Scottish English resulted from language contact between Scots and Standard English after the 17th century. It was influenced by events like the Reformation, the introduction of printing, King James VI becoming King James I of England and moving his court to London, and the Acts of Union in 1707. Scottish English has distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features compared to other English varieties. Phonologically, it is mostly rhotic and distinguishes vowels before /r/ that other dialects have merged. Grammatically, it uses progressive verb forms more and different prepositions. Lexically, it has inherited words from Scots and Gaelic and uses diminutives like "-ie".
1. There are two main varieties of English spoken in Scotland: Scots and Standard Scottish English. Scots developed from Old English and is typically used by working classes, while SSE is used by educated middle classes.
2. Both varieties are distinct from other forms of English with their own pronunciations, grammatical structures, and lexicons. For example, Scottish English is usually rhotic and may use words like "out-with."
3. While Scots and SSE were once more distinct, the boundaries have blurred over time as many Scots speakers adopt elements of SSE. However, Scots remains influential in literature and some rural communities.
This document provides biographical information about Morice Vanoverbergh, a Belgian missionary who worked extensively with the Isneg people of the Philippines in the early 20th century. It notes that he was ordained as a priest in 1909, arrived in the Philippines that same year, and served in various locations on Luzon from 1909 to 1933. It describes his linguistic work with the Isneg people, including publishing an Ilocano-English dictionary in 1955 and recording Isneg riddles. The document provides details on Isneg dialects and pronunciation.
This document summarizes Morice Vanoverbergh's career and contributions to studying the Isneg people and language of the Philippines. It provides an overview of his missions among Isneg communities from 1909 to the 1930s, and lists several papers he authored on topics like Isneg life cycles, farming practices, architecture, health issues, and domestic economy. The document also includes an Isneg orthography he developed and examples of Isneg riddles he collected, along with their English translations.
This mission aims in analyzing the various varieties of English on the basis of national boundaries. English is
the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the different status of being the official language of
multiple countries. Though the English language is uniform with important variations in spelling current
between American English and British English, the dialect or accent is usually the element which allows one to
distinguish the various types of English out there. Like most languages, there are varieties of English also, but
the distinction isn't quite as notable as you might see in other languages.In the thick Ugandan English into the
French-themed Canadian British, the assortments of accents gift are equally diverse and beautiful. Aside from
accents, there is a tendency for individuals to combine English with their regional lingo to create a hybrid
variety of English language that's as colorful as the culture within that nation.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.
Updating the model accent - Pronuncing Dictionaries in the 21st centuryAVO-Bell
A small investigation on present-day English pronuncing dictionaries and the way they record ongoing changes occuring in the RP accent. It also demistifies Estuary English as a possible alternative to Received Pronunciation as a model accent of Standard English.
Scottish English resulted from language contact between Scots and Standard English after the 17th century. It was influenced by events like the Reformation, the introduction of printing, King James VI becoming King James I of England and moving his court to London, and the Acts of Union in 1707. Scottish English has distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features compared to other English varieties. Phonologically, it is mostly rhotic and distinguishes vowels before /r/ that other dialects have merged. Grammatically, it uses progressive verb forms more and different prepositions. Lexically, it has inherited words from Scots and Gaelic and uses diminutives like "-ie".
1. There are two main varieties of English spoken in Scotland: Scots and Standard Scottish English. Scots developed from Old English and is typically used by working classes, while SSE is used by educated middle classes.
2. Both varieties are distinct from other forms of English with their own pronunciations, grammatical structures, and lexicons. For example, Scottish English is usually rhotic and may use words like "out-with."
3. While Scots and SSE were once more distinct, the boundaries have blurred over time as many Scots speakers adopt elements of SSE. However, Scots remains influential in literature and some rural communities.
This document provides biographical information about Morice Vanoverbergh, a Belgian missionary who worked extensively with the Isneg people of the Philippines in the early 20th century. It notes that he was ordained as a priest in 1909, arrived in the Philippines that same year, and served in various locations on Luzon from 1909 to 1933. It describes his linguistic work with the Isneg people, including publishing an Ilocano-English dictionary in 1955 and recording Isneg riddles. The document provides details on Isneg dialects and pronunciation.
