The document discusses the process of developing x-ray film from exposure to the final radiographic image. It involves the following key steps: exposing the film, developing the latent image in developer solution, rinsing, fixing the image in fixer solution, washing, and drying. Proper equipment is needed like processing tanks, thermometers, timers, and a darkroom. Both manual and automatic methods are described. Automatic processing is faster but manual processing allows more control over time and temperature variables. Proper handling and disposal of chemical wastes is also important.
Lecture 7 dental x ray film, processing and processing errors lecture 7Lama K Banna
This document discusses proper processing of dental radiographs. It describes the five steps in processing - development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Developing uses a chemical developer to reduce silver halide crystals to silver, while fixing removes unexposed crystals. Automatic processors maintain time and temperature, but proper maintenance is required to avoid errors like over- or underdevelopment, chemical contamination, scratches, or light exposure. Understanding processing is important to produce diagnostic radiographs and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from retakes.
This document provides information on dental x-ray film processing, including the various steps and methods. It discusses manual processing which involves development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to convert the latent image into visible metallic silver. The document also describes automatic processing, daylight processing, and self-developing films. It explains the various solutions used like developer and fixer, as well as the chemicals that make up each solution and their purposes.
This document provides an overview of radiographic film and film processing. It describes the structure of radiographic film including the film base, emulsion, and super coating. It discusses the types of films and sizes used. The document outlines the film processing steps of development, fixing, washing and drying. It discusses factors that can affect film density and artifacts that may appear on radiographic films.
The document provides information on darkroom procedures during radiography, including loading and unloading film cassettes under safelights. It discusses the loading bench area and describes the steps for unloading and loading cassettes. It then summarizes the key steps in film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. Developing converts the latent image to visible form using chemical developers. Fixing removes remaining silver halide using ammonium thiosulphate. Precautions are outlined when handling processing chemicals due to their ability to penetrate skin and cause damage.
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
The document summarizes the process of radiographic film processing and the darkroom equipment used. It discusses:
1. How a latent image is formed on the film when exposed to x-rays and the chemical components involved.
2. The steps of film processing - developing the latent image into a visible one using developer solutions, fixing the image using fixer, and washing the film.
3. The components and purpose of developer and fixer solutions, and factors like temperature, time and replenishment that are important in processing.
4. Darkroom requirements like safelighting, manual processing tanks, timers and drying racks used to process films.
This document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the formation of latent images, the basic steps in manual processing, and the functions of developer and fixer solutions. It also summarizes automated processing, including its advantages over manual processing and how automatic processors transport films through processing solutions. The document provides an overview of darkroom equipment requirements and safelighting, as well as solutions for rapid processing and managing radiographic waste.
Lecture 7 dental x ray film, processing and processing errors lecture 7Lama K Banna
This document discusses proper processing of dental radiographs. It describes the five steps in processing - development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Developing uses a chemical developer to reduce silver halide crystals to silver, while fixing removes unexposed crystals. Automatic processors maintain time and temperature, but proper maintenance is required to avoid errors like over- or underdevelopment, chemical contamination, scratches, or light exposure. Understanding processing is important to produce diagnostic radiographs and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from retakes.
This document provides information on dental x-ray film processing, including the various steps and methods. It discusses manual processing which involves development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to convert the latent image into visible metallic silver. The document also describes automatic processing, daylight processing, and self-developing films. It explains the various solutions used like developer and fixer, as well as the chemicals that make up each solution and their purposes.
This document provides an overview of radiographic film and film processing. It describes the structure of radiographic film including the film base, emulsion, and super coating. It discusses the types of films and sizes used. The document outlines the film processing steps of development, fixing, washing and drying. It discusses factors that can affect film density and artifacts that may appear on radiographic films.
The document provides information on darkroom procedures during radiography, including loading and unloading film cassettes under safelights. It discusses the loading bench area and describes the steps for unloading and loading cassettes. It then summarizes the key steps in film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. Developing converts the latent image to visible form using chemical developers. Fixing removes remaining silver halide using ammonium thiosulphate. Precautions are outlined when handling processing chemicals due to their ability to penetrate skin and cause damage.
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
The document summarizes the process of radiographic film processing and the darkroom equipment used. It discusses:
1. How a latent image is formed on the film when exposed to x-rays and the chemical components involved.
2. The steps of film processing - developing the latent image into a visible one using developer solutions, fixing the image using fixer, and washing the film.
3. The components and purpose of developer and fixer solutions, and factors like temperature, time and replenishment that are important in processing.
4. Darkroom requirements like safelighting, manual processing tanks, timers and drying racks used to process films.
This document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the formation of latent images, the basic steps in manual processing, and the functions of developer and fixer solutions. It also summarizes automated processing, including its advantages over manual processing and how automatic processors transport films through processing solutions. The document provides an overview of darkroom equipment requirements and safelighting, as well as solutions for rapid processing and managing radiographic waste.
The document provides information on processing x-ray film, including the steps to convert the latent image to a visible image. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur during development and fixing, as well as the components and purposes of developer and fixer solutions. The key steps in manual film processing are described as developing the film in developer solution for a specified time based on the temperature, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying the film. Various equipment used in darkroom processing like tanks, timers, racks and hangers are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the process of preparing solutions and manually processing x-ray films. It begins by explaining the difference between latent and visible images on film. It then describes the components of processing solutions like developer, fixer, rinser and washing solutions. Next, it outlines the characteristics of an effective darkroom and safe lighting procedures. The document concludes by detailing the sequence of steps in manual film processing, including development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying the films.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and mobile phase. TLC involves spotting a sample on a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated on a plate. A mobile phase is run up the plate, causing different compounds to migrate different distances based on their interactions with the stationary phase. Compounds are visualized under UV light or after spraying with detecting agents. TLC is useful for analyzing mixtures and identifying unknown compounds.
This document provides information about darkroom layout, equipment, and film processing. It describes:
- The ideal layout of a darkroom, including adequate size, ventilation, and lightproofing.
- Common darkroom equipment such as safelights, film hangers, and processing chemicals.
- The four stages of film processing - development, fixing, washing, and drying - and factors that affect each stage like temperature and time.
- Differences between manual and automatic processing methods.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. TLC uses a glass, plastic, or aluminum plate coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material (typically silica gel) as the stationary phase. A sample mixture is applied near one edge of the plate, and the plate is placed in a developing chamber with a small amount of mobile phase solvent. As the solvent rises through the plate by capillary action, it carries different analytes with it at different rates based on their interactions with the two phases, separating the mixture into individual components visible as spots on the plate. TLC is a simple, inexpensive technique
Thin layer chromatography- Advances of Paper Chromatographysadia muhammad din
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures by distributing the components between a stationary phase, such as silica gel coated onto a plate, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent that moves across the plate. TLC involves spotting a sample onto the plate, developing it by allowing the mobile phase to travel up the plate, and visualizing the separated components, which travel at different rates depending on how they partition between the phases. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive method used to analyze organic compounds and test purity across various fields like pharmaceuticals, clinical chemistry, and food analysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
4. Processing-1 dental x-ray third year.pptxosamakhatab28
The document discusses the process of developing dental x-ray films. It begins by explaining that processing chemically converts the latent image formed during exposure into a visible image. It then describes the components of the film emulsion and how x-rays interact with silver halide crystals to form a latent image. The stages of processing—developing, fixing, washing and drying—are outlined in detail. Finally, it compares conventional manual processing to more advanced automatic and rapid processing methods.
The document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the steps of development, fixing, rinsing, washing and drying. Development converts the latent image to a visible image using a developer solution containing components like phenidone and hydroquinone. Fixing dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide using a hypo fixer solution. Other steps such as rinsing, washing and drying are also required to produce the final radiograph.
Use of Soxhalet and rotary evaporator for extractionIrsa Malik
The document discusses Soxhlet extraction and rotary evaporation. It describes how a Soxhlet extractor works by using a solvent to extract a desired compound from a solid through repeated cycles of dissolution and separation. A rotary evaporator works under reduced pressure to evaporate solvents from liquid mixtures. Both are commonly used in fields like pharmaceuticals and food to isolate and purify chemical constituents through liquid-solid extraction.
