This document discusses intonation in discourse. It defines intonation as the variations in pitch when speaking. Intonation has four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions and attitudes. The accentual function uses stress to focus attention on important words. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize grammar and syntax. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate relationships between ideas.
This document discusses English phonetics and phonology, specifically intonation. It defines intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions. The accentual function uses stress to emphasize important syllables. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize syntax and sentence type. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate expectations. Examples are provided for each function to illustrate how intonation conveys meaning.
Discourse Analysis Session 14_14_12_2021 Intonation in Discourse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an overview of intonation in discourse analysis. It defines intonation as the variations in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function allows speakers to express emotions and attitudes. The accentual function uses stress to focus attention on important words. Grammatical intonation helps recognize sentence structures. Discoursal intonation signals new vs. given information and links between ideas. Key aspects of intonation include pitch, stress, and rhythm.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions in spoken language. It helps convey meaning through attitudes, marks a speaker's identity, determines stress patterns, clarifies grammar and syntax, and aids in segmenting information for listeners. Intonation allows speakers to express attitudes, regional identities, and indicates new information through stress. It also helps distinguish statements from questions and different types of sentences.
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech and helps convey meaning. It has grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Intonation patterns include falling intonation, used for statements and questions, and rising intonation, used for open questions. Teaching intonation is important for clear communication and avoiding misunderstandings. Students should practice intonation through listening, repeating, and imitating native speakers.
Functions of Intonation
Differences in Intonation
Intonation Patterns
Word stress Vs Intonation
Levels of voice in English
What is Intonation?
Why do we need Intonation?
This document defines and discusses the simple tenses of verbs in English, including the present, past, and future tenses. It covers formation, usage, and examples of the simple present, past, and future tenses in both active and passive voice. Key points include how the present tense expresses habitual or ongoing actions, the past tense expresses completed actions at a definite time in the past, and the future tense expresses actions that will occur beyond the present. Examples are provided to illustrate the different tenses.
Intonation refers to the rise and fall patterns of pitch in speech that convey meaning. Intonation serves grammatical functions like distinguishing statements from questions, as well as attitudinal functions by expressing emotions. It also aids discourse by focusing listener attention and regulating conversation. To teach intonation, one must understand tone units, pitch patterns like falling tones used in statements, and how intonation conveys new versus given information through referring and proclaiming tones.
This document discusses intonation in discourse. It defines intonation as the variations in pitch when speaking. Intonation has four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions and attitudes. The accentual function uses stress to focus attention on important words. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize grammar and syntax. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate relationships between ideas.
This document discusses English phonetics and phonology, specifically intonation. It defines intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions. The accentual function uses stress to emphasize important syllables. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize syntax and sentence type. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate expectations. Examples are provided for each function to illustrate how intonation conveys meaning.
Discourse Analysis Session 14_14_12_2021 Intonation in Discourse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an overview of intonation in discourse analysis. It defines intonation as the variations in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function allows speakers to express emotions and attitudes. The accentual function uses stress to focus attention on important words. Grammatical intonation helps recognize sentence structures. Discoursal intonation signals new vs. given information and links between ideas. Key aspects of intonation include pitch, stress, and rhythm.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions in spoken language. It helps convey meaning through attitudes, marks a speaker's identity, determines stress patterns, clarifies grammar and syntax, and aids in segmenting information for listeners. Intonation allows speakers to express attitudes, regional identities, and indicates new information through stress. It also helps distinguish statements from questions and different types of sentences.
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech and helps convey meaning. It has grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Intonation patterns include falling intonation, used for statements and questions, and rising intonation, used for open questions. Teaching intonation is important for clear communication and avoiding misunderstandings. Students should practice intonation through listening, repeating, and imitating native speakers.
Functions of Intonation
Differences in Intonation
Intonation Patterns
Word stress Vs Intonation
Levels of voice in English
What is Intonation?
Why do we need Intonation?
This document defines and discusses the simple tenses of verbs in English, including the present, past, and future tenses. It covers formation, usage, and examples of the simple present, past, and future tenses in both active and passive voice. Key points include how the present tense expresses habitual or ongoing actions, the past tense expresses completed actions at a definite time in the past, and the future tense expresses actions that will occur beyond the present. Examples are provided to illustrate the different tenses.