This document summarizes Morice Vanoverbergh's career and contributions to studying the Isneg people and language of the Philippines. It provides an overview of his missions among Isneg communities from 1909 to the 1930s, and lists several papers he authored on topics like Isneg life cycles, farming practices, architecture, health issues, and domestic economy. The document also includes an Isneg orthography he developed and examples of Isneg riddles he collected, along with their English translations.
This mission aims in analyzing the various varieties of English on the basis of national boundaries. English is
the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the different status of being the official language of
multiple countries. Though the English language is uniform with important variations in spelling current
between American English and British English, the dialect or accent is usually the element which allows one to
distinguish the various types of English out there. Like most languages, there are varieties of English also, but
the distinction isn't quite as notable as you might see in other languages.In the thick Ugandan English into the
French-themed Canadian British, the assortments of accents gift are equally diverse and beautiful. Aside from
accents, there is a tendency for individuals to combine English with their regional lingo to create a hybrid
variety of English language that's as colorful as the culture within that nation.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.
Updating the model accent - Pronuncing Dictionaries in the 21st centuryAVO-Bell
A small investigation on present-day English pronuncing dictionaries and the way they record ongoing changes occuring in the RP accent. It also demistifies Estuary English as a possible alternative to Received Pronunciation as a model accent of Standard English.
This document discusses various English accents and dialects from around the world. It defines an accent as how words are pronounced, and a dialect as words that are only used in some regions. It then proceeds to describe the characteristics of several major English accents, including Received Pronunciation (RP) used by the BBC in England; Scottish, Irish, Liverpudlian, Cockney, New York, Southern US, Canadian, Australian accents. Key features mentioned include pronunciation of vowels, addition or omission of 'r' sounds, and use of unique vocabulary terms. The document serves to illustrate the wide diversity in English pronunciation across different cultures and locations.
Find out the history of Scottish English, the languages of Scotland, the intricacies of the language, five accent features and fun slang from Gerard Butler! To check out the videos, go to the links mentioned in the sources slide:)
The document discusses the history and evolution of language through three main points:
1. All languages originate from a common ancestral language, and comparative reconstruction allows linguists to trace the lineage of modern languages back through their sound and word changes over time.
2. The history of the English language can be divided into four periods - Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English - each characterized by external influences like the Norman conquest that introduced French words and an influx of Latin terms with Christianity, as well as internal sound changes like the Great Vowel Shift.
3. As languages evolve over time, they undergo semantic and syntactic changes in addition to sound changes, such as borrowed vocabulary, lost meanings
Language variation is formed not just by heterogeneous language users, but also diverse social interactions. The document discusses language variation in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish dialects at the phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. It provides examples of distinct vocabulary, pronunciations, and grammatical features in each dialect compared to standard English. Key differences highlighted include dropped consonants, tapped or rolled r sounds, and variant vowel pronunciations.
Copy of simple blackboard background by slidesgoPaulaChapelet
The document discusses the history and development of languages from a common ancestral tongue. It focuses on the Indo-European language family and how Sir William Jones first proposed in 1786 that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek shared a common ancestor based on similarities in grammar and word roots. This common ancestor was termed Proto-Indo-European. Linguists have since reconstructed aspects of this proto-language by comparing cognates across related languages and applying principles like the majority principle and natural sound changes. The document also summarizes the development of English from Old English to Modern English and factors influencing language change like invasions and social upheaval.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
This document discusses English spelling myths and contains a summary of a document on the topic "Myth 5: English Spelling is 'Kattastroffik'". It includes the author's name and credentials, a brief outline of the topics covered in the summarized document, and key points about the author's perspective on English spelling and acknowledgment that dialects would emerge with phonetic spelling variations.
The document discusses the influence of Old Norse (Scandinavian) on the English language from the 9th-15th centuries. It had a significant impact in several areas:
1) Vocabulary - Many everyday words entered English from Old Norse, including pronouns like they, verbs like take, and terms related to law, war, and architecture.
