not manipulate the variables or arrange for events to happen.
The present events or phenomena are observed & described here.
Types of Descriptive Research
Survey Studies
-School Survry
-Job Survey
-Public Opinion Survey
-Social Survey
Developmental Studies
-Growth Studies
---Longitudinal
---Cross-Sectional
-Follow-up Studies
-Trends Studies
Inter-Relationship Studies
-Case Study
-Ex-post Facto/ Casual Comparative Studies
-Correlation & Prediction Studies
-Cross-Cultural & Comparative Studies
Historical Research Design
Historical Research is the Systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past.
No manipulation or control of variables or Data and primarily focuses in the past.
Historical research is not based upon experimentation, but upon reports of observation which cannot be repeated.
Types of Historical Research
-Bibliographic Research
-Legal Research
-Studying the history of ideas
-Studying the history of institutions.
Experimental Research Design
Experimental research design are concerned with
-Examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable,
-Where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention &
-The effect of those interventions is observed on the dependant variable.
-Data are collected through random method.
Types of Experimental Research
True Experimental Design
-Post-test only ,
-Pretest post-test only,
-Solomon 4 groups ,
-Factorial ,
-Randomized block,
-Crossover
Quasi – Experimental Research Design
-Nonrandomized control group design,
-Time-series design
Pre – Experimental Research Design
-One-shot case design ,
-One-group pretest-posttest design
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Was ist angesagt?
Experimental Research
Experimental research uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal relationships between variables. It involves manipulating one or more independent variables and observing their effect on a dependent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. True experiments have control groups, random assignment, and manipulation of a single independent variable. Quasi-experiments lack random assignment. Experimental research is commonly used in fields like psychology, medicine, and social sciences to establish causal relationships.
Types of research
This document discusses different types of research and the research process. It describes two types of research: basic or pure research which aims to develop new knowledge, and applied research which focuses on applying existing theories. There are also two general methods: qualitative research which uses non-statistical analysis to understand underlying reasons and trends, and quantitative research which expresses data numerically and uses statistical analysis. The research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses to guide the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
Research meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, qualities, approaches
This document provides an overview of research, including its meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, process, ethics, and skills. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The key points made are:
- Research involves posing a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. It adds to knowledge, improves practice, and informs policy.
- Types of research include pure/applied, quantitative/qualitative, and deductive/inductive approaches. Areas of research relate to various fields like education, psychology, sociology, and more.
- Effective research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It follows scientific and ethical principles
Advanced research methods
1. The document discusses various research methods and types including older techniques based on authority and experience versus the modern scientific method.
2. It explains key terms like theory, hypothesis, and variables and outlines the steps of the scientific method including identifying a problem, suggesting solutions, deductive reasoning, and testing hypotheses.
3. Several types of research are described such as experimental, descriptive, and historical research with experimental research involving controlling variables and testing hypotheses through experiments.
Analysis of data in research
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Quantitative Methods of Research
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
SAMPLING
This document discusses sampling methods used in research. It defines sampling as obtaining information from a subset of a larger population. The key sections cover the sampling process, types of sampling including probability and non-probability methods, sources of sampling error, and factors to consider when determining sample size such as the nature of the population, number of variables, desired accuracy level, and available finances. Probability methods like simple random and stratified sampling aim to give all population members an equal chance of selection, while non-probability techniques like convenience and snowball sampling do not. Sample size is an important factor in controlling random error.
Introduction to research methodology
Research involves testing hypotheses and examining results to relate to the hypothesis and the world. The research methodology is the systematic process used to solve a research problem. Research objectives should be relevant, feasible, logical, observable, unequivocal and measurable. Research provides benefits such as building knowledge, understanding issues, and aiding business success. Motivations for research include gaining qualifications, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. Different types of research include descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
Experimental Research
This document discusses experimental research designs. It describes pre-experimental designs like one-shot case studies which lack random assignment and controls. True experimental designs, like pretest-posttest control group designs, manipulate variables and use random assignment and controls. Quasi-experimental designs, such as non-equivalent control groups, lack random assignment. Factorial designs examine effects of manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity for different designs.
Research types
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
Introduction to research
This document outlines the key aspects of research including: defining research as a systematic process of investigating a problem through collecting data to answer a question; describing the main types of research such as fundamental, quantitative, applied, and qualitative; and explaining the common steps of research such as formulating the problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The overall goal of research is to increase knowledge and understanding of a topic.