Intonation refers to the rise and fall patterns of pitch in speech that convey meaning. Intonation serves grammatical functions like distinguishing statements from questions, as well as attitudinal functions by expressing emotions. It also aids discourse by focusing listener attention and regulating conversation. To teach intonation, one must understand tone units, pitch patterns like falling tones used in statements, and how intonation conveys new versus given information through referring and proclaiming tones.
Intonation refers to variations in pitch when speaking and helps convey meaning. It has several key components including pitch, sentence stress, and rhythm. Intonation patterns differ between languages like English and Ukrainian. In English, falling intonation is most common and used for statements while rising intonation expresses questions, lists, and lack of certainty. Ukrainian uses rising and falling intonation differently, with pitch changes occurring on accented syllables. Speakers must be careful not to transfer intonation patterns from their native language when speaking English.
This document discusses the functions of intonation in speech. It covers tone units, boundaries, and syllables. It examines different intonation patterns and their uses to express attitudes, provide emphasis, and convey grammatical information. Rising, falling, fall-rise and rise-fall tones have different meanings. Intonation helps with discourse by signaling new vs given information. However, intonation patterns are not obligatory and can be difficult to generalize.
This document provides an overview of intonation patterns in language. It begins with definitions of intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking and discusses its importance in communication. Key components of intonation like pitch, stress, and rhythm are explained. There are two basic intonation patterns - falling and rising. Falling intonation conveys certainty while rising intonation implies uncertainty. Intonation serves grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Examples are given to demonstrate how intonation impacts meaning. The document concludes that teaching intonation is important to avoid misunderstandings in conversation.
The features of the connected speech finalHina Honey
The document presents a presentation on the features of connected speech given to Sir Nazir Ahmad Malik. It discusses key features such as assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions like "wanna", compression, elision, and weak forms. Assimilation refers to one sound becoming similar to an adjacent sound. Languages have either stress-timed or syllable-timed rhythm. Juncture concerns the relationship between sounds. Informal contractions are shortened casual forms like "gonna". Compression reduces the number of syllables. Elision omits sounds and weak forms involve reduced pronunciation.
This document discusses the functions of intonation in speech. It defines intonation and tone units. It describes different intonation symbols like falling, rising, fall-rise and rise-fall tones. It explains that intonation serves attitudinal functions by expressing emotions, grammatical functions by distinguishing statements from questions, and discourse functions by signaling new vs given information. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how intonation conveys attitudes, emphasis, questions, lists and contrasts. The conclusion notes that intonation patterns are not obligatory and can be difficult to generalize.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate the type of response expected. Intonation is key to natural, effective communication.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar, syntax, and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate response expectations in conversations.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate the type of response expected. Intonation is key to natural, effective communication.
Intonation serves several important functions in speech. It helps express attitudes and emotions, accentuate important words, distinguish statements from questions, and clarify grammatical relationships and discourse structure. Intonation patterns include falling, rising, fall-rising and rise-falling tones, which take on different meanings based on factors like voice quality, pitch range, and placement within utterances. While intonation is challenging to analyze, it plays a key role in conveying meaning in spoken language.
The document discusses the classification of verbs in English. It describes verbs as denoting processes that occur over time. Verbs are classified based on their lexical meaning as bounded or unbounded. Bounded verbs have an inherent endpoint, while unbounded verbs do not. Unbounded verbs can further be categorized as stative or dynamic. The document also discusses the grammatical categories verbs can possess, such as tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It notes the distinction between regular and irregular verbs in English and describes different subclasses of irregular verbs.
Four key aspects that will help form the basis of an essay.Guerillateacher
Form refers to aspects beyond language meaning that help a text, such as capitalization, sentence length, dialogue, and formatting. It also includes patterns of sound and staging elements in plays. Content includes literal and figurative meanings of words as well as connotation, metaphor, pun, irony, and tone of voice. Structure is how meaning is built throughout a text to make it effective. Style is the conscious choice of language to suit an audience and purpose, and writers can develop recognizable individual styles.