2) Grammar and pronunciation - Aspects like the '-s' plural marker and some inflectional endings were influenced by Old Norse. Pronunciation of words like 'give' was also impacted.
3) Place and personal names - Names with elements like '-by', '-thorp' show Norse influence due to Scandinavian settlement across parts
This document discusses English phonology and phonetics. It covers:
- The speech organs and their functions, including breathing, phonation, resonation and articulation.
- Vowel classification and the cardinal vowel system.
- Consonant classification including voicing, place and manner of articulation.
- English vowels such as /i:/, /ɪ/, their tongue position, quality and examples.
- English diphthongs and phonetic transcription.
In under 3 sentences, it summarizes the key topics of speech production anatomy and mechanisms, classification of English sounds, and examples of specific vowels.
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
This document provides an overview of English consonants for Swedish learners. It discusses the major phonemic difficulties for Swedish learners, including new consonants in English like /Ʒ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /θ/, /ð/, /z/, /w/ as well as variations of existing Swedish consonants. It covers the parameters of manner, place and energy that determine consonants, and provides examples of consonant categories. The document also discusses non-phonemic contrasts involving the realization of consonants, including /l/, /t/, assimilation, elision and linking sounds.
This document provides an introduction to English phonetics. It begins by defining phonetics and its branches. It then discusses the speech organs and describes the 12 vowel sounds of English, including their place and manner of articulation. It also explains diphthongs and the 8 diphthong sounds of English. Next, it discusses consonant sounds, dividing them into categories like plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals and approximants. Specific consonant sounds are then defined with examples. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the information presented.
1) In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas had a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language history and change.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of Indo-European languages based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across languages.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, with each experiencing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences over time.
The document discusses language and cultural identity in Scotland. It explores Scottish, English, and British cultural identities and examines the Scots language. The document notes that Scots has historically been considered a dialect of English but argues it is a distinct language with its own vocabulary and pronunciation rules. It provides examples of linguistic differences between Scots and English and discusses the ongoing recognition and preservation of Scots as a unique language.
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative analysis of cognates using principles like the majority principle.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English (7th-11th century), Middle English (1100-1500), and Modern English (1500-present), with each period showing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences.
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across these languages.
3) English has undergone significant changes over time, from Old English (7th-11th century CE) to Middle English (1100-1500 CE) to Modern English (1500-present), with influences from Latin, French, and other languages introducing changes in vocabulary, sounds, syntax and other features.
There is no definitive answer to how many vowel sounds there are in English because linguists differ in their analyses. Peter Roach analyzed British English as having 20 vowel sounds, including 12 monophthongs, 5 closing diphthongs, and 3 centering diphthongs. However, Peter Ladefoged analyzed it as having 20 vowel sounds as well but with some differences - he omitted /ə/ and /υə/ since they are not used in stressed words, and included /aə/ and noted /ju/ as uncertain. The number of vowels is further complicated by differences between British and American English varieties and ongoing changes to pronunciation.
This document discusses various English accents and dialects from around the world. It defines an accent as how words are pronounced, and a dialect as words that are only used in some regions. It then proceeds to describe the characteristics of several major English accents, including Received Pronunciation (RP) used by the BBC in England; Scottish, Irish, Liverpudlian, Cockney, New York, Southern US, Canadian, Australian accents. Key features mentioned include pronunciation of vowels, addition or omission of 'r' sounds, and use of unique vocabulary terms. The document serves to illustrate the wide diversity in English pronunciation across different cultures and locations.
Find out the history of Scottish English, the languages of Scotland, the intricacies of the language, five accent features and fun slang from Gerard Butler! To check out the videos, go to the links mentioned in the sources slide:)
The document discusses the history and evolution of language through three main points:
1. All languages originate from a common ancestral language, and comparative reconstruction allows linguists to trace the lineage of modern languages back through their sound and word changes over time.