Research process
The document discusses the research process and provides details about a case study on a department store patronage project. The purpose of the project was to evaluate a major department store, Sears, and its competitors. A survey was conducted through in-home interviews of 271 households to understand customer preferences, perceptions, and factors influencing their choice of department stores. The findings helped identify Sears' weaknesses and develop appropriate marketing strategies to improve its image and sales.
ppt on data collection , processing , analysis of data & report writing
This document provides information on data collection methods and statistical analysis. It discusses various types of data collection including observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and case studies. It also covers primary and secondary sources of data. The document outlines steps for processing and analyzing data such as editing, coding, tabulation, and classification. It describes various statistical tools for analysis including measures of central tendency, dispersion, t-tests, and chi-square tests. Guidelines are provided for writing reports to communicate the results of a research study.
Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
Research methodology introduction ch1
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Chapter 3 research design
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
Research Methodology- lecture 2 and 3
research approaches, significance of research, research process, research methods versus research methodology, inductive and deductive research
SAMPLING ; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – RANDOM SAMPLING (SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING)
This document discusses simple random sampling, which is a type of probability sampling technique where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It provides examples to illustrate simple random sampling, such as selecting sugar from a bag or using a lottery system or random number table to randomly pick sample members. The key aspects of simple random sampling are that selection is random and does not depend on the characteristics of the population members, giving each member an equal chance of selection.
Research design
The document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research design which aims to formulate problems or develop hypotheses through literature reviews, experience surveys, and case studies. Descriptive research design aims to describe characteristics of populations through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies using structured data collection and probability sampling. Causal research design aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experiments and controlled data collection and analysis to establish evidence of relationships between variables. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and their objectives, characteristics, and methods.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Research meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, qualities, approaches
Research meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, qualities, approaches
ppt on data collection , processing , analysis of data & report writing
ppt on data collection , processing , analysis of data & report writing
SAMPLING ; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – RANDOM SAMPLING (SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING)
SAMPLING ; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – RANDOM SAMPLING (SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING)
Ähnlich wie Types of Research Designs
Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
Fundamental Research - to Know Something
Applied Research - to Do Something
Action Research - to do something & Solve Something
Fundamental Research
Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research.
This research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
The main aim of it’s is the discovery of new knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge.
Basic researches involve the development of theory or contribution to the existing body of knowledge.
The findings of Basic Research have Universal Validity.
In case of Fundamental Research it is the desire to Know something.
Applied Research
Applied Research is directed towards the solutions of immediate, specific and practical problems.
Through applied research, educators are often able to solve their problems at the appropriate level of complexity, that is, in the classroom teaching learning situations.
The applied research also uses the scientific method of inquiry.
It’s methodology, however, is not as rigorous as applicability and not in terms of universal validity.
In case of Applied Research it is the desire to do something.
Action Research
Action Research is discovered by- Kurt Lewin
‘Corey’ is the originator of the term- ‘Action Research’
In Action Research, a practitioner can try out alternative strategies till the problem is solved satisfactory.
It is concerned with a local problem and is conducted in a local setting.
In case of Action Research it is the desire to do and solve something.
Steps of Action Research
-Plan
-Act
-Observe
-Reflect
Designs in Educational Research- Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive : What is ? (Present)
Experimental : What will be ? (Future)
Historical : What Was ? (Past)
Descriptive Research Design
It is designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions.
It studies investigate phenomena in their natural setting.
Here the researcher does not manipulate the variables or arrange for events to happen.
The present events or phenomena are observed & described here.
Types of Descriptive Research
Survey Studies
-School Survry
-Job Survey
-Public Opinion Survey
-Social Survey
Developmental Studies
-Growth Studies
---Longitudinal
---Cross-Sectional
-Follow-up Studies
-Trends Studies
Inter-Relationship Studies
-Case Study
-Ex-post Facto/ Casual Comparative Studies
-Correlation & Prediction Studies
-Cross-Cultural & Comparative Studies
Historical Research Design
Historical Research is the Systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past.
No manipulation or control of variables or Data and primarily focuses in the past.
Historical research is not based upon experimentation, but upon reports of observation which cannot be repeated.
Types of Historical Research
-Bibliographic Research
-Legal Research
-Studying the history of ideas
-Studying the history of institutions.
Experimental Research Design
Experimental research design are concerned with
-Examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable,
-Where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention &
-The effect of those interventions is observed on the dependant variable.
-Data are collected through random method.
Types of Experimental Research
True Experimental Design
-Post-test only ,
-Pretest post-test only,
-Solomon 4 groups ,
-Factorial ,
-Randomized block,
-Crossover
Quasi – Experimental Research Design
-Nonrandomized control group design,
-Time-series design
Pre – Experimental Research Design
-One-shot case design ,
-One-group pretest-posttest design
Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative
Approaches to Educational Research
-Qualitative & Quantitative
Qualitative Research
A type of research meant for qualitative description of the behavior and events observed in their natural setting and specialized techniques for the analysis and interpretation of the collected qualitative data.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Emphasis on natural setting and cultural context.
Primary aimed to describe and secondary aim is to analyze the events & things occurring in the natural setting.
Here participants are selected through non-random method
Data collected from the natural set-up.
The qualitative research is based on inductive reasoning.
Types : Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Case study, Historical Research
Quantitative Research
It tries to seek quantitative description of the things observed in the natural setting or otherwise being manipulated by the researcher in his study.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
It is merely concerned with the quantitative description of the things observed.
Here sample are collected through random method.
This research is based on deductive reasoning.
In quantitative research takes the information from the participants mostly in quantitative forms or quantitative expression.
Educational Research : Meaning and Score
Meaning of Educational Research
According to Mouly, -
Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving educational problem.
Travers thinks, -
Educational Research is the activity for developing science of behavior in educational situations. It allows the educator to achieve his goals effectively.
According to Whitney, -
Educational Research aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientific philosophical method.
So Educational Research is-
- Process of Generating the New Knowledge
- To Solve the Educational Problems
- Which is Purposeful, Precise, Objective, Scientific and Systematic
- Through Organize the data Quantitatively and Qualitatively
- which depends on the Researchers Ability, Ingenuity and Experience
Scope of Educational Research
Being scientific study of Educational Process, it involves :
- Biotic Elements of Education (Student, teachers, educational managers, parents, etc.)
- Non-Biotic Elements of education (Schools, colleges, research institutes, curriculum etc.)
Meaning & Steps of Scientific Method
What is Scientific Method?
Francis Bacon is the Father of Scientific Method.
Mixed use of Inductive & Deductive Method is called Scientific Method.
It is a Back-&-Forth Movement (Cycling Process) of thoughts.
It is start from Inductive to Deductive.
It is based on Assumptions or Hypothesis.
This is basically conducted to Develop or Test Hypothesis.
How to proceed in scientific method
1st - In this method researcher operates Inductively from Partially known or unknown information (Experiences, previous knowledge, observation etc.) towards a assumptions or hypothesis.
2nd - Then Deductively from suggested Hypothesis, to the particular parts in order to connects these with one another in a meaningful pattern to find valid relationship.
Purposes of Scientific Methods
The basic purposes of scientific methods are
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Prediction
Control
Prescription, & Identification of relationship of the facts.
Steps in Scientific Method
1.Identification and definition of the problems
2.Formulation of a hypothesis
3.Implication of hypothesis through deductive reasoning
4.Collection and analysis of evidences
5.Verification, rejection or modification of hypothesis
6.Generalization
Types of Scientific Method
Types of Scientific Method
Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive
Exploratory
A preliminary investigation of a relatively unknown field which aims to gain new insights.
This type of research method conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined.
It is not typically generalizable to the population at large.
It is used to clarify/define a problem
This is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to understand more about it.
Esploratory studies are a valuable means of understanding
What is happening
To assess phenomenon in a new light
Explanatory/Causal Research
This study is designed to exploring something new
When an issue that is already known and have a description of it, we might begin to wonder WHY things are the way they are.
The desire to know “WHY”, to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research.
Descriptive
An in-depth study of an individual, a situal, group, organization or phenomenon which aims to describe the object of study accurately.
This study is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied
This methodology focuses more on the “What” of the research subject rather than the “Why” of the research subject.
This method define the research aspects viz., who, what, where, when, why and sometimes how of the research.
Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Problem- solving | Theory Building | Prediction
Scientific Activity-
Scientific activity is the activities of recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena.
It provides a means to formulate questions about general observations and devise theories of explanation.
The approach lends itself to answering questions in fair and unbiased statements, a long as questions are posed correctly, in a hypothetical form that can be tested.
Aims of Research-
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
1. Problem Solving-
Problem solving refers to the ability to use knowledge, facts and data to effectively solve problems.