Intonation refers to the continuous changing of pitch in a speaker's voice to convey meaning. It is linked to rhythm and stress, as these determine where pitch changes occur. Intonation helps with communication by enabling the expression of emotions, emphasizing stressed syllables, conveying grammatical structure, and providing information about turn-taking in discourse. Tones can be static or moving, with falling tones typically used for statements and rising tones for questions. Intonation analysis divides utterances into tone units consisting of a tonic syllable with prominence and an optional pre-head and tail. Pitch generally starts low and rises on the first stressed syllable before falling or rising on the tonic syllable. Intonation serves attitudinal
1. The document discusses speaking skills, specifically pronunciation, stress, and intonation. It provides examples of phonetic transcriptions and discusses how to correctly pronounce words.
2. Stress refers to emphasis on certain syllables in words. Primary stress is indicated by an apostrophe, while secondary stress is indicated by a comma. Stress helps differentiate words and focus attention.
3. Intonation involves pitch and tone of voice. There are falling, rising, and fall-rising tones that serve grammatical functions like statements versus questions. Proper pronunciation, stress, and intonation are important for clear communication.
Intonation refers to patterns of pitch used in speech that carry meaningful information. There are four main intonation contours: falling, rising, fall-rising, and rise-falling. Falling intonation is used for definite statements and wh-questions, while rising intonation is used for yes-no questions. Fall-rise intonation implies uncertainty or possibility of adding more information, and is used for polite questions. Intonation helps with attitude, emphasis, grammar, and distinguishing new from given information in discourse.
The document provides an overview of the key features of connected speech presented to an audience. It introduces assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions, and other features. It defines assimilation as the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds. It describes stress-timed and syllable-timed rhythm and gives examples. It defines juncture as the relationship between consecutive sounds and the types of junctures. It also discusses informal contractions commonly used in casual speech like "gonna" and "wanna".
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English grammar including parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), word classes (countable vs. uncountable nouns), morphology (morphemes), syntax, spoken vs. written grammar, problems with grammar rules, vocabulary, meaning, and the sounds of language. It discusses topics such as stress, intonation, individual sounds, and paralinguistic features of language including gestures, facial expressions, and proximity. The document is from Uludag University's English Language Teaching Department and focuses on explaining foundational elements of grammar.
Intonation refers to the patterns of pitch used in speech to convey meaning. There are four main types of tones used in intonation: fall-rise, rise-fall, rise, and falling. Intonation serves four functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discourse. The attitudinal function conveys emotions, the accentual function determines stress placement, the grammatical function distinguishes statements from questions, and the discourse function focuses attention and regulates conversation. Intonation is measured acoustically by frequency, amplitude, and duration/fluctuation.
This document presents a lesson plan for teaching intonation to students. The lesson plan follows the four Ps format of presentation, preparation, practice, and production. It begins with an introduction to intonation and its effect on sentence meaning. Objectives are defined and literature on intonation and lesson planning is reviewed. The plan demonstrates intonation concepts using examples, activities with sentence readings, and assessments. Feedback indicates the plan was effective in teaching students to understand and use intonation.
This document discusses English intonation patterns. It begins by explaining that every language has its own intonation or speech melody, and intonation helps identify the language being spoken. It then defines English intonation as a complex phenomenon with regional variations. The main types of English intonation are falling intonation and rising intonation, which are used in different sentence types. The document provides examples and explanations of how falling and rising intonation are used in statements, questions, commands and other structures. It emphasizes the importance of studying intonation patterns for improving pronunciation and reducing accent.
In this presentation,you will learn what is a sentence and its parts in the simplest possible way.Here we will discuss its parts as what a subject and a predicate is? What is a clause? What is a phrase.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
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Intonation refers to variations in pitch when speaking and helps convey meaning. It has several key components including pitch, sentence stress, and rhythm. Intonation patterns differ between languages like English and Ukrainian. In English, falling intonation is most common and used for statements while rising intonation expresses questions, lists, and lack of certainty. Ukrainian uses rising and falling intonation differently, with pitch changes occurring on accented syllables. Speakers must be careful not to transfer intonation patterns from their native language when speaking English.
This document discusses the functions of intonation in speech. It covers tone units, boundaries, and syllables. It examines different intonation patterns and their uses to express attitudes, provide emphasis, and convey grammatical information. Rising, falling, fall-rise and rise-fall tones have different meanings. Intonation helps with discourse by signaling new vs given information. However, intonation patterns are not obligatory and can be difficult to generalize.