2. The history of the English language can be divided into four periods - Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English - each characterized by external influences like the Norman conquest that introduced French words and an influx of Latin terms with Christianity, as well as internal sound changes like the Great Vowel Shift.
3. As languages evolve over time, they undergo semantic and syntactic changes in addition to sound changes, such as borrowed vocabulary, lost meanings
Language variation is formed not just by heterogeneous language users, but also diverse social interactions. The document discusses language variation in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish dialects at the phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. It provides examples of distinct vocabulary, pronunciations, and grammatical features in each dialect compared to standard English. Key differences highlighted include dropped consonants, tapped or rolled r sounds, and variant vowel pronunciations.
Copy of simple blackboard background by slidesgoPaulaChapelet
The document discusses the history and development of languages from a common ancestral tongue. It focuses on the Indo-European language family and how Sir William Jones first proposed in 1786 that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek shared a common ancestor based on similarities in grammar and word roots. This common ancestor was termed Proto-Indo-European. Linguists have since reconstructed aspects of this proto-language by comparing cognates across related languages and applying principles like the majority principle and natural sound changes. The document also summarizes the development of English from Old English to Modern English and factors influencing language change like invasions and social upheaval.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
This document discusses English spelling myths and contains a summary of a document on the topic "Myth 5: English Spelling is 'Kattastroffik'". It includes the author's name and credentials, a brief outline of the topics covered in the summarized document, and key points about the author's perspective on English spelling and acknowledgment that dialects would emerge with phonetic spelling variations.
The document discusses the influence of Old Norse (Scandinavian) on the English language from the 9th-15th centuries. It had a significant impact in several areas:
1) Vocabulary - Many everyday words entered English from Old Norse, including pronouns like they, verbs like take, and terms related to law, war, and architecture.
2) Grammar and pronunciation - Aspects like the '-s' plural marker and some inflectional endings were influenced by Old Norse. Pronunciation of words like 'give' was also impacted.
3) Place and personal names - Names with elements like '-by', '-thorp' show Norse influence due to Scandinavian settlement across parts
This document discusses English phonology and phonetics. It covers:
- The speech organs and their functions, including breathing, phonation, resonation and articulation.
- Vowel classification and the cardinal vowel system.
- Consonant classification including voicing, place and manner of articulation.
- English vowels such as /i:/, /ɪ/, their tongue position, quality and examples.
- English diphthongs and phonetic transcription.
In under 3 sentences, it summarizes the key topics of speech production anatomy and mechanisms, classification of English sounds, and examples of specific vowels.
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
This document provides an overview of English consonants for Swedish learners. It discusses the major phonemic difficulties for Swedish learners, including new consonants in English like /Ʒ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /θ/, /ð/, /z/, /w/ as well as variations of existing Swedish consonants. It covers the parameters of manner, place and energy that determine consonants, and provides examples of consonant categories. The document also discusses non-phonemic contrasts involving the realization of consonants, including /l/, /t/, assimilation, elision and linking sounds.
This document provides an introduction to English phonetics. It begins by defining phonetics and its branches. It then discusses the speech organs and describes the 12 vowel sounds of English, including their place and manner of articulation. It also explains diphthongs and the 8 diphthong sounds of English. Next, it discusses consonant sounds, dividing them into categories like plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals and approximants. Specific consonant sounds are then defined with examples. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the information presented.
1) In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas had a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language history and change.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of Indo-European languages based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across languages.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, with each experiencing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences over time.
The document discusses language and cultural identity in Scotland. It explores Scottish, English, and British cultural identities and examines the Scots language. The document notes that Scots has historically been considered a dialect of English but argues it is a distinct language with its own vocabulary and pronunciation rules. It provides examples of linguistic differences between Scots and English and discusses the ongoing recognition and preservation of Scots as a unique language.
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative analysis of cognates using principles like the majority principle.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English (7th-11th century), Middle English (1100-1500), and Modern English (1500-present), with each period showing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences.
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across these languages.
3) English has undergone significant changes over time, from Old English (7th-11th century CE) to Middle English (1100-1500 CE) to Modern English (1500-present), with influences from Latin, French, and other languages introducing changes in vocabulary, sounds, syntax and other features.