Intraoral radiographic processing and faultsRuchika Garg
Every radiographic examination should produce radiographs of optimal diagnostic quality.
Radiographs should record the complete area of interest and should have minimal possible distortion.
Improper positioning of receptor and x-ray tube and faulty processing can adversely affect the quality of a properly exposed radiograph.
Thus close attention should be paid to optimize these parameters.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures of compounds and identify their components. It involves spotting a sample onto a thin layer of adsorbent material and using a mobile phase solvent to migrate the components at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. TLC is useful for identifying unknown compounds, analyzing purity, and separating mixtures. It has advantages over column chromatography like being faster, using less solvent, and allowing detection of both colored and non-colored compounds.
This document provides instructions for several histopathology staining techniques, including:
- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining for polysaccharides and basement membranes in magenta.
- Gram-Twort modification for staining bacteria in paraffin sections in blue-black (Gram positive) and pink (Gram negative).
- Ziehl-Neelsen technique for staining acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis red against a blue background.
It also describes the Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian Blue dual stain to differentiate acid mucins (blue) from neutral mucins and carbohydrates (magenta). Precise protocols and reagent preparations are provided for accurate histological analysis.
This document provides instructions for film processing, including preparing the chemicals and equipment needed, the chemical steps to develop film, and how exposure and development can be used to control contrast. Key points:
1. The dry room and chemicals like developer, stop, fixer, and wash aid must be prepared before starting film processing. Film is loaded in the dark room and run through various chemical baths.
2. Exposure and development time influence contrast - underexposed film needs more development, overexposed less. The general rule is to expose for shadows and develop for highlights.
3. Development affects contrast - longer development increases contrast while shorter development reduces it. Adjusting exposure and development together allows controlling the contrast of
The document discusses various techniques used in histopathology sample processing including decalcification, fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding and sectioning. It covers different chemical agents used for each step along with their properties and advantages. Various methods are described such as paraffin, celloidin and vacuum embedding for optimal tissue preservation and section quality. Automatic tissue processors and freeze drying are also mentioned as techniques to reduce processing time.
introduction, history, principle, experimental techniques, evaluation on chromatogram, adv. & dis-adv., common problems, comparision, applications and analysis of drugs through TLC(2000-2017)
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
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The document provides information on processing x-ray film, including the steps to convert the latent image to a visible image. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur during development and fixing, as well as the components and purposes of developer and fixer solutions. The key steps in manual film processing are described as developing the film in developer solution for a specified time based on the temperature, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying the film. Various equipment used in darkroom processing like tanks, timers, racks and hangers are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the process of preparing solutions and manually processing x-ray films. It begins by explaining the difference between latent and visible images on film. It then describes the components of processing solutions like developer, fixer, rinser and washing solutions. Next, it outlines the characteristics of an effective darkroom and safe lighting procedures. The document concludes by detailing the sequence of steps in manual film processing, including development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying the films.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and mobile phase. TLC involves spotting a sample on a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated on a plate. A mobile phase is run up the plate, causing different compounds to migrate different distances based on their interactions with the stationary phase. Compounds are visualized under UV light or after spraying with detecting agents. TLC is useful for analyzing mixtures and identifying unknown compounds.
This document provides information about darkroom layout, equipment, and film processing. It describes:
- The ideal layout of a darkroom, including adequate size, ventilation, and lightproofing.
- Common darkroom equipment such as safelights, film hangers, and processing chemicals.
- The four stages of film processing - development, fixing, washing, and drying - and factors that affect each stage like temperature and time.