This document provides an overview of intonation patterns in language. It begins with definitions of intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking and discusses its importance in communication. Key components of intonation like pitch, stress, and rhythm are explained. There are two basic intonation patterns - falling and rising. Falling intonation conveys certainty while rising intonation implies uncertainty. Intonation serves grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Examples are given to demonstrate how intonation impacts meaning. The document concludes that teaching intonation is important to avoid misunderstandings in conversation.
The features of the connected speech finalHina Honey
The document presents a presentation on the features of connected speech given to Sir Nazir Ahmad Malik. It discusses key features such as assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions like "wanna", compression, elision, and weak forms. Assimilation refers to one sound becoming similar to an adjacent sound. Languages have either stress-timed or syllable-timed rhythm. Juncture concerns the relationship between sounds. Informal contractions are shortened casual forms like "gonna". Compression reduces the number of syllables. Elision omits sounds and weak forms involve reduced pronunciation.
This document discusses the functions of intonation in speech. It defines intonation and tone units. It describes different intonation symbols like falling, rising, fall-rise and rise-fall tones. It explains that intonation serves attitudinal functions by expressing emotions, grammatical functions by distinguishing statements from questions, and discourse functions by signaling new vs given information. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how intonation conveys attitudes, emphasis, questions, lists and contrasts. The conclusion notes that intonation patterns are not obligatory and can be difficult to generalize.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate the type of response expected. Intonation is key to natural, effective communication.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar, syntax, and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate response expectations in conversations.
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions:
1) Attitudinal functions allow speakers to express emotions and attitudes through variations in pitch, volume, and tone.
2) Accentual functions determine stress placement and clarify ambiguities.
3) Grammatical functions help listeners recognize grammar and distinguish statements from questions.
4) Discourse functions signal new vs. given information and indicate the type of response expected. Intonation is key to natural, effective communication.
Intonation serves several important functions in speech. It helps express attitudes and emotions, accentuate important words, distinguish statements from questions, and clarify grammatical relationships and discourse structure. Intonation patterns include falling, rising, fall-rising and rise-falling tones, which take on different meanings based on factors like voice quality, pitch range, and placement within utterances. While intonation is challenging to analyze, it plays a key role in conveying meaning in spoken language.
The document discusses the classification of verbs in English. It describes verbs as denoting processes that occur over time. Verbs are classified based on their lexical meaning as bounded or unbounded. Bounded verbs have an inherent endpoint, while unbounded verbs do not. Unbounded verbs can further be categorized as stative or dynamic. The document also discusses the grammatical categories verbs can possess, such as tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It notes the distinction between regular and irregular verbs in English and describes different subclasses of irregular verbs.
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Form refers to aspects beyond language meaning that help a text, such as capitalization, sentence length, dialogue, and formatting. It also includes patterns of sound and staging elements in plays. Content includes literal and figurative meanings of words as well as connotation, metaphor, pun, irony, and tone of voice. Structure is how meaning is built throughout a text to make it effective. Style is the conscious choice of language to suit an audience and purpose, and writers can develop recognizable individual styles.
Intonation refers to the continuous changing of pitch in a speaker's voice to convey meaning. It is linked to rhythm and stress, as these determine where pitch changes occur. Intonation helps with communication by enabling the expression of emotions, emphasizing stressed syllables, conveying grammatical structure, and providing information about turn-taking in discourse. Tones can be static or moving, with falling tones typically used for statements and rising tones for questions. Intonation analysis divides utterances into tone units consisting of a tonic syllable with prominence and an optional pre-head and tail. Pitch generally starts low and rises on the first stressed syllable before falling or rising on the tonic syllable. Intonation serves attitudinal
1. The document discusses speaking skills, specifically pronunciation, stress, and intonation. It provides examples of phonetic transcriptions and discusses how to correctly pronounce words.
2. Stress refers to emphasis on certain syllables in words. Primary stress is indicated by an apostrophe, while secondary stress is indicated by a comma. Stress helps differentiate words and focus attention.