There is no definitive answer to how many vowel sounds there are in English because linguists differ in their analyses. Peter Roach analyzed British English as having 20 vowel sounds, including 12 monophthongs, 5 closing diphthongs, and 3 centering diphthongs. However, Peter Ladefoged analyzed it as having 20 vowel sounds as well but with some differences - he omitted /ə/ and /υə/ since they are not used in stressed words, and included /aə/ and noted /ju/ as uncertain. The number of vowels is further complicated by differences between British and American English varieties and ongoing changes to pronunciation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Scots Gaelic Scottish English
N°2 N°3
N°1
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
3. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Scots Gaelic Scottish English
N°2 N°3
N°1
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
4. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Scots
N°1
Traditional language in Scotland.
It originated from Anglo-Saxon Old English.
Used in the main cities, Lowlands and Northern Isles.
It has Norman-French and Scandinavian elements.
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
5. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Gaelic
N°2
Scots
N°1
Scottish English
N°3
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
6. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Gaelic
N°2
The language is from Celtic descent.
Gaelic has remained in the Highlands and the
Western Isles.
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
7. There are three speech forms in Scotland:
Scots Gaelic Scottish English
N°2 N°3
N°1
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
8. S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
There are three speech forms in Scotland:
N°3
Scottish English
“Standard English with a Scottish accent.”
Phonetic, grammar and lexical elements gained from
Scots and Gaelic.
Used all around the country.
9. “Scottish English arose from linguistic contact between Scots and Standard English in
England from the 17th century onwards” (Scottish English, s. f.)
The Scots language downgraded to a “domestic language”. (Wells, J.C., p.$$)
In the 15th century the official language was Scots, but with the union of the
British Parliament in the 16th century, meant that the oficial written language of
Scotland would be English.
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
10. The standardized variety of Scottish English is Standard Scottish English (SSE).
Scottish English is an “umbrella term” for the different varieties of
Scottish English that exist throughout the country. (Scottish English, s. f.-b)
There are regions in the country where Scottish English has more Scots
influence than other regions.
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
11. B A C K G R O U N D
I thought I saw him at the loch
Ah thocht Ah seen him at the loch
(England Standard English)
(Scots)
I thought I seen him at the loch (Scottish Standard English)
12. Characteristics of Scottish English dialect
Code switching:
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
Dialect continua:
Social aspects:
13. Characteristics of Scottish English dialect
Due to most of the population being able to speak
Scots and Scottish English, people from Scotland
can code switch between these two languages
depending on social context or place.
Code switching:
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
Dialect continua:
Social aspects:
14. Characteristics of Scottish English dialect
Throughout the territory of country, (with Scots on
one end of the spectrum and SSE on the other end),
with different varieties of Scottish English that are
mutually inteligible between them.
There will be different types of Scottish English
depending on the geographical area.
Code switching:
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
Dialect continua:
Social aspects:
15. Dialect continua
diagram
I know the girl who went to Linlithgow two years ago.
I know the girl that went to Linlithgow two years ago.
I know the girl that went tae Linlithgow two years ago.
I know the girl that went tae Linlithgow two year ago.
I ken the girl that went tae Linlithgow two year ago.
I ken the lassie that went tae Linlithgow two year ago.
Ah ken the lassie that went tae Linlithgow two year ago.
Ah ken the lassie that went tae Linlithgow twa year ago.
Ah ken the lassie that gaed tae Linlithgow twa year ago.
Ah ken the lassie that gaed tae Lithgae twa year ago.
Ah ken the lassie that gaed tae Lithgae twa year syne.
(Reach, 2021)
B A C K G R O U N D
16. Characteristics of Scottish English dialect
Code switching:
S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
Dialect continua:
Social aspects:
The variation between Scots and SSE is generally
conditioned by social stratification:
Scots: generally spoken by working class.
SSE: generally spoken by “educated
middle class”.