This doesn’t mean you need to have an immediate answer, it means you have to be able to think on your feet, assess problems and find solutions.
Steps involved in Problem Solving
Confronting the problems
Collection of evidence
Formulating possible solution of hypothesis
Evaluating the sustainability of solutions
Testing the possible solutions
Arriving at conclusions.
2. Theory Building
Meaning of Theory Building: The process of building a statement of concepts and their interrelationships that shows how and/or why a phenomenon occurs.
Theory: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Steps of Theory Building
-Theories
-Propositions
-Concepts
-Observation of objects and events
3. Prediction
It is a statement about a future event in research.
Predictions are usually stated as hypotheses, i.e. clear statements which can be subjected to scientific verification.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Introduction to Research
Introduction to Research - Meaning, Function, Definition, Characteristics and scope of research - Types of research - Teacher as a researcher
Formulating Hypothesis in Research
This document discusses the process of formulating hypotheses. It begins by defining hypothesis formulation as creating possible tentative explanations for a given set of information or research. It then outlines the two contexts in which hypotheses are formulated - the context of discovery, where hypotheses emerge from prior research, and the context of justification, where researchers communicate their hypotheses. The document proceeds to list the six steps in formulating a hypothesis: 1) understanding the problem area, 2) considering the goal, 3) identifying variables, 4) identifying relationships between variables, 5) critically thinking about the hypothesis, and 6) expressing the idea as a hypothesis. Finally, it notes that properly formulating hypotheses can be difficult.
Research Aptitude
Research aptitude is an important part of the UGC NET examination training program. The document outlines key aspects of research including meaning, types, methods, and ethics. It discusses the research process from formulating the problem to preparing the final report. Descriptive and experimental methods are highlighted. Workshops/conferences are described as providing hands-on experience. Publication and checking progress are also mentioned.
Lesson 1 research methodology introduction
This is lesson 1 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Science Research: Descriptive Research
This document discusses various types of descriptive research methods, including correlational research, causal-comparative research, documentary analysis, ethnography, case studies, and analytical methods. Correlational research examines relationships between two or more variables, while causal-comparative research attempts to identify causes of pre-existing differences between groups. Documentary analysis involves studying existing documents to describe current conditions. Ethnography focuses on observing socio-cultural phenomena through fieldwork. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a situation or event. Historical research analyzes past events and artifacts through documents and records.
Descriptive Analytic Research
The document summarizes an article that reviewed descriptive-analytic research (DAR) in physical education. It identified characteristics of DAR and called for its increased use in physical education research to help guide improvements in teaching. The article outlined a five-stage framework for building a comprehensive research effort in physical education, beginning with developing analysis systems specific to PE, testing them in large-scale studies, and culminating in enriching teacher education programs.
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
This presentation formed part of the HEA-funded workshop 'Research methods for teacher education'.
This event brought together academic experts in educational research methods with school leaders, to debate, share and determine how student teachers and teachers on part-time Masters-level programmes can best be taught to use research methods to better understand and ultimately, improve the quality of their teaching and improve educational outcomes for pupils and schools.
This presentation forms part of a blog post which can be accessed via: http://bit.ly/1m8vkEW
For further details of HEA Social Sciences work relating to teaching research methods in the Social Sciences please see http://bit.ly/15go0mh
4 bab iii
This document summarizes the methodology used in a classroom action research study conducted to improve students' reading comprehension at an Islamic middle school in Pati, Central Java, Indonesia. The study involved 40 8th grade female students and used a cyclical action research process involving planning, implementation, observation, and reflection over three cycles. Data was collected through tests, observations of teaching and learning processes, and reflections between the teacher and researcher. The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of using mind mapping techniques to help students better understand English reading texts.
Graber 1991
This study examined the behaviors of undergraduate physical education students during their pre-service teaching programs through qualitative observations and interviews. The researchers identified four major themes in student behaviors: short cutting, cheating, colluding to extract information from instructors, and image projection to conform to instructor expectations. These "studentship" behaviors arose from students' perceptions of assignment worth and pressures to meet instructor standards, and were learned through previous schooling experiences. The researchers concluded studentship represents an understandable response to conditions partly in instructors' control, rather than simply moral failures.
Informed learning in the undergraduate classroom: The role of information exp...
Final Seminar presentation held April 13, 2015 at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia.
Introduction to Research Methododology
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research and discusses the meaning and importance of research. It outlines different types of research such as descriptive vs analytical research, applied vs fundamental research, quantitative vs qualitative research, and conceptual vs empirical research. It also discusses the objectives and characteristics of good research. The document is presented by Dr. S.P. Ghodake and is part of a course on research methodology provided by the Dept. of MBA at Sanjivani College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY PURPOSE & METHOD
This document classifies research by purpose and method. For purpose, it discusses basic vs applied research, research and development, and evaluative research. For method, it discusses historical research which describes past conditions, descriptive research which describes present data and characteristics, and experimental research which manipulates variables to discern effects.
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Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
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Designs in Educational Research- Descriptive Experimental Historical
Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative
Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
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Contribution of Marry Wollstonecraft In Education
Contribution of Marry Wollstonecraft In Education
Who is Marry Wollstonecraft ?
Marry Wollstonecraft is a Mother of Feminist.
Her Philosophy is based on liberal feminism
She was an English writer, moral and political philosopher and advocate of women’s right.
Marry Wollstonecraft was born on 27th April 1759.
she was the second of the seven children of Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft.
In 1784 at the age of 24 Marry Wollstonecraft opened up her own school for girls at Newington Green.
Contribution of Savitribai phule in Education
Phule is a social reformer, educationist, anti-abronist of India.
She is first women teacher in India
She and her husband jyotirao phule paIay a big role for women equality and women education in British period.
They are established first girls school in Pune at 1848. this school name was BHIDE WADA
Characteristics of a Good Sample
Characteristics of a Good Sample
Representativeness
Absence of sampling error
Economically viable
Generalized and applicable
Goal oriented
Proportional
Randomly Selected
Actual information provider
Practical
Concept of Sample & Universe
What is Universe or Population
the term ‘Universe’ refers to the total of the items or units in any field of inquiry.
whereas the term ‘Population’ refers to the total of items about which information is desired.
Example:
Universe : All the Teachers
Population : All primary teachers, all college teachers, all university students etc.
Population Size: The total number of units present in the population
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Hypotheses- Concept, Sources & Types
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
Types of Variables - Independent, Dependent ,Extraneous ,Intervening ,Moderator
Types of Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Intervening/Mediating Variable
Extraneous Variable
Moderator variable
Independent Variable
Variable that is presumed to influence other variable
It is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
Dependent Variable
Variable affected by the independent variable
It responds to the independent variable.
Example
“How stress affects mental state of human beings?”
Independent variable ----- Stress
Dependent variable ---- mental state of human
beings You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change mental state.
Intervening/Mediating Variable
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be measured.
Example
“Higher education typically leads to higher income”
Higher education----(independent variable)
Higher income----(dependent variable)
Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and itself affects income.
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables an experimenter is examining.
Example
“An educational psychologist has developed a new learning strategy and is interested in examining the effectiveness of this strategy”
The experimenter randomly assigns students into two groups. All of the students study text materials on a biology topic for thirty minutes.
One group uses the new strategy and the other uses a strategy of their choice.
Then all students complete a test over the materials.
Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the biology topic
Moderator variable
It is a type of an independent variable that may not be the main focus of the study
It is a characteristics of individuals or of treatment variables that may result in an interaction between an independent variable and other variables
It may modify the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Example
when dealing with any research question, gender may affect them.
National Education Policy 2020
National Education Policy 2020
-This is the first new education policy in 34 years
-A panel headed by former ISRO chief K. Kasturirangan submitted a draft in December 2018
-which was made public and opened for feedback after the Lok Sabha election in May 2019.
-New Education Policy was launched on Wednesday, July 29, 2020
-Union Ministers for Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Prakash Javadekar and Human Resource Development (HRD) and Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank, made the announcement on the NEP- 2020.
-The NEP 2020 aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”
Meaning of Constructs, Concepts & Variables
Meaning of Constructs, Concepts & Variables
Construct
Construct is an abstract concept that is specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a given phenomenon or subject.
Constructs are considered latent variable because they cannot be directly observed or measured.
Concept
Concept gives a vivid picture on something, which helps to understand the subject or phenomena.
Concepts are based on our experiences. Concepts can be based on real phenomena and are a generalized idea of something.
Variable
Variable is a measurable representation of an abstract construct.
Variables are created by developing the construct into a measurable form.
Variables are observable, measurable & changeable or unstables.
Construct
-an abstract concept
-specifically chosen (or “created”)
-to explain a given phenomenon or subject.
-cannot be directly observed or measured.
Concept
-Concepts are based on our experience
-gives a vivid picture on something,
-which helps to understand the subject or phenomena.
-Concepts can be based on real phenomena and are a generalized idea of something.
Variable
-measurable representation of an abstract construct.
-Variables are created by developing the construct into a measurable form.
-Variables are observable, measurable & changeable or unstable.
Islamic Philosophy and Education
Islamic Philosophy & Education
Education of Islam
-Education is considered as a light in philosophy and tradition of Islam, that light, by which ignorance form darkness thrown away.
-Education is used as an action which create differences between knowledge and darkness.
-Knowledge of Qur’an is considered as true education in Islamic philosophy.
-According to Hazarat Mohammad, exponent of Islam religion, education should be continuing from the lap of mother till grave.
Islamic Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Islamic Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Basics of Islamic Religion & Philosophy
There is One God (ALLAH) who is the creator of all universe.
Main source book of Islamic Philosophy is – Qur’an
Mohammad is the Final Messenger of Islam who finalize the Islamic Philosophy.
Islamic philosophy doesn't believe in idol or statue worship.
Five Base of Islam mention bellow-
-To believe in Allah, Prophet Mohammad and Quran. (Iman)
-To read the namaaz five times. (Namaz)
-To fast in the month of Ramzaan. (Roza)
-To grant money from one’s earnings. (Zakat)
-To go for Haj atleast once in a lifetime. (Haj)
Metaphysics of Islam
This universe has been created by Allah-
Physical Universe is destroyable yet real, spiritual universe is everlasting-
Allah is shapeless, and the souls are created by him-.
Human is the supreme creation by Allah-
The human development depends on the power of his soul, his deeds and Allah’s mercy
A human’s ultimate objective is to prepare himself for the everlasting life and unify his soul with Allah-
Islam doesn’t believe in rebirth.
Epistemology of Islam
At present, people following Islam consider Qur’an as the prime source of any type of knowledge.
Hazrat Mohammad divided knowledge in two forms-
i. Physical- He has put physical products and social life under physical knowledge
ii. Spiritual - knowledge of Islam religion under spiritual knowledge.
In Quran, there are three ways mentioned to attain physical knowledge
-i. Ilmul Yakeen (believe by estimating)
-ii. Enul Yakeen (believe by seeing)
-iii. Hakkul Yakeen (believe by touching)
This clearly means senses are considered as a medium to attain physical knowledge.
Where attaining spiritual knowledge is concerned, Islam considers information given by the prophets.
Axiology of Islam
According to Qur’an & Islamic Law (Shariyah) Desirable Acts Undesirable Acts divided into Two Parts-
-Halal – Lawful
-Haram – Unlawful
-Fard – Obligatory: An act commanded by Allah in the Holy Qur'an is known as Fard.
-Sunnat :
--Sunnat-e-Mu’akkadah: an act done or liked by the Hazrat Mohammad (PBUH) in relation to worship.
--Sunnat-e-Ghayr Mu’akkadah: The Messenger of Allah had performed such an act, but also omitted it without any reason.
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta Philosophy
Chief Founder - Badarayana
Others Exponents - Sankara, Ballava, Nimbarka, Ramanuja etc.
Beginning Time - 1500 BCE
Focus - The essence of the Vedas
Type of School - Orthodox (Astika)
Source Book Badarayana’s- Vedanta Sutra
Sub schools of Vedanta- Advaita of Sankara, Visistadvaita of Ramanuja and Dvaita of Madhva and many more.
It is also known as Uttara Mimansa
Metaphysics of Vedanta
Vedata spoke of One Reality (ekam sat) which is spoken of in various ways by the sages.
It spoke of That One (tad ekam) that created the world. The Upanishads called it Brahman.
Brahman is the Reality of the reality. It is the cause of all created things
Brahman is the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the world.
All creatures spring out of Brahman. They live in Brahman and are reabsorbed in Brahman.
Brahman is the cosmic principle, atman is the psychic principle. It is the inner self in man
It implies that creation is self-expression and self communication of God to the creatures.
Creation is a moral act of willing and self-sacrifice of Brahman.
Epistemology of Vedanta
Vedanta Philosophy divided knowledge into two parts
-Apara (Temporal or practical): The knowledge of different phases of this material world and human life
-Para (spiritual): Ved, Brhmana, Aranayak And Metaphysics Of Geeta are Para knowledge.
To gain both of these knowledge Shankar has encouraged the method of
-Sharvana (Listening)
-Manan (Rumination)
-Nidhidyasana (Contemplation)
Axiology of Vedanta
Vedanta accepts the distinction made by the Kathopanishad between happiness (Preyas) and the highest good (Sreyas).
The highest Good is the realization of the eternal universal self in man. Vidya leads to self-realization.
Atman can be realized by one who does practice self-control, desirelessness, and concentration of mind.
Karma is not excluded from moral life.
Prescribed actions should be performed without any desire or motive.
Karma purifies the mind; however it is only a preliminary step to self-knowledge.
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Replicability
Precision
Parsimony
Falsifiability
Replicability
When other people follow the same steps in your research and get the same or identical result.
Precision
Theoretical concepts, which are often hard to measure, must be defined with such precision that others can use those definitions to measure those concepts and test that theory.
Parsimony
When there are many explanations of a phenomenon, researchers must accept the simplest and most logical of them, to prevent explaining with many complex theories. This concept is called Parsimony or “Occam’s Razor”.
Occam’s razor or Ockham’s Razor is a principle from philosophy.
Falsifiability
A theory must always be stated in a way that it can be Disproved.
It must be tested or falsified
Theories that cannot be tested or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.
Whose concepts are not accurately measurable cannot be tested, and is therefore not scientific.
Others Characteristics of Scientific Method
Verifiability
Objectivity
Generalization
Systematic study
Control
Scientific research design
Power of prediction
Cause and effect relationship
Theorization
Universability
What is APA Writing Style or Format
APA & APA Style / Format
What is APA ?
Full Form of APA – American Psychological Association.
The APA was founded in July 1892 at Clark University.
The first president was G. Stanley Hall.
What is APA Style/Format?
APA Style is a Writing Style and Format for Academic Documents such as scholarly journal articles and books.
It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of Behavioral and Social Sciences.
The APA became involved in Journal Publishing in 1923.
The 1st Edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952
The initial edition went through Two Revisions: one in 1957, and one in 1967 Subsequent editions were released in -
1974 (2nd Edition of APA Style/Format)
1983 (3rd Edition of APA Style/Format)
1994 (4th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2001 (5th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2009 (6th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2019 (7th Edition of APA Style/Format & Current )
Axiology of Samkhya Philosophy
–Right Knowledge (Satya Gyan) is the key issue in Axiology of Samkhya Philosophy
–Desirable & Undesirable activity depends upon-Right Knowledge (Satya Gyan)
–Samkhya considers Yoga Sadhana way (Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayama, Pratyahaara, Dharana, Dhyan and Samadhi) necessary to acquire the great vows and rules of values.
–Human can control his unethical perception only through compliance of these moral great vows and rules
Epistemology of Samkhya Philosophy
Epistemology of Samkhya Philosophy:
1st Type: Pratyaksa (Perception)
Aloukik (Perception through the Mind)
Loukik (Perception through the External Five Senses)
Nirvikalpaka (Indeterminate) – First phase of Perception –Incomplete Perception
Savikalpaka (Determinate)- Second phase of Perception –Complete Perception
2nd Type: Sabda (Testimony)
Laukika-Sabda : trustable testimony of trustable or knowledgeable person.
Vaidik-Sabda : words of Vedas .
3rd Type: Sabda (Testimony)
Laukika-Sabda : trustable testimony of trustable or knowledgeable person.
Vaidik-Sabda : words of Vedas .
Metaphysics of samkhya philosophy
Metaphysics of Samkhya Philosophy
Samkhya don’t accept the concept of GOD (Atheist).
There is No Maya, this World is Real (Realism)
There is a Cause/Reason in every Effect/Work/Result. (Satkaryabad)
Two fundamental elements are the cause of this universe creation- Prakruti (nature) & Purusha (Soul)
There are 23 Deformities of Prakruti, thus there are Total 25 Elements with Purusha.
Total element of Universe in Samkhya Philosophy
Purusha- 1
Prakriti- 1
Mahat/Buddhi- 1
Ahankar- 1
Mind- 1
Pancha-Karmendriya- 5
Pancha-Gyanendriya- 5
Pancha-Tanmatra- 5
Pancha-Mahabhuta- 5
Total = 25
Purusha:
Purusha (soul) is Concious but Inactive.
It is the Cause for the Evaluation in Prakrati.
It does not have any pattern, its Nirguna (without properties).
Sankhya believes that there is an entity of independent soul (Purusha) in each living organism.
Prakrati:
It is Active but Unconcious and
Main cause of Universe Creation.
There are 3 Qualities of Prakrati-
Satvas, Rajas and Tamas.
Entity of Prakruti and Purusha is An Axiom (Swat: Sudhya: Nitya)
Mahat (Sence) :
Mahat was Created First by Combination of Prakruti and Purusha.
Meaning of Mahat in Sankhya is - Cosmic Intelligence.
Ahamkar (Ego) :
It is the First bikriti/Parinam of Mahat.
Ahamkaara is Base of Diversity of this Universe,
There are 3 Types Ahamkar-
Satvas Ahamkar, Rajas Ahamkar and Tamas Ahamkar
Pancha-Karmendriya:
Combination of Ahamkaara and Satvas (Satvas Ahamkara).
5 Sensory Organs (Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue and Skin)
Pancha-Gyanendriya:
5 Execute Organs (Hand, Leg, Speech, Anus and Genital)
Pancha-Tanmatra:
It is originated by Combination of Ahamkaara and Tamas (Tamas Ahamkar).
Shabda(Words), Sparsha (touch), Roopa (appearance), Rasa(delight) and Gandha (Smell).
Pancha-Mahabhuta:
It is originated by Pancha-Tanmatra.
Cosmic Elements- Akash (Space), Vayu (Air) ,Agni (Fire), Jala (Water) & Pruthvi (Earth).
Samkhya Philosophy : Basic Concepts and Characteristics
1. Basic info about “ Samkhya Philosophy ”
It is propounded by -Maharshi Kapila
The Word Samkhya is derived from the word ‘Sankhya’ which means number.
Samkhya is the philosophy of the numbers, because it deals with 25 categories.
Samkhya means the philosophy of right knowledge. Right knowledge about Purusa and Prakrti.
It is a Dualism Philosophy (Purusha + Prakrati)
Samkhya Don’t believe in GOD (Atheist-Nastika)
But Samkhya believe in VEDA (Orthodox-Astika)
It is a Philosophy of ‘Pancha-Bingshati’ (25 Tatva)
Samkhya believe in ‘Satkaryabad’ (Theory of Causation)
It is a Pluralistic Spiritualism and an Atheistic Realism and Uncompromising Dualism.
Others Exponents are:
Iswarkrishna , Guadapada, Vachaspati Misra, Vijyanabikshu
Source Books of Samkhya
[Sutra] - Main Source Book Kapila’s - Samkhya-Sutra
[Bhasya] - Iswarkrishna’s - Samkhyakarika
[Bhasya] - Guadapada’s - Samkhy Karikabhasya
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Types of Research Designs
- 3. Sahin Sahari Asst. Professor (Belda College) Ex-Asst. Professor of ABS Academy (Post Graduate Dept. of Education.) Ex-Guest Teacher of WBNSOU(Muragacha Govt. College) Ex-Guest Teacher of Jonepur High School B.A (Education). M.A(Education). B.Ed. NET(Education). SET(Education) Ph. D in Education(Contd..)
- 4. Types of Research • There are many kinds of classification of research. Some of the classifications are as follows: – According to Goal – According to Time Element – According to the Statistical Content & Description of Data
- 5. 1. According to Goal • a. Basic or Pure - It is conducted for knowledge gaining or shake of knowledge. • b. Applied - the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles. • c. Action Research- it is done for the immediate solution of the problems in natural setting or classroom situation.
- 6. 2. According to Time Element • a. Historical research - describes what was. – Past Events • b. Descriptive research - describes what is. – Present Events • c. Experimental research - describes what will be. – Future Events
- 7. 3. According to Statistical Content & Description of Data • Quantitative Research- tries to seek Quantitative Description of the things observed in natural or manipulated setting by using Inferential Statistical Methods. – Experimental Research, Descriptive Research, Correlational Research • Qualitative Research- for Qualitative Description of the behavior and event observed in Natural Settings by using Descriptive Statistical Method. – Phenomenological, Ethnographic, Grounded theory, Case Study, Historical Research, Narrative Research
- 9. Sahin Sahari Asst. Professor (Belda College) Ex-Asst. Professor of ABS Academy (Post Graduate Dept. of Education.) Ex-Guest Teacher of WBNSOU(Muragacha Govt. College) Ex-Guest Teacher of Jonepur High School B.A (Education). M.A(Education). B.Ed. NET(Education). SET(Education) Ph. D in Education(Contd..)