3. Intonation involves pitch and tone of voice. There are falling, rising, and fall-rising tones that serve grammatical functions like statements versus questions. Proper pronunciation, stress, and intonation are important for clear communication.
Intonation refers to patterns of pitch used in speech that carry meaningful information. There are four main intonation contours: falling, rising, fall-rising, and rise-falling. Falling intonation is used for definite statements and wh-questions, while rising intonation is used for yes-no questions. Fall-rise intonation implies uncertainty or possibility of adding more information, and is used for polite questions. Intonation helps with attitude, emphasis, grammar, and distinguishing new from given information in discourse.
The document provides an overview of the key features of connected speech presented to an audience. It introduces assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions, and other features. It defines assimilation as the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds. It describes stress-timed and syllable-timed rhythm and gives examples. It defines juncture as the relationship between consecutive sounds and the types of junctures. It also discusses informal contractions commonly used in casual speech like "gonna" and "wanna".
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Intonation refers to the patterns of pitch used in speech to convey meaning. There are four main types of tones used in intonation: fall-rise, rise-fall, rise, and falling. Intonation serves four functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discourse. The attitudinal function conveys emotions, the accentual function determines stress placement, the grammatical function distinguishes statements from questions, and the discourse function focuses attention and regulates conversation. Intonation is measured acoustically by frequency, amplitude, and duration/fluctuation.
This document presents a lesson plan for teaching intonation to students. The lesson plan follows the four Ps format of presentation, preparation, practice, and production. It begins with an introduction to intonation and its effect on sentence meaning. Objectives are defined and literature on intonation and lesson planning is reviewed. The plan demonstrates intonation concepts using examples, activities with sentence readings, and assessments. Feedback indicates the plan was effective in teaching students to understand and use intonation.
This document discusses English intonation patterns. It begins by explaining that every language has its own intonation or speech melody, and intonation helps identify the language being spoken. It then defines English intonation as a complex phenomenon with regional variations. The main types of English intonation are falling intonation and rising intonation, which are used in different sentence types. The document provides examples and explanations of how falling and rising intonation are used in statements, questions, commands and other structures. It emphasizes the importance of studying intonation patterns for improving pronunciation and reducing accent.
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Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
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Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
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2. I. Definition
II. Functions of intonation
1. Attitudinal function
2. Accentual function
3. Grammatical function
4. Discourse function
CONTENT
3. WHAT IS “INTONATION” ?
Intonation can be described as the movements or
variation in pitch to which we attach familiar labels
describing levels (ex. High/low) and tones
(falling/rising), etc.
(The way voice goes up and down in pitch.)
Intonation is about how we say things, rather than
what we say.
Without intonation, it's impossible to understand the
expressions and thoughts that go with words.
4. KEY COMPONENTS
OF INTONATION
SENTENCE
STRESS
makes the utterance
understandable to
the listener
PITCH
is the
degree of
height of
our voice
in speech
RHYTHM
Sentence
stress
provides
rhythm in
connected
speech.
6. ATTITUDINAL
FUNCTION
To express emotions and attitudes which
adds a special kind of meaning to spoken
language as a difference from its written
counterpart.
Ex. finality, confidence, interest, surprise, doubt,
joy, pain, irony, anger, boredom, gratefulness,
and so on.
7. ATTITUDINAL
FUNCTION
How to express a certain attitude:
+ Different voice qualities for different
attitudes.
+ Different pitch range in different ways
+ Different keys: high key, mid key or low key
+ One may use different facial expressions,
gestures and body movements
8. ATTITUDINAL
FUNCTION
PRACTICE
Say “HELLO! IT’S NICE TO MEET YOU” to:
A friend you meet regularly;
A friend you haven’t seen for a long time;
A neighbor you don’t like;
A 6 month old baby;
A to know if someone is listening;
9. ACCENTUAL
FUNCTION
Accentual function derived from the word
“accent” = stress
To produce the effect of prominence on syllables
that should be perceived as stressed while tonic
stress on a particular syllable marks the word as the
most important in the tone-unit.
In this case, intonation works to focus attention on a
particular lexical item or syllable.
The most common position for the placement of tonic
syllable is the last lexical word (nouns, adjectives,
words, adverbs) and not the functional words.
10. ACCENTUