Topical Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based medicine with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
This document discusses different types of tablets used in pharmaceuticals. It begins by defining a tablet as a solid, flat or biconvex dosage form prepared by compressing drugs and/or diluents. Tablets are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines. The document then discusses advantages and disadvantages of tablets, as well as different types including compressed, chewable, film coated, delayed release, buccal/sublingual, implantation, and effervescent tablets. It provides details on each type of tablet's purpose, ingredients, manufacturing process, and intended route of administration.
This document provides information about powders and granules. It defines powders as solid materials in a finely divided state that can be used orally or externally. Powders are classified based on use as bulk powders for internal or external use, or divided doses. Granules are agglomerated powders made into larger, free-flowing particles. The document describes the mixing, preparation, advantages, disadvantages, storage, packaging, and uses of powders and granules. Common pharmaceutical applications include antacids, analgesics, and skin protectants.
Presentation includes an introduction to Uncoated Tablets and examples. It's a topic from Subject-Pharmaceutics. For general and quick understanding this slide is going to be beneficiary.
D-pharma B- Pharma topical preparation pharmaceutics pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmacy topical preparations ointment page gel cream limit suppositories access accessories pessesries paste lotion liniment topical preparations are those drugs that are applied locally to on the mucus membrane administered by rubbing or we are spreading over them on the skin to protect and moisturizer and various therapeutic effect they contain silver nitrate kilora accident gluconate ionic silver boric acid bleaching powder potassium permanganate hydrogen peroxide sodium chloride jink jink oxide ointment base vehicles
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, types, and manufacturing process. It begins with definitions of tablets from pharmacopoeias and discusses how they are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of pharmaceutical preparations. It describes various types of tablets including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, enteric-coated, and effervescent tablets. The document outlines the tablet manufacturing process using tableting machines and discusses characteristics and specifications of compressed tablets.
This document discusses tablets as a solid oral dosage form. It defines tablets and describes their advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. The document outlines common tablet ingredients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. It also discusses different types of tablets based on route of administration and describes various tableting methods including wet and dry granulation and compression. The document provides a detailed overview of the key components and processes involved in manufacturing tablets.
This document discusses different types of semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and jellies. It provides details on the general properties, ingredients, and manufacturing methods for each type. Evaluation methods for various semi-solid formulations are also summarized, such as tests to measure penetration, drug release rate, absorption, and irritancy for ointments, and tests of rheology, sensitivity, and biological activity for creams.
1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
This document discusses different types of tablets used in pharmaceuticals. It begins by defining a tablet as a solid, flat or biconvex dosage form prepared by compressing drugs and/or diluents. Tablets are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines. The document then discusses advantages and disadvantages of tablets, as well as different types including compressed, chewable, film coated, delayed release, buccal/sublingual, implantation, and effervescent tablets. It provides details on each type of tablet's purpose, ingredients, manufacturing process, and intended route of administration.
This document provides information about powders and granules. It defines powders as solid materials in a finely divided state that can be used orally or externally. Powders are classified based on use as bulk powders for internal or external use, or divided doses. Granules are agglomerated powders made into larger, free-flowing particles. The document describes the mixing, preparation, advantages, disadvantages, storage, packaging, and uses of powders and granules. Common pharmaceutical applications include antacids, analgesics, and skin protectants.
Presentation includes an introduction to Uncoated Tablets and examples. It's a topic from Subject-Pharmaceutics. For general and quick understanding this slide is going to be beneficiary.
D-pharma B- Pharma topical preparation pharmaceutics pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmacy topical preparations ointment page gel cream limit suppositories access accessories pessesries paste lotion liniment topical preparations are those drugs that are applied locally to on the mucus membrane administered by rubbing or we are spreading over them on the skin to protect and moisturizer and various therapeutic effect they contain silver nitrate kilora accident gluconate ionic silver boric acid bleaching powder potassium permanganate hydrogen peroxide sodium chloride jink jink oxide ointment base vehicles
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, types, and manufacturing process. It begins with definitions of tablets from pharmacopoeias and discusses how they are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of pharmaceutical preparations. It describes various types of tablets including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, enteric-coated, and effervescent tablets. The document outlines the tablet manufacturing process using tableting machines and discusses characteristics and specifications of compressed tablets.
This document discusses tablets as a solid oral dosage form. It defines tablets and describes their advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. The document outlines common tablet ingredients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. It also discusses different types of tablets based on route of administration and describes various tableting methods including wet and dry granulation and compression. The document provides a detailed overview of the key components and processes involved in manufacturing tablets.
This document discusses different types of semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and jellies. It provides details on the general properties, ingredients, and manufacturing methods for each type. Evaluation methods for various semi-solid formulations are also summarized, such as tests to measure penetration, drug release rate, absorption, and irritancy for ointments, and tests of rheology, sensitivity, and biological activity for creams.
This document discusses tablet coating defects, their causes, and remedies. It begins with an introduction to tablet coating and why it is done. Common coating defects are then described such as blistering, cratering, pitting, blooming, blushing, orange peel, sticking, picking, color variation, bridging, erosion, and twinning. The causes and remedies for each defect are provided. Critical parameters for successful tablet coating are also listed, including nozzle spacing, spray pattern, spray speed, droplet size, drying temperature, and air speed. References on tablet coating and manufacturing defects are included at the end.
The document describes preparing and evaluating paracetamol granules using the wet granulation method. Key steps in the wet granulation process are outlined, including weighing and sifting powders, blending, wet granulation, drying, dry screening, and lubrication. Granules containing 500mg of paracetamol per tablet are prepared and submitted. The granules are then evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, Carr's compressibility index, and angle of repose to determine flow properties before compression into tablets.
This document provides an overview of tablet formulation and manufacturing. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets as a popular dosage form. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules through wet and dry granulation. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binders, and lubricants. Finally, it provides information on tablet coating techniques and quality evaluation tests for tablets.
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages and types. It discusses the main components of tablets, including active ingredients and excipients. It describes different types of tablets based on their route of administration and production process. The purposes and examples of various excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and coloring agents are outlined. Granulation is introduced as a process to prevent segregation and improve flow of powder mixtures that are then compressed into tablets.
Ointments are semi-solid preparations intended for external application to the skin. They contain mostly oils and some water. Ointments are classified based on where they act - on the skin surface, penetrating the skin, or passing through the skin. The base used can be hydrocarbon, absorption, water-miscible, or water-soluble. The appropriate base depends on factors like the patient's skin condition and the drug's stability. Ointments are prepared by incorporation, fusion, or emulsification methods. They are evaluated based on penetration, drug release rate, absorption into blood, and irritancy. Ointments contain more oil and less water than creams, giving them a thicker consistency and longer moisture retention time.