- Differences between manual and automatic processing methods.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. TLC uses a glass, plastic, or aluminum plate coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material (typically silica gel) as the stationary phase. A sample mixture is applied near one edge of the plate, and the plate is placed in a developing chamber with a small amount of mobile phase solvent. As the solvent rises through the plate by capillary action, it carries different analytes with it at different rates based on their interactions with the two phases, separating the mixture into individual components visible as spots on the plate. TLC is a simple, inexpensive technique
Thin layer chromatography- Advances of Paper Chromatographysadia muhammad din
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures by distributing the components between a stationary phase, such as silica gel coated onto a plate, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent that moves across the plate. TLC involves spotting a sample onto the plate, developing it by allowing the mobile phase to travel up the plate, and visualizing the separated components, which travel at different rates depending on how they partition between the phases. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive method used to analyze organic compounds and test purity across various fields like pharmaceuticals, clinical chemistry, and food analysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
4. Processing-1 dental x-ray third year.pptxosamakhatab28
The document discusses the process of developing dental x-ray films. It begins by explaining that processing chemically converts the latent image formed during exposure into a visible image. It then describes the components of the film emulsion and how x-rays interact with silver halide crystals to form a latent image. The stages of processing—developing, fixing, washing and drying—are outlined in detail. Finally, it compares conventional manual processing to more advanced automatic and rapid processing methods.
The document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the steps of development, fixing, rinsing, washing and drying. Development converts the latent image to a visible image using a developer solution containing components like phenidone and hydroquinone. Fixing dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide using a hypo fixer solution. Other steps such as rinsing, washing and drying are also required to produce the final radiograph.
Use of Soxhalet and rotary evaporator for extractionIrsa Malik
The document discusses Soxhlet extraction and rotary evaporation. It describes how a Soxhlet extractor works by using a solvent to extract a desired compound from a solid through repeated cycles of dissolution and separation. A rotary evaporator works under reduced pressure to evaporate solvents from liquid mixtures. Both are commonly used in fields like pharmaceuticals and food to isolate and purify chemical constituents through liquid-solid extraction.
Intraoral radiographic processing and faultsRuchika Garg
Every radiographic examination should produce radiographs of optimal diagnostic quality.
Radiographs should record the complete area of interest and should have minimal possible distortion.
Improper positioning of receptor and x-ray tube and faulty processing can adversely affect the quality of a properly exposed radiograph.
Thus close attention should be paid to optimize these parameters.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures of compounds and identify their components. It involves spotting a sample onto a thin layer of adsorbent material and using a mobile phase solvent to migrate the components at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. TLC is useful for identifying unknown compounds, analyzing purity, and separating mixtures. It has advantages over column chromatography like being faster, using less solvent, and allowing detection of both colored and non-colored compounds.
This document provides instructions for several histopathology staining techniques, including:
- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining for polysaccharides and basement membranes in magenta.
- Gram-Twort modification for staining bacteria in paraffin sections in blue-black (Gram positive) and pink (Gram negative).
- Ziehl-Neelsen technique for staining acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis red against a blue background.
It also describes the Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian Blue dual stain to differentiate acid mucins (blue) from neutral mucins and carbohydrates (magenta). Precise protocols and reagent preparations are provided for accurate histological analysis.
This document provides instructions for film processing, including preparing the chemicals and equipment needed, the chemical steps to develop film, and how exposure and development can be used to control contrast. Key points:
1. The dry room and chemicals like developer, stop, fixer, and wash aid must be prepared before starting film processing. Film is loaded in the dark room and run through various chemical baths.
2. Exposure and development time influence contrast - underexposed film needs more development, overexposed less. The general rule is to expose for shadows and develop for highlights.
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processingofx-rayfilm-.pptx process while xray
1. Processing of x-ray film
Presented by: Shila Kandel
BDS 4th year
Presented to : Dr. Deepanshu Garg
Department of Oral medicine and
Radiology
College of Medical Sciences - TH
4. Introduction
.
Film processing refers to the series of steps that converts the
latent image into the visible radiographic image.
A radiographic image is produced by the interaction of x-rays
with photographic emulsion on a film after passing through an
object.
5. Terminologies used in radiography
Radiopaque
These are the object when exposed to x-ray beam
,completely stop/absorb the x-rays and prevent them from reaching the film
,as a result silver halide crystals do not get exposed
and hence conversion into metallic silver do not occur.
The resultant image formed is radiopaque.
Radiolucent
It represents those structures through which all the x-ray beam can pass and
can reach the film to react with the silver halide crystals converting them to
metallic silver .
The resultant image formed is radiolucent
6. Types of image
Latent image
Latent image is defined as an invisible image that is produced
in film emulsion by light or x-ray.
Final image
A final image or visible image can be described as a two-
dimensional picture which is made up of a variety of black ,
white , and gray superimposed shadow.
A latent image is converted into a visible record by series of
chemical reactions which is known as processing.
7. Processing the exposed film in developer and fixer
converts the latent image into visible radiographic image.
8. Processing the exposed film
•Processing
It is the term used to describe the sequence of events
required to convert the invisible latent image contained in
the sensitized film emulsion into the visible permanent
radiographic image.
9. • Film processing involves the following procedures :
Immerse exposed film in developer
Rinse developer off the film in water bath
Immerse film in fixer
Wash film in water bath to remove fixer
Dry film and mount for viewing
10. Sequence of steps in processing
Steps Time(approximate) Purpose
Development 4.5 - 5 minutes Convert latent image to visible image
Rinsing 30 seconds Removal of excess chemical
Fixation 10 minutes Removal of unexposed Ag halide from
emulsion and hardening
Washing 15 minutes Removal of excess chemicals
Drying 30 minutes Removal of water and preparation of
radiograph for viewing
11. Development
• A chemical solution developer is used in the development
process.
• Developer chemically reduces the exposed silver halide
crystals into metallic silver grains.
• To accomplish this, reducing agents used as developers are
catalyzed by neutral silver atom at the latent image sites.
12. • Individual crystals are developed completely or not at all
during the recommended developing times.
• Areas with many exposed crystals are darker because of
their higher concentration of black metallic silver grains
after development
13. • When an exposed film is developed, developer initially has
no visible effect. After this initial phase, density increases,
rapidly at first and then more slowly.
• Eventually, all exposed crystals develop and developing
agents starts to reduce the unexposed crystals.
• The development of unexposed crystals result in chemical
fog on the film.
15. The developing solution contains four components all
dissolved in water:
1. Developer
2. Activator
3. Preservative
4. Restrainer
16. Rinsing
• A continuous, gentle rinsing for 30 seconds in water is
necessary after developing.
• This rinsing process is typical for manual processing but is
not used with automatic processing.
Purpose :
• To dilute the developer and slow down the development
process.
• To remove alkali activator thus preventing neutralization of
acid fixer.
17. Fixing
• A chemical solution fixer is used in the fixing process.
Purpose
• To dissolve and remove the undeveloped silver halide
crystals from the emulsion as the presence of undeveloped
crystals causes the film to be dark and non diagnostic.
• To harden and shrink film emulsion during the process.
18. Fixing solution also contains four components, all dissolved
in water.
Clearing agent
Acidifier
Preservative
Hardener
19. Washing
• After fixing, the processed film is washed in a sufficient
flow of water for an adequate time to ensure removal of all
thiosulfate ions and silver thiosulfate complexes.
• Washing efficiency declines rapidly when water
temperature decreases to less than 6o degree F.
• Any silver compound or thiosulfate that remains because
of improper washing discolours and causes stains, which
are most apparent in the radiopaque areas.
20. Drying
• Films are dried with the help of x-ray dryer in a dust free
area.
• While drying, films should not touch each other to avoid
sticking of the films.
22. Darkroom
A well planned dark room makes the processing easier, which
should be of at least 4feet×5 feet .
Characteristics of dark room:
• Lightproof
The door should have a lock to prevent accidental opening, which
might allow an expected flood of light that can ruin opened films.
• Controlled temperature and humidity to prevent film
damage. Room temperature of 70 degree F is recommended ; if
exceeds 90 degree F, film fog results.
24. Safe lighting
• The processing room should have both white illumination
and safe lighting.
• Safe lighting is special kind of lighting of relatively low-
intensity illumination of long wavelength (red) that does
not rapidly affect open film but permits one to see well
enough to work in the area.