(Jauriberry, 2021)
17. S C O T T I S H E N G L I S H B A C K G R O U N D
18. Standard Scottish English has linguist elements from Scots and Gaelic such as:
- Phonological: pronunciation, accent, rhythms.
- Grammar.
- Vocabulary and phrases (scoticisms).
Some of the typical linguistic elements that were influenced by the Scots
are stigmatized in Scotland.
Linguist characteristics of Standard Scottish English
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
20. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Rhoticity - “The Scottish accent is predominantly rhotic, meaning the /r/ sound
in the middle or at the end of a word is always pronounced”. (Scottish English, s. f.-b)
The two most common realisations of /r/ are:
• Alveolar tap [ɾ]
• Postalveolar or retroflex approximant [ɹ]
(Jauriberry, 2021)
21. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Rhoticity:
“Sociolinguistic factors, including gender,
social class, and the age of the speaker,
are involved in the realisation of /r/ in
Scottish English”
/r/ serves as a sociolinguistic marker.
Nowadays, alveolar taps are slowly being
replaced by approximants.
Realization of /r/:
Approximant
variant
Alveolar tap
Gender Women Men
Social Class
Middle &
Upper Class
Working
Class
Age
Young
women,
younger
speakers
Older
speakers
(Jauriberry, 2021)
(Jauriberry, 2021)
22. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Scottish vowel system
ɛ
ɪ
ʌ
i
e
ae
a
ɔ
u
o
ʌu
Vowels present in the Scottish accent.
(Wells, 1982)
23. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Scottish vowel system
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Length rule
1 .
2 .
3 .
24. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Scottish vowel system
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Length rule
1 .
2 .
3 .
25. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Scottish English lacks the phoneme /ʊ/, therefore
the vowels in the words FOOT and GOOSE are both
pronounced with /u/.
Use of /u/ phoneme:
Because of this, FOOT and GOOSE sound the
same.
Due to this many homophones are generated.
Homophones
pull - pool
full - fool
look - Luke
good - mood
foot - boot
woman - human
(Wells, 1982)
26. Use of /I/ , /ɛ/ and /i/ phonemes:
S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Scottish English uses /I/ for the vowels in the words
KIT.
Scottish English uses /ɛ/ for the vowels in the words
DRESS.
Scottish English uses /i/ for the vowels in the words
FLEECE.
(Scottish Vowel Length, s. f.)
27. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Use of /ɔ/ phoneme:
cot & caught → [kɔt]
don & dawn → [dɔn]
Homophones
Many Scottish people only use the phoneme /ɔ/ for
the words LOT/CLOTH/THOUGHT.
(Scottish Vowel Length, s. f.)
28. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Use of /e/ and /o/ phonemes:
/e/ phonemes for FACE words:
For vowels in FACE words Scottish Standard English has a
monophthong /e/.
• stane /sten/
/o/ phoneme for GOAT words:
“Scottish Standard English has a monophthong /o/ in place of
the RP /əʊ/” (Scottish Vowel Length, s. f.)
29. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Use of /a/ phonemes:
Most Scottish people only use /a/ for vowels in words PALM and TRAP
While others use two phonemes:
• /a/ in TRAP
• /ɑ/ in PALM
The quality of both phonemes varies socially:
[ae - a] → associated with higher status
[ɑ] → associated with white-collar occupations
30. Unstressed vowels
The final vowels in “HAPPY” words are
pronounced with /e/:
Opening-vowels in words “comma” are
pronounced → /ʌ/:
Manna → [‘manʌ]
When words in Standard English have
vowels /ə/, SSE uses /I/ instead:
Pilot → [paelIt]
S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
lady → [‘lede]
studied → [‘stʌded]
(“u” is an open-vowel, therefore → /ʌ/)
31. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Scottish vowel system
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Length rule
1 .
2 .
3 .
32. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
The Scottish Vowel Length Rule
Aitken’s Law
“A vowel is phonetically short unless it is followed by #, a voiced fricative, or /r/, in
which case it is long.” ()
The basic rule is that stressed vowels are lengthened before:
A morpheme boundary.