This document discusses the design and formulation of capsules. It begins by defining capsules and describing their history. There are two main types of capsules: hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. Hard gelatin capsules have two pieces and typically contain powders, granules or pellets, while soft gelatin capsules are one piece and sealed and can contain liquids or suspensions. The document goes on to cover the advantages and disadvantages of capsules, as well as the formulation of the gelatin shell and capsule contents for both hard and soft gelatin capsules. Key components include gelatin, plasticizers, colorants, fillers and various other excipients.
Semisolid dosage form (paste, jellies, and poulties)Anil Deore
This document provides information about pastes as a semisolid dosage form for external application to the skin. It defines pastes and discusses their composition, preparation methods, storage, and differences from ointments. Pastes typically contain a large amount of solids and are thick and stiff formulations that form a protective coating when applied. They are prepared using methods like trituration and fusion that are also used to make ointments. The document also provides brief descriptions of jellies and poultices as other external semisolid dosage forms.
The document discusses parenteral dosage forms. Parenterals are sterile solutions or suspensions of drugs administered directly into veins, muscles, or under the skin. They do not utilize the alimentary canal and must meet general requirements including stability, sterility, isotonicity, and being free of pyrogens, toxins, and foreign particles. Evaluation tests for parenterals include sterility, pyrogen, clarity, and leakage tests.
Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin tabletsSanket Kapadne
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPIRIN TABLETS
Aim - Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin Tablets.
Requirement –
Chemicals - Aspirin, HPMC, PVP, Sodium
Stearate, Talc
Glasswares - Granulating sieve, standard sieve set, etc.
Equipment - Tablet press
Principle
Aspirin tablet is prepared by wet granulation method. Aspirin belonging to the class of NSAID having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at systematic standard doses. In this Lubricants in combination leads to better drug release kinetic. Aspirin tablets are obtained by wet Compression Method. The particles to be compressed consist of one or more medicaments, with or without excipients substance such as diluents, binders, and disintegration agents, lubricant, glidants.
Formula
Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity (1 Tab.)
1. Aspirin 250 mg
2. HPMC 50 mg
3. Microcrystalline Cellulose 70 mg
4. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Q.S.
5. Sodium Stearate+ Talc 1 mg + 5 mg
Method
Wet granulation forms the granulation by binding the powders together with an adheshive instead of by compaction.
Stages of granule development :
A. Pendular B. Funicular
C. Capillary D. Droplet Steps involved :
Step 1: Weighing and mixing of formulation ingredients.
Step 2: Preparing the damp mass.
Step 3: Screening the dampened powder into pellets or granules.
Step 4: Drying of moist granules.
Procedure
1. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique as per the composition given earlier.
2. The calculated amount which was required to prepare 400 mg aspirin tablets, containing 250 mg drug, HPMC polymer and PVP as a binder were mixed uniformly.
3. An enough granulating agent (water) was added slowly to prepare wet mass. Granules were prepared by sieving method using a 20# sieve.
4. Further, granules were dried at 35-45ºC for six hours. The dried granules were stored in desiccators until compression of tablets.
5.The required amounts of granules were weighed and compressed using automatically operated tablet punching machine having 12mm flat faced punch diameter and during the tablet preparation to maintain the low resistance between the solid and die wall, lubricants added in granules. Lubricant combinations are agents added in small quantities to the tablet during the tablet preparation.
6. The compressed tablets were stored in airtight container at room temperature for further evaluation.
Evaluation
1. Assay : Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 0.5 g of Aspirin, add 30.0 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. The difference
This document discusses different types of tablets and the tablet manufacturing process. It begins by defining what a tablet is and listing some key advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. It then describes different types of tablets including compressed, coated, chewable, and those for different routes of administration. The document outlines common excipients used in tablets and their functions. It explains the importance of granulation and describes different granulation methods including dry, wet, and direct compression. The wet granulation process is outlined in detail including mixing, granulation, and drying steps.
1. Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body and consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients.
2. Dosage forms are classified as solid, liquid, or semi-solid and include tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and creams.
3. The purpose of dosage forms is to provide accurate dosing of drugs, protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release profiles, and allow placement of drugs in the body.
This document discusses common manufacturing defects that can occur during tablet production such as picking and sticking, capping and lamination, mottling, double impression, poor mixing, poor flow, weight variation, and hardness variation. For each defect, the document provides the reason for why the defect occurs and recommendations for how to correct the issue, such as using properly designed punches, adequate drying, uniform granule size distribution, and controlling punch movement. The overall goal of the document is to outline typical tablet defects, their causes, and methods for prevention.
This document discusses semisolid dosage forms in Ayurveda and modern medicine. [1] It defines semisolids as materials that retain shape when not confined but can deform or flow under pressure. [2] It describes various internal and external Ayurvedic semisolid forms like Rasakriya, Leha, and Lepa and their standard production procedures. [3] It also examines modern semisolid forms like ointments, pastes, and gels used externally and how rheology governs their consistency.
This presentation intends to introduce about ayurvedic tablets known as gutikas or vatis. The content is suitable for undergraduate pharmacy students and high school science learners. It focusses on preparation and standardization. This topic is part of herbal drug technology of B.Pharmacy PCI curriculum.
Powders are solid dosage forms consisting of finely divided drugs and chemicals meant for both internal and external use. They are classified as bulk powders, divided powders, granules, and those contained in capsules. Bulk powders are less accurate but more stable than other forms. Divided powders allow accurate dosing. Granules can mask unpleasant tastes and are easier to swallow than powders. Other solid dosage forms discussed include tablets, capsules, lozenges, pills, and pastilles, each having advantages and disadvantages for drug delivery and patient acceptance.
quality control test for soft gelatin capsule and minim per gram factorSUJIT DAS
This document discusses quality control testing of soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulated within an outer gelatin shell. They undergo various tests to check attributes like shape, size, color, thickness, leakage, disintegration, and content uniformity. Content uniformity involves weighing capsules individually, extracting the contents, weighing the shells to calculate net contents. Other tests described include disintegration testing in tubes, weight variation testing of random capsules, and factors that influence leakage like gelatin strength and viscosity.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose medicinal substances within a small gelatin shell. There are two main types of gelatin capsules: hard capsules, which consist of a body and cap, and soft capsules, which have a softer shell. Capsules offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes, allowing powders to dissolve quickly, and providing flexibility in dosing. They are filled by preparing a formulation that may include active ingredients, diluents, lubricants, and glidants. The powder is then filled into capsule shells of appropriate sizes and polished.