• The red GBX-2 filter is recommended as a safelight in the
darkroom because this filter transmits light only at the
red end of the spectrum ..
25. Manual processing tanks
• Practical size of about 20cm×25 cm (8×10 inches).
• The tank should have hot and cold running water and a
means of maintaining the temperature between 60 and 70
degree F.
• Consists of 1 master tank and 2 insert tank.
• Should be made of stainless steel which does not react
with the processing solutions and is easy to clean.
27. Master tank
Filled with circulating water.
Should have a cover to reduce oxidation of the processing
solutions, protect the developing film from accidental
exposure to light and minimize evaporation of the
processing solutions.
28. Insert tank
• Two, removable tanks
• Holds 3.8 L (1 gallon) of developer or fixer, placed within
the outer, larger master tank.
• Developer solution is placed in the insert tank on the left
side and fixer solution in the insert tank on the right side of
the master tank.
• Water in master tank separates the two insert tanks.
29. Thermometer
• Used to determine the temperature of developing, fixing
and washing solutions.
• It can be left in the water circulating through master tank
to monitor its temperature.
• Thermometer used may contain alcohol or metal but they
should not contain mercury because they could break and
contaminate the processor or solutions.
30. Timer
• The x-ray film must be exposed to the processing chemicals
for specific intervals.
• An interval timer is indispensable for controlling
development and fixation times.
31. Drying racks
• Two or three drying racks can be mounted on a convenient
wall for film hangers.
• Drip trays are placed underneath the racks to catch water
that may run off the wet films.
• An electric fan can be used to circulate the air and speed
drying the films but it should not be pointed directly at the
films.
32. Film hangers
• Also known as processing
hangers.
• Made up of stainless steel.
• Equipped with clips used to hold
films during processing.
34. Automatic film processing
• Step in automatic processing are more or less same like the manual
processing with exception of rinsing , between developing and
fixing.
• This stage is omitted because excess developer is either drained
or squeezed.
• automatic processor requires only 4-6 minutes to develop, fix,
wash and dry.
• Automatic processors have an in-line arrangement typically
consisting of a transport mechanism that picks up the
unwrapped film and passes it through the developing,
fixing, washing, and drying sections .
36. Functions of rollers
• Moving the film through the developing solutions.
• Agitation of solution which contributes to the uniformity of
processing.
• In the developer, fixer, and water tanks the rollers press on the film
emulsion, forcing some solution out of the emulsion. The emulsions
rapidly fill again with solution, thus promoting solution exchange.
• Minimizes carryover of developer into the fixer tank.
• The solution level and temperature should be checked each morning.
• Hands should be dry while handling films.
37. Self developing films
• Alternative to manual processing.
• The x ray film is present in sachet containing developer and
fixer .
• Following exposure the developer can be pulled, releasing
developer solution which is milked down toward the film
and flow around it.
• After 15 seconds fixer tab is pulled to release the fixer
solution which similarly baths down the film.
• After fixing the used chemicals are discarded and film is
rinsed thoroughly under running water for ten minutes.
38.
39. Disadvantages
• Resultant image has poor
quality.
• Image deteriorates rapidly with
time as fixing is inadequate
• As there is no lead foil inside
film packet patient receives
more radiation dose.
• As these film packets are very
flexible and they bend easily,
these films are difficult to use
with positioning holders.
• No darkroom or processing
equipments are required.
• Final radiograph is ready in
about a minute and hence
saves time.
Advantages
40. Monobath method
• In this method developer and fixer are combined in one
solution .
• Fixer is alkaline and does not neutralize the developer.
• It is injected into special waterproof film packet and the
film is developed by rubbing film packet.
• There is no need of darkroom.
• It is advantageous for quick spot diagnosis and for root
canal treatment.
41. References
• ORAL RADIOLOGY Principles and Interpretation, Staurt C.
White , Michael J. Pharoah
• Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology: A Diagnostic Approach
David MacDonald
• Fundamentals of oral and maxillofacial radiology, Hubar,
Jack Sean