A voiced fricative (/v/, /ð/, /z/ and the marginal phoneme /ʒ/).
A rhotic consonant.
(Scottish Vowel Length, s. f.)
(Wells, 1982)
33. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
The Scottish Vowel Length Rule
Examples of short vowels
book → [buk] Shortened
bead → [bid] Shortened
mood → [mud] Shortened
good → [gud] Shortened
lace → [les] Shortened
34. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
When vowels are in a morpheme-final position or are followed by /r, v, z, ð, ʒ/, then they
are considered long vowels.
Cases of long vowels:
Examples:
Key → vowel in morpheme-final position → [kiː]
Stay → vowel in morpheme-final position → [steː]
Know → vowel in morpheme-final position → [noː]
Two → vowel in morpheme-final position → [tuː]
Sleeve → vowel followed by “v” → [sliːv]
pour → vowel followed by “r” → [puːr]
Morphemes: words
that are “the smallest
lexical items” meaning
that they cannot be
broken into smaller
words, because these
don’t have a meaning
on their own.
35. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Vowels that also end with /d/ but have an
internal word boundary “#” (meaning you
can separate the word into two words (the
last word can be bound-morpheme)) are
considered long vowels.
When vowels are at the end of the word
and followed by /d/ they are considered
short vowels.
Therefore, these next words will have phonetic differences, in terms of length:
Short vowels Why? Long vowels Why?=
Need [nid]
Vowel is at the end and
ends with “d”
V/S kneed knee # d → [niːd]
Brood [brud]
Vowel is at the end and
ends with “d”
V/S Brewed brew # ed → [bruːd]
/ɪ/ and /ʌ/ are always short vowels.
(Wells, 1982)
36. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
This subject was studied through a research carried out in Edinburg and
Glasgow :
The use of [ʕ] or [t] for /t/ has been found to correlate with social class and
with sex:
• [ʕ]: correlation with lower-social-class.
• [t] : correlation with higher-social-class, and with women.
T-Glottaling:
Its the use of glottal stop [ʕ] instead of phoneme /t/.
Geography: characteristic of central lowlands of Scotland.
Therefore, T-Glottaling is a potential social marker.
(Wells, 1982)
37. S S E P H O N O L O G Y
Scottish vowel system
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Length rule
1 .
2 .
3 .
38. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
There are two diphthongs in PRICE words:
N°1 [aˑe]
Used when the word has a long vowel
(Atkins law) before a voice fricative or /r/.
• Vowel is before a tautosyllabic consonant.
• Vowel is before a tautosyllabic /v/ in plural
nouns.
• Used when said word in singular has an /f/
instead of the /v/.
wives → [wʌivz] and wife → [wʌif]
N°2 [ʌi]
Example: buy, high, alive, fire, price
Diphthongs in PRICE words
39. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
This case is called phoneme split, because one phoneme (the one found in PRICE
words) diverged into two different phonemes.
Theres also length variations present:
five knives → /faev knʌivz/
tied → [taˑed] and tide → [tʌid]
Both of them are pronounced with different phonetic diphthongs, and [taˑed] is longer
than [tʌid].
Diphthongs: vowels in PRICE words
40. S C O T T I S H V O W E L S Y S T E M
Diphthongs: vowels in MOUTH/HOUSE words
Areas of Scots and English dialect continua:
• /u/ correlation to Scots → Scoticism.
• Example: ‘hoose’ instead of house.
• /ʌu/ correlation to English.
There are socio-linguist variants present:
• High status form: [au] or [ʌu]
• Popular form: [u+]
There is no phoneme-split.
41. I N T O N A T I O N
Intonation in SSE vowels:
“Scottish accents are more bouncy in general and usually don’t end on a falling note
[…] they’re usually fronted. This means that those two vowels are pronounced further
in the front of the mouth…” (Danimorsekopp, 2018)
42. O T H E R P H O N O L O G I C A L A S P E C T S
Other phonological aspects:
• Yod dropping after /l/ and after /s/:
[luːr] → lure
[sut] → suit
• The velar fricative /x/ is present in some Scottish words.
• Aspirated wh-words - The wh- sound at the beginning of words like
what and which is typically pronounced with an exhale of air.
(Scottish English, s. f.-b)
• The fricative "ch" sound - In Scottish English, when a "ch" appears at
the end of a word, e.g., loch, a fricative sound is created in the throat.
In Standard British English, the sound is pronounced as a hard /k/.
(Scottish English, s. f.-b)
44. L E X I S
Scottish words:
(English Jade · Learn English with engVid, 2020)
Common words Standard English
Lassie Lady/woman
Laddie Man
Bairn [beːrn] Child
Mon Man
Wee’n Little one
Maw [mɔː] Mother
Da Dad
Nana Grandma
Common words Standard English
Aye [ai] Yes
Naw [nɔːr] No
Oot [uːt] Out
Auld [ɔːld] Old
Noo [nuː] Now
Hen [hiːn] Dear
Son Younger friend
Dreich [driːk] Bad weather
45. L E X I S
Scoticisms:
Mony a mickle maks a muckle! – Saving a small amount soon builds up to
a large amount.
Dinnae marry fur money! – Don’t marry for money – you can borrow it
cheaper.
It’s a dreich day!— Said in reference to the weather, when it’s cold, damp
and miserable.
Foos yer doos? - How are you?
Ock aye, peckin - I’m okay.
(John & John, 2022)
(English Jade · Learn English with engVid, 2020)
47. G R A M M A R
Negative contractions end with the suffix -nae :
• Would + not = Wouldnae
• Could + not = Couldnae
• did + not = didnae
Use of the word no instead of not:
• "He's surely no gonna be there."
Turning irregular verbs into regular in their past tense forms:
• Using telt instead of told and selt instead of sold.
Erasure of ‘f’ in reflexive pronouns:
• Using yersel/hersel instead of yourself/herself.
(Scottish English, s. f.-b)
(Reach, 2021b)
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
48. H T T P S : / / S C O T S S Y N T A X A T L A S . A C . U K / A T L A S / ? J = Y # 6 . 5 / 6 0 . 7 1 6 / - 3 . 7 9 5
H T T P S : / / W W W . P R E S S A N D J O U R N A L . C O . U K / F P / P J - I N V E S T I G A T I O N S / 2 6 5 4 8 4 8 / S P I K K I N - S C O T S - D O R I C /
53. R E F E R E N C E S
Scottish English: Encyclopedia, Science News &
Research Reviews. (s. f.). Academic Accelerator.
Recuperado 3 de octubre de 2023, de https://academic-
accelerator.com/encyclopedia/scottish-english
Scottish Vowel Length. (s. f.). [Essay].
Danimorsekopp. (2018, 28 octubre). Scottish Vowel
Length Rule – Dani Morse-Kopp. Dani Morse-Kopp.
https://danimorsekopp.com/tag/scottish-vowel-length-
rule/
Reach, L. (2021, 15 diciembre). Scotland’s Linguistic
Landscape - Scottish Standard English & Scots | LR UK.
https://www.languagereach.com/scotlands-linguistic-
landscape-scottish-standard-english-and-scots/
Scottish English. (s. f.). StudySmarter UK. https://
www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/the-
history-of-english-language/scottish-english/
Reach, L. (2021b, diciembre 15). Scotland’s Linguistic
Landscape - Scottish Standard English & Scots | LR UK.
https://www.languagereach.com/scotlands-linguistic-
landscape-scottish-standard-english-and-scots/
John, & John. (2022). Old Scottish sayings and Scottish
slang words. Scotland Welcomes You | Discover All
There Is To See And Do! https://
scotlandwelcomesyou.com/scottish-sayings/
English Jade · Learn English with engVid. (2020, 3
marzo). Learn about the SCOTTISH accent, dialect, and
slang! [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=w6oH1e_Z1PA
Jauriberry, T. (2021). Variation and change of middle-
class /R/ in standard Scottish English. Lingua, 256,
103059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103059
Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles.
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA63458801