This document evaluates different tests performed on capsules, including stability, invariability, disintegration, dissolution, and moisture permeation tests. Stability tests evaluate the integrity of the capsule shell and determine shelf life by testing shell integrity and storage conditions. Invariability tests ensure uniform weight and drug content across capsules using weight variation and content uniformity tests. Disintegration and dissolution tests measure how quickly the capsule shell breaks down and releases its drug in water or simulated gastric fluid. Moisture permeation testing verifies the suitability of packaging for preventing moisture from affecting capsules.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose one or more active ingredients within a soluble shell, typically made of gelatin. There are two main types: hard-shelled capsules containing dry powders, and soft-shelled capsules used for oils. Capsules are manufactured through a process involving dipping pins in gelatin solutions to form the shells, drying, stripping from the pins, trimming, joining the cap and body portions, and polishing. Various sizes of empty capsules are commercially available. Capsules offer benefits like ease of swallowing and unit dosing but require specialized filling equipment for industrial production.
This document provides information on administering ophthalmic, ear, and rectal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, ointments, and ear drops, including proper positioning, identification, and administration techniques.
2) Administering medications through nasogastric tubes, including delivering the full dose and positioning the patient.
3) Common rectal dosage forms like suppositories, creams, and gels, which are usually torpedo-shaped and composed of fatty or water-soluble bases.
4) Packaging rectal formulations with perforated applicators and storing in a cool place.
This document provides information on administering various ophthalmic, ear, rectal, and vaginal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, including identifying the patient, checking the medication order, positioning the patient, pulling down the eyelid, squeezing the prescribed number of drops in, and having the patient blink.
2) Instilling eye ointment by laying a thin strip along the inner eye and having the patient roll their eye.
3) Giving medication through a nasogastric tube by holding the tube above the patient's nose and slowly delivering the dose.
4) Preparing and instilling ear drops by positioning the patient on their side and
This document discusses tablet coating defects, their causes, and remedies. It begins with an introduction to tablet coating and why it is done. Common coating defects are then described such as blistering, cratering, pitting, blooming, blushing, orange peel, sticking, picking, color variation, bridging, erosion, and twinning. The causes and remedies for each defect are provided. Critical parameters for successful tablet coating are also listed, including nozzle spacing, spray pattern, spray speed, droplet size, drying temperature, and air speed. References on tablet coating and manufacturing defects are included at the end.
The document describes preparing and evaluating paracetamol granules using the wet granulation method. Key steps in the wet granulation process are outlined, including weighing and sifting powders, blending, wet granulation, drying, dry screening, and lubrication. Granules containing 500mg of paracetamol per tablet are prepared and submitted. The granules are then evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, Carr's compressibility index, and angle of repose to determine flow properties before compression into tablets.
This document provides an overview of tablet formulation and manufacturing. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets as a popular dosage form. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules through wet and dry granulation. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binders, and lubricants. Finally, it provides information on tablet coating techniques and quality evaluation tests for tablets.
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages and types. It discusses the main components of tablets, including active ingredients and excipients. It describes different types of tablets based on their route of administration and production process. The purposes and examples of various excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and coloring agents are outlined. Granulation is introduced as a process to prevent segregation and improve flow of powder mixtures that are then compressed into tablets.
Ointments are semi-solid preparations intended for external application to the skin. They contain mostly oils and some water. Ointments are classified based on where they act - on the skin surface, penetrating the skin, or passing through the skin. The base used can be hydrocarbon, absorption, water-miscible, or water-soluble. The appropriate base depends on factors like the patient's skin condition and the drug's stability. Ointments are prepared by incorporation, fusion, or emulsification methods. They are evaluated based on penetration, drug release rate, absorption into blood, and irritancy. Ointments contain more oil and less water than creams, giving them a thicker consistency and longer moisture retention time.
This document discusses the design and formulation of capsules. It begins by defining capsules and describing their history. There are two main types of capsules: hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. Hard gelatin capsules have two pieces and typically contain powders, granules or pellets, while soft gelatin capsules are one piece and sealed and can contain liquids or suspensions. The document goes on to cover the advantages and disadvantages of capsules, as well as the formulation of the gelatin shell and capsule contents for both hard and soft gelatin capsules. Key components include gelatin, plasticizers, colorants, fillers and various other excipients.
Semisolid dosage form (paste, jellies, and poulties)Anil Deore
This document provides information about pastes as a semisolid dosage form for external application to the skin. It defines pastes and discusses their composition, preparation methods, storage, and differences from ointments. Pastes typically contain a large amount of solids and are thick and stiff formulations that form a protective coating when applied. They are prepared using methods like trituration and fusion that are also used to make ointments. The document also provides brief descriptions of jellies and poultices as other external semisolid dosage forms.
The document discusses parenteral dosage forms. Parenterals are sterile solutions or suspensions of drugs administered directly into veins, muscles, or under the skin. They do not utilize the alimentary canal and must meet general requirements including stability, sterility, isotonicity, and being free of pyrogens, toxins, and foreign particles. Evaluation tests for parenterals include sterility, pyrogen, clarity, and leakage tests.
Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin tabletsSanket Kapadne
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPIRIN TABLETS
Aim - Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin Tablets.
Requirement –
Chemicals - Aspirin, HPMC, PVP, Sodium
Stearate, Talc
Glasswares - Granulating sieve, standard sieve set, etc.
Equipment - Tablet press
Principle
Aspirin tablet is prepared by wet granulation method. Aspirin belonging to the class of NSAID having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at systematic standard doses. In this Lubricants in combination leads to better drug release kinetic. Aspirin tablets are obtained by wet Compression Method. The particles to be compressed consist of one or more medicaments, with or without excipients substance such as diluents, binders, and disintegration agents, lubricant, glidants.
Formula
Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity (1 Tab.)
1. Aspirin 250 mg
2. HPMC 50 mg
3. Microcrystalline Cellulose 70 mg
4. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Q.S.
5. Sodium Stearate+ Talc 1 mg + 5 mg
Method
Wet granulation forms the granulation by binding the powders together with an adheshive instead of by compaction.
Stages of granule development :
A. Pendular B. Funicular
C. Capillary D. Droplet Steps involved :
Step 1: Weighing and mixing of formulation ingredients.
Step 2: Preparing the damp mass.
Step 3: Screening the dampened powder into pellets or granules.
Step 4: Drying of moist granules.
Procedure
1. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique as per the composition given earlier.
2. The calculated amount which was required to prepare 400 mg aspirin tablets, containing 250 mg drug, HPMC polymer and PVP as a binder were mixed uniformly.
3. An enough granulating agent (water) was added slowly to prepare wet mass. Granules were prepared by sieving method using a 20# sieve.
4. Further, granules were dried at 35-45ºC for six hours. The dried granules were stored in desiccators until compression of tablets.
5.The required amounts of granules were weighed and compressed using automatically operated tablet punching machine having 12mm flat faced punch diameter and during the tablet preparation to maintain the low resistance between the solid and die wall, lubricants added in granules. Lubricant combinations are agents added in small quantities to the tablet during the tablet preparation.
6. The compressed tablets were stored in airtight container at room temperature for further evaluation.
Evaluation
1. Assay : Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 0.5 g of Aspirin, add 30.0 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. The difference
This document discusses different types of tablets and the tablet manufacturing process. It begins by defining what a tablet is and listing some key advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. It then describes different types of tablets including compressed, coated, chewable, and those for different routes of administration. The document outlines common excipients used in tablets and their functions. It explains the importance of granulation and describes different granulation methods including dry, wet, and direct compression. The wet granulation process is outlined in detail including mixing, granulation, and drying steps.
1. Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body and consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients.
2. Dosage forms are classified as solid, liquid, or semi-solid and include tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and creams.
3. The purpose of dosage forms is to provide accurate dosing of drugs, protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release profiles, and allow placement of drugs in the body.
This document discusses common manufacturing defects that can occur during tablet production such as picking and sticking, capping and lamination, mottling, double impression, poor mixing, poor flow, weight variation, and hardness variation. For each defect, the document provides the reason for why the defect occurs and recommendations for how to correct the issue, such as using properly designed punches, adequate drying, uniform granule size distribution, and controlling punch movement. The overall goal of the document is to outline typical tablet defects, their causes, and methods for prevention.
This document discusses semisolid dosage forms in Ayurveda and modern medicine. [1] It defines semisolids as materials that retain shape when not confined but can deform or flow under pressure. [2] It describes various internal and external Ayurvedic semisolid forms like Rasakriya, Leha, and Lepa and their standard production procedures. [3] It also examines modern semisolid forms like ointments, pastes, and gels used externally and how rheology governs their consistency.
This presentation intends to introduce about ayurvedic tablets known as gutikas or vatis. The content is suitable for undergraduate pharmacy students and high school science learners. It focusses on preparation and standardization. This topic is part of herbal drug technology of B.Pharmacy PCI curriculum.
Powders are solid dosage forms consisting of finely divided drugs and chemicals meant for both internal and external use. They are classified as bulk powders, divided powders, granules, and those contained in capsules. Bulk powders are less accurate but more stable than other forms. Divided powders allow accurate dosing. Granules can mask unpleasant tastes and are easier to swallow than powders. Other solid dosage forms discussed include tablets, capsules, lozenges, pills, and pastilles, each having advantages and disadvantages for drug delivery and patient acceptance.
quality control test for soft gelatin capsule and minim per gram factorSUJIT DAS
This document discusses quality control testing of soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulated within an outer gelatin shell. They undergo various tests to check attributes like shape, size, color, thickness, leakage, disintegration, and content uniformity. Content uniformity involves weighing capsules individually, extracting the contents, weighing the shells to calculate net contents. Other tests described include disintegration testing in tubes, weight variation testing of random capsules, and factors that influence leakage like gelatin strength and viscosity.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose medicinal substances within a small gelatin shell. There are two main types of gelatin capsules: hard capsules, which consist of a body and cap, and soft capsules, which have a softer shell. Capsules offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes, allowing powders to dissolve quickly, and providing flexibility in dosing. They are filled by preparing a formulation that may include active ingredients, diluents, lubricants, and glidants. The powder is then filled into capsule shells of appropriate sizes and polished.
This document evaluates different tests performed on capsules, including stability, invariability, disintegration, dissolution, and moisture permeation tests. Stability tests evaluate the integrity of the capsule shell and determine shelf life by testing shell integrity and storage conditions. Invariability tests ensure uniform weight and drug content across capsules using weight variation and content uniformity tests. Disintegration and dissolution tests measure how quickly the capsule shell breaks down and releases its drug in water or simulated gastric fluid. Moisture permeation testing verifies the suitability of packaging for preventing moisture from affecting capsules.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose one or more active ingredients within a soluble shell, typically made of gelatin. There are two main types: hard-shelled capsules containing dry powders, and soft-shelled capsules used for oils. Capsules are manufactured through a process involving dipping pins in gelatin solutions to form the shells, drying, stripping from the pins, trimming, joining the cap and body portions, and polishing. Various sizes of empty capsules are commercially available. Capsules offer benefits like ease of swallowing and unit dosing but require specialized filling equipment for industrial production.
This document provides information on administering ophthalmic, ear, and rectal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, ointments, and ear drops, including proper positioning, identification, and administration techniques.
2) Administering medications through nasogastric tubes, including delivering the full dose and positioning the patient.
3) Common rectal dosage forms like suppositories, creams, and gels, which are usually torpedo-shaped and composed of fatty or water-soluble bases.
4) Packaging rectal formulations with perforated applicators and storing in a cool place.
This document provides information on administering various ophthalmic, ear, rectal, and vaginal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, including identifying the patient, checking the medication order, positioning the patient, pulling down the eyelid, squeezing the prescribed number of drops in, and having the patient blink.
2) Instilling eye ointment by laying a thin strip along the inner eye and having the patient roll their eye.
3) Giving medication through a nasogastric tube by holding the tube above the patient's nose and slowly delivering the dose.
4) Preparing and instilling ear drops by positioning the patient on their side and
This document provides information on instillation of medications into the eye, ear, and nose. It discusses the principles and procedures for administering eye drops, ear drops, and nasal drops. Key points include holding the head in correct positions to allow drops to reach the intended areas, using separate equipment for each patient, explaining the procedure to gain cooperation, and having the patient remain in position for a period after instillation.
Administration of Medications into Eye and Ear- Topical Application Ganga Tiwari
Administration of Medications into Eye and Ear
Presented by Ganga Tiwari ( BSc. Nursing Fourth Year, TU, IOM, Maharajgunj Nursing Campus Kathamandu Nepal)
Direct application (Fundamental Of Nursing)MO FAISHAL
This document provides information on various direct drug application methods including suppositories, nasal packing, throat swabs, and bladder irrigation. It defines suppositories as solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of suppositories as well as procedures for inserting suppositories into the rectum or vagina. The document also outlines procedures for nasal packing, throat swabs, ear and eye drops/ointment installation, and bladder irrigation.
Techniques of administration of dosage form "eye drop"viperchhetri
This document summarizes a presentation on techniques for administering eye drops. It begins with introductions on pharmaceutical dosage forms and special dosage forms like eye drops. It then describes the purpose, proper procedure, advantages, and disadvantages of eye drop administration. Key points include tilting the head back, pulling the lower eyelid down to form a pocket, squeezing a single drop into the eye, closing the eye for 2-3 minutes, and washing hands after. Precautions discussed are not touching the tip and discarding drops after the appropriate time period. The conclusion emphasizes that eye drops are used to deliver medication via the ocular route topically to the eye.
PARENTERAL AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS (1).pptxmasumreza32
This document discusses various parenteral and topical dosage forms. It begins by defining parenteral dosage forms as those administered by routes other than oral, such as directly into systemic circulation via injection. It notes some key advantages of parenteral forms like rapid action and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, as well as disadvantages like pain and expense. It then describes various liquid and solid topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, suppositories, and their uses. The document provides details on administration methods for different forms like eyedrops, eardrops, nasal sprays, inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes by discussing some newer drug delivery systems.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the main excipients used in tablet formulations and the manufacturing process, which typically involves granulation and compression. It also discusses tablet coating methods and common defects in tablets. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the fundamentals of tablet design and production.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including granulation, compression, and coating. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations and methods for evaluating tablet quality.
This document provides information on tablet formulation and manufacturing. It defines what a tablet is and lists some key advantages such as stability, portability, accuracy of dosing, and low cost. It then describes different types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered via other routes, and those used to prepare solutions. The document discusses excipients commonly used in tablet formulations and provides details on granule preparation methods, compression of granules into tablets, and potential defects that can occur during tablet manufacturing.
The document provides instructions for administering various types of medications including orally, sublingually, buccally, parenterally, and topically. It describes in steps how to properly administer oral medications, eyedrops, ear drops, nose drops, rectal suppositories, vaginal medications, and how to deal with nausea and mouth discomfort.
Topical drug administration involves applying medications locally to areas like the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mucous membranes. It allows for local drug effects with fewer systemic side effects. Methods include direct application of liquids, insertions into body cavities, instillations, irrigations, and sprays. Proper topical administration requires following the rights of medication administration, preparing the application site, educating the patient, carefully applying the medication, documenting, and monitoring for side effects.
Topical drug administration involves applying medications locally to areas like the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mucous membranes. It allows for local drug effects with fewer systemic side effects. Methods include direct application of liquids, insertions into body cavities, instillations, irrigations, and sprays. Proper topical administration requires following the rights of medication administration, preparing the application site, educating the patient, carefully applying the medication, documenting, and monitoring for side effects.
Dispensing Lab Specialized Drug Delivery Systems And Health Accessoriesdunerafael
This document discusses specialized drug delivery systems and provides advice on their proper use. It defines and illustrates different specialized dosage forms like implants, insufflations, irrigation solutions, and more. Regarding implants, it advises monitoring for pain and avoiding heavy lifting for 24 hours. It recommends inhaling all of the aerosol when using a nebulizer. Allied professionals are advised that only surgeons can implant devices and to watch for swelling and bruising after a procedure.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug administration principles, common dosage forms, routes of administration, and dosage calculations. Key points covered include drug effects on the body, factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, the rights of drug administration, and methods for administering various types of drugs orally, topically, inhaled, and parenterally.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including:
- Tablets are compressed solid dosage forms that are usually circular in shape and may be flat or curved. They are the most popular dosage form.
- Advantages of tablets include being easy to administer and dispense, more stable, light and compact, and economical. Disadvantages include difficulty formulating some drugs and increased costs from coating.
- The document describes different types of tablets based on how they are administered, manufactured, and used. It also covers tablet ingredients, manufacturing processes, coating methods, and potential defects.
Drug formulations, dosage form and drug delivery devicesAmit Kumar
This document provides information on various drug dosage forms and drug delivery devices. It defines drug dosage forms as the form in which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It then describes several solid, semi-solid, and liquid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, ointments, syrups, and injections. The document also discusses various drug delivery devices like transdermal patches, insulin pens and pumps, nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and ocuserts which help deliver drugs to targeted sites in the body.
This document outlines guidelines for administering various types of oral, topical, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal medications. It describes different drug forms like tablets, liquids, creams and patches. It provides instructions on using measuring devices, giving oral medications, applying topical drugs, administering eye/ear drops and nasal sprays, and inserting suppositories. The document emphasizes best practices like proper positioning, hygiene, and monitoring the person after administration.
This document discusses tablets as a type of solid oral dosage form used for drug delivery. It defines tablets as compressed powders or granules containing medicinal ingredients. The document outlines the advantages of tablets such as ease of administration and accurate dosing. It also discusses different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document provides details on the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules, compression, and coating. It also lists common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binding agents, and disintegrating agents.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Newer Drug Delivery System_31-01-2024_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Advances in molecular pharmacology and an improved understanding of the mechanism of most diseases have created the need to specifically target the cells involved in the initiation and progression of diseases. This is especially true for most life-threatening diseases requiring therapeutic agents which have numerous side effects, thus requiring accurate tissue targeting to minimize systemic exposure. Recent drug delivery systems (DDS) are formulated using advanced technology to accelerate systemic drug delivery to the specific target site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing off-target accumulation in the body. As a result, they play an important role in disease management and treatment. Recent DDS offer greater advantages when compared to conventional drug delivery systems due to their enhanced performance, automation, precision, and efficacy. They are made of nanomaterials or miniaturized devices with multifunctional components that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and have high viscoelasticity with an extended circulating half-life. This review, therefore, provides a comprehensive insight into the history and technological advancement of drug delivery systems. It updates the most recent drug delivery systems, their therapeutic applications, challenges associated with their use, and future directions for improved performance and use.
Drug Drug Interactions_27-01-2024_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug-food interaction is the effect of grapefruit in the metabolism of drugs.
Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors, directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABAA receptors, and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can lead to loss of consciousness. When two drugs affect each other, it receives the name of a drug-drug interaction. The risk of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) increases with the number of drugs used.
A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug-drug interactions.
Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
additive (the result is what you expect when you add together the effect of each drug taken independently),
synergistic (combining the drugs leads to a larger effect than expected), or
antagonistic (combining the drugs leads to a smaller effect than expected).
It may be difficult to distinguish between synergistic or additive interactions, as individual effects of drugs may vary.
Direct interactions between drugs are also possible and may occur when two drugs are mixed before intravenous injection. For example, mixing thiopentone and suxamethonium can lead to the precipitation of thiopentone.
Rational Use of Medicine_Evidence Based Medicine_Therapeutic Drug Monitoring_...Dr Jeenal Mistry
Rational use of Medicine: Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide. WHO estimates that more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take them correctly. The overuse, underuse or misuse of medicines results in wastage of scarce resources and widespread health hazards. Examples of irrational use of medicines include: use of too many medicines per patient ("poly-pharmacy"); inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in inadequate dosage, for non-bacterial infections; over-use of injections when oral formulations would be more appropriate; failure to prescribe in accordance with clinical guidelines; inappropriate self-medication, often of prescription-only medicines; non-adherence to dosing regimes.
Evidence based medicine: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients."The aim of EBM is to integrate the experience of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available scientific information to guide decision-making about clinical management. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.
ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
1) The study examined the effects of a monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody on stress-induced colonic hypersensitivity in a rat model.
2) The antibody decreased colonic hypersensitivity induced by chronic adult stress or unpredictable early life stress without affecting colonic compliance.
3) The antibody also inhibited stress-induced signaling in the thoracolumbar spinal cord that is associated with persistent visceral pain.
Dr Jeenal Mistry_Recent Advances in DM_8th Sept 2022.pptxDr Jeenal Mistry
The pharmacotherapy of DM has evolved tremendously in the last
100 years since the successful extraction of insulin in 1921. The efficacy of multiple drugs has been established for microvascular and
macrovascular outcomes. Despite manufacturing successful insulinanalogues, newer analogues such as icodec and newer automated
insulin delivery pumps are in the pipeline to further improve glycaemic
control. CVOTs were initiated to establish the safety of antidiabetics;
however, apart from establishing efficacy as well, some drugs have
grown to the extent of establishing efficacy and safety in nondiabetic
patients as well. Current research must be directed towards new therapeutic options for TIDM and evaluating efficacy of antidiabetics for
diseases concomitantly associated with DM, such as cerebrovascular
diseases, neuropathies, retinopathies and cancers. Diabetes with
COVID-19 provides a therapeutic dilemma for establishing adequate
glycaemic control as well as managing complications. Numerous
hypotheses exist for the management of COVID-19 with diabetics,
which need to be evaluated. Various new drug delivery systems and
drugs with novel mechanisms of action, are in the pipeline for the
management of TIDM and TIIDM, with some of them demonstrating
adequate promise in clinical trials or other diseases.
Dr Jeenal Mistry_ Journal Club 3_6th August 2022.pptxDr Jeenal Mistry
CVN424 is a novel small molecule and first-in-class candidate therapeutic to selectively modulate GPR6, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. Expression of GPR6 is largely confined to the subset of striatal projection neurons that give rise to the indirect(striatopallidal) pathway, important in the control of movement.
CVN424 improves motor function in preclinical animal models
of Parkinson’s disease. Here, we report results of a phase 1,
first-in-human study investigating the safety, tolerability, and
pharmacokinetics of CVN424 in healthy volunteers. The study
(NCT03657030) was randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled. CVN424 was orally administered in ascending doses to successive cohorts as inpatients in a clinical research unit. Single
doses ranged from 1 mg to 225 mg, and repeated (7 day) daily
doses were 25, 75, or 150 mg. CVN424 peak plasma concentrations were reached within 2 h post-dose in the fasted state and increased with increasing dose. Dosing after a standardized high fat meal reduced and delayed the peak plasma concentration, but total plasma exposure was similar. Mean terminal half-life
ranged from 30 to 41 h. CVN424 was generally well tolerated:
no serious or severe adverse effects were observed, and there
were no clinically significant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters. We conclude that CVN424, a nondopaminergic compound that modulates a novel therapeutic target, was
safe and well tolerated. A phase 2 study in patients with Parkinson’s disease is underway.
This is the first-in-human clinical study of a first-in-class candidate therapeutic. CVN424 modulates a novel drug target,
GPR6, which is selectively expressed in a pathway in the brain
that has been implicated in the motor dysfunction of patients
with Parkinson’s disease. This study paves the way for investigating this novel mechanism of action in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
The goal of reverse pharmacology is to utilize disease pathology in order to identify specific and targetable elements that novel compounds can be modeled from.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
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• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
3. 3
Competency
PH 2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms
(Oral / Local /Parenteral; Solid / Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
• Enlist the common dosage forms used for topical route of administration
• Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an local dosage form
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms.
4. INTRODUCTION
4
♠ In the field of pharmaceuticals, optimizing drug delivery plays a
crucial role in ensuring effective treatment.
♠ Topical dosage forms have gained significant attention for their unique
advantages.
♠ This introduction explores the benefits and advancements in drug
delivery through topical formulations, highlighting their potential in
enhancing patient outcomes.
♠ Available in the form of lotion, cream, ointment, powder, drops,
spray etc.
5. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
5
Advantages
♠ Alternative to oral and
parenteral drug administration.
♠ Fewer risk of GI side effects.
♠ Fewer risk of abuse.
♠ Easy to administer.
Disadvantages
♠ Most drugs have higher
molecular weight and are
poorly lipid soluble so are not
absorbed via skin or mucous
membrane.
♠ Local irritation.
♠ Contact dermatitis.
8. DUSTING POWDER
8
♠ It is mixture of fine powder for
external use.
♠ It is applied with powder puff or soft
brush to prevent frictionor bed sore.
♠ e.g. Talcum powder, Boric acid,
Neosporin powder, Betadine
powder
9. PELLETS
9
♠ The drug in the form of a solid pellet is
introduced with a trochar and cannula in
subcutaneous tissue.
♠ This provides sustained release of the drug
over weeks and months. e.g. testosterone
♠ Testosterone pellet implant is done in male
hypogonadism and 200mg pellet releases
about 1.18 mg drug everyday, lasting its effect
approximately 190 days.
11. 1. STENT
11
♠ Peripheral or coronary stent
placed into narrowed, diseased
arteries known as drug eluting
stent .
♠ The drug is slowly release to
decrease cell proliferation.
♠ Ex. Paclitaxel, Sirolimus
12. 2. IMPLANT
12
♠ These devices have a large depot of therapeutic agent intended for
the controlled release over longer period of time.
♠ Ex. Progesterone Implant.
13. 3. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
13
♠ Contraceptive device placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
♠ E.g. Hormonal IUD, Copper T.
14. 4. TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
14
♠ Medicated adhesive patch that is placed on
the skin to deliver a specific dose of
medication into the systemic circulation.
♠ Provides controlled release of medication
into the patient.
♠ Common sites for application are mastoid
region, back, upper arm and hip.
♠ Local irritation and erythema are main
disadvantages.
♠ E.g. Hyoscine, Nitroglycerine, Diclofenac
17. CREAM
17
♠ Creams are semisolid preparations which are non-greasy and have
a watery base.
♠ Essentially, it is a preparation of oil in water.
♠ They may contain drug or other substances depending on the
purpose.
♠ They may be applied to skin or mucous membrane
♠ e.g. Miconazole 2% for tinea infection of skin
18. CREAM
18
Types
a) Aqueous Cream (50 – 80 % water) oil in water emulsion (o/w)
e.g. Fluocinolone acetonide.
a) Oily Cream (30 – 50% water) water in oil emulsion (w/o)
Moisturizer cream e.g. Cold cream
Antibiotic containing cream e.g. Soframycin cream, Silver Sulfadiazine
19. LINIMENTS
19
They are liquid or semisolid preparations intended
for external application by rubbing and may contain
substances possessing analgesic, rubefacient,
soothing and stimulating properties e.g. turpentine
liniment or methyl salicylate liniment.
♠ They might be either ointments, emulsions or solutions
♠ They are applied on intact skin
♠ The base is fixed oil. They also contain soap/alcohol
♠ They act as rubefacient (congestion and redness), irritant
and counterirritant
♠ Physiological bases of counter irritants is not known but it
is presumed that it may act by following mechanism: Local,
Focal, Distal
20. PASTES
20
♠ Pastes are semisolid preparation intended for
external application.
♠ They contain more than 10% of powdered
medicaments mixed with a non-greasy base,
made up of glycerine, mucilage or soap.
♠ They are applied to acute lesions with oozing
surface like eczema.
♠ They differ from ointments being non greasy
(washable), accommodate high proportion of
powder, more absorptive, less penetrating and
macerating.
♠ e.g. Tooth paste, Zinc oxide paste.
21. DRESSING
21
♠ Any material used for covering
protecting wound
♠ e.g. Bandage, Gauze piece,
Antiseptic dressing
22. PLASTER
22
♠ Plasters are solid adhesive preparations
applied to protect, soothe, provide mechanical
support and to lessen pain.
♠ They also bring medicament close to the skin
♠ Serves to immobilize orthopedic injuries.
♠ Promote healing, bone alignment, diminish
pain and protect the injury.
♠ Example: Plaster of paris.
23. POULTICE
23
♠ They are soft semi solid preparation
used for external application to
reduce inflammation and to relieve
pain.
♠ It adsorbs large amount of liquid, it is
used after heating and making
paste which is spread over cloth to
apply locally.
♠ It stimulates body surface due to
heat
♠ e.g. Glycerin
26. EAR DROPS
26
♠ They are drug solutions to be
instilled in ear with dropper
♠ e.g. gentamicin ear drops
♠ The container capacity of such
preparations is usually 10 to 15 ml.
♠ The containers are available as
plastic squeeze bottles or glass
dropper bottles with dropper cap.
27. EAR DROPS
27
Method of instillation of ear drops
1. If stored in refrigerator, warm the ear drop bottle up to body temperature
by keeping in the hand or the armpit for several minutes. Do not use hot
water tap or heater.
2. Tilt the head sideways or lie on one side with affected ear upwards
3. Gently pull the ear upwards and backwards (or if giving to a child
younger than 3 years of age, pull backward and downwards) to open the
ear canal.
4. Instil the number of drops prescribed
5. Wait for five minutes before turning to the other ear
6. Plug the ear canal with cotton wool if recommended by manufacturer
7. Ear drops should not burn or sting longer than few seconds
28. EYE DROPS
28
♠ These are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions of medicament,
meant to be instilled into conjunctival sac.
♠ Hence, they must be sterile and must have bacteriostatic additives to
maintain sterility.
♠ They should be non-irritant free from filaments, particles and should not
contain colour or fragrance.
♠ They should be discarded within 3 month from the date of the opening of
bottle asspecified on the label.
♠ Apart from the active ingredients they may contain antioxidants, stabilizers,
buffers, wetting agents, preservatives and tonicity adjusters.
29. EYE DROPS
29
Method of instillation of eye drops in adults:
1. Wash your hands
2. Do not touch the tip of the dropper opening.
3. Looking upward, pull the lower eyelid down to make a gutter with the help of index finger.
4. Bring the dropper as close to eye as possible without touching it.
5. Put the prescribed number of drops in to the gutter
6. Close the eye and press the medial canthus gently with index figure for 2 minutes. Don’t shut
the eye tightly
7. Excess fluid can be soaked with a tissue paper
8. If more than one kind of eye drops are used wait for 5 minutes before instilling the next drops
9. Eye drops may cause a burning sensation for few minutes. If it lasts longer consult the
Physician.
30. EYE DROPS
30
When instilling eye drops in children
1. Let the child lie on back with head straight and eyes closed
2. Drop the prescribed amount of drops in the corner of the eye
3. Keep the head straight and Remove the excess fluid
31. NASAL DROPS
31
These are drug solutions suitable for instillation in to the nose. They should not contain
oily base. They are used as decongestants or local haemostatics. E.g. Xylometazoline
nasal drops.
Method for instillation of nasal drops:
1. Blow the nose gently
2. Sit and tilt head backwards or lie down with a pillow under the shoulders. Keep the
head straight
3. Hold the medicine dropper just above the entrance to the nose. Squeeze out the
prescribed number of drop/s just inside the nostril of affected side. Do not place the
medicine dropper tip directly into the nose.
4. Apply the number of drops prescribed
5. Ask the patient to keep their head tilted back for 2-3 minutes and not to sneeze or
blow their nose justafter drops
6. Sit up for few seconds .The drops will then drip into pharynx
7. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if necessary
8. Rinse the dropper with boiled water
32. NASAL SPRAY
32
This is a liquid preparation for local application on nasal mucosa. E. g. Xylometazoline
nasal spray
Method for nasal spray instillation:
1. Blow the nose
2. Sit with the head slightly tilted forward.
3. Shake the spray.
4. Insert the tip in one nostril.
5. Close the other nostril & mouth.
6. Spray by squeezing vial (flask, container) and sniff slowly.
7. Ask the patient to keep their head tilted back for 2-3 minutes and not to sneeze or
blow their nose justafter spray.
8. Sit up after a few seconds. The spray will drip down the pharynx.
9. Breathe through the mouth.
10. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if necessary.
11. Rinse the tip with boiled water.
33. ENEMAS
33
Enema is a liquid preparation meant for rectal administration.
There are two types of enema-
1. Evacuation enema:
Evacuation enema is prepared by dissolving soap in 600 ml of water and
is used prior to surgery or radiography. Market preparation containing
Docusate sodium (dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate 125 mg in 50 ml) is
used.
2. Retention enema:
Retention enema contains drugs to produce local or systemic action.
Quantity does not exceed 100-120 ml. e.g. prednisolone enema in
ulcerative colitis
34. PESSARIES (VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES)
34
♠ These are solid medicament designed for insertion into vagina
where they melt or dissolve & exert localaction.
♠ e.g. Clotrimazole pessaries, Metronidazole / Betadine
pessaries.
35. DOUCHE
35
♠ They are medicated solution directed against a part or whole
cavity for cleansing or antisepticpurpose.
♠ These device produces jet of water containing medicament
applied to body for medical indication.
♠ They are used for irritation, antiseptic and astringent action.
♠ e.g. vaginal douches, douches of betadine solution.
36. GARGLE
36
♠ It is aqueous solution intended for use after
dilution with luke warm water.
♠ They are intended to bring medicament in
contact with throat.
♠ It may have bactericidal effect or hygroscopic
action to relieve soreness of throat
♠ e.g. Salt water gargle, Kaolin, Glycerin,
Warm water gargle, Potassium
permanganate solution, Povidone Iodine,
Chlorhexidine
37. MOUTH WASH
37
♠ It is solution meant for cleansing
purpose to treat superficial infection of
oral cavity by providing antimicrobial
activity and to deodorize buccal cavity.
♠ e.g. Chlorhexidine Gluconate
mouthwash, Betadine Mouthwash.
39. OINTMENTS
39
♠ Ointments are semisolid preparation with a
greasy base containing active drug (up to 10%)
for external application and of such consistency
that they soften a little at body temperature to
facilitate application.
♠ They may act on the skin surface (epidermic),
partially penetrate cuticle (endodermic) or get
absorbed to produce systemic effect
♠ E.g. Nitroglycerine ointment, Whitfield's
ointment, Betadine ointment.
40. 40
CREAM OINTMENT
Preparation of a medication for topical use (on the
skin) that contains a water base.
Preparation of a medicationfor topical use that
contains an oil base.
Preparation of oil in water (mixture of roughly
half water and half oil)
Preparation of water in oil (Most ointments
are 80% oil and 20% water)
Creams have a lower concentration of oil,
compared to ointments – less greasier and
stickier product
Ointments have a higher concentration of oil,
compared to creams – greasier and stickier
product.
Cream spread easily, is well absorbed, and wash
off with water.
Ointment feel greasy, is “occlusive”, stay onthe
surface of the skin longer and takes a longer
time to absorb (but allows greater penetration of
the active ingredient).
When to prefer cream?
• In general, cream is preferred over ointment
since it is less sticky and heavy on the skin.
• Since the viscosity (thickness) of creams is
less than that of ointments, it works better
covering large areas of skin.
• Cream is better than ointment for treating
oozing or “wet” skin conditions (e.g,
eczema).
When to prefer ointment?
• Because of preservatives used in cream,
ointment is less likely to cause an allergic
reaction (better to use on sensitive skin).
• Ointment, with its higher viscosity, is
generally better moisturizer. It forms a barrier
that helps to seal moisture into the skin and
is able to keep the skin moist for longer
periods of time.
• Ointment is best used on dry skin
conditions (e.g., psoriasis).
41. LOTIONS
41
♠ Lotions are liquid preparations meant for
local application to the skin or mucous
membranes.
♠ They include eye washes, mouthwashes and
gargles, solutions for urethral and vaginal
irrigation.
♠ They are applied without rubbing.
♠ They have soothing and protective properties
and act as antiseptics, astringent and
antipruritic agents
♠ e.g. zinc calamine lotion.
42. 42
LINIMENTS LOTIONS
Most of them are to be applied with slight
friction
These are to be applied without friction.
These are used for application to the
unbroken skin only
Lotions are used for application on
mucous
membrane and skin.
Act as irritants and counter irritants.
Have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and
cooling properties.
DIFFERENCE
43. JELLY / GEL
43
♠ Gels are semisolid colloidal solutions
or suspensions which are non-
greasy, water miscible, easy to apply,
wash and suitable for hairy parts.
♠ Protective effect.
♠ They act as vehicles in certain
medications
♠ e.g. glycerine and tannic acid gel
for stomatitis, anhydrous benzoyl
peroxide 2.5% for acnevulgaris.
44. PAINTS
44
♠ Paint is a liquid preparation for application on the skin or
mucous membrane
♠ e.g. astringent gum paint, Mandl’s throat paint.
45. AEROSOLS
45
Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in gas.
Very useful in respiratory diseases in which drug reaches directly to
alveoli and bronchioles when inhaled.
Aerosol drug delivery system: Devices used for administer
medications in the form suitable for inhalation into the respiratory
system.
Most commonly used devises are:
1. Metered dose inhaler
2. Metered dose inhaler with spacer
3. Nebuliser
4. Spinhaler/Rotahaler
5. Spray
46. 46
Advantages
1. Rapid onset of action.
2. Direct drug delivery to
treatment site.
3. Bypasses first pass
metabolism.
4. Lower dosage requirement
than systemic administration.
5. Convenient to use.
Disadvantages
1. Number of variables
affecting the dose of aerosol.
2. Possibilities of irritation,
contamination and infection.
3. Proper training may be
needed before use.
AEROSOLS
49. 49
REFERENCES
♠ Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi (8th Edition)
♠ Sharma and Sharma’s Principles of Pharmacology ( 4th Edition)
♠ Pooja K, Dilip A, Ashok KS, Mohit K, Shaneza A, Shweta B. An
Recent Advancement In Topical Dosage Forms: A Review.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and
Research 2021; 13(1); 01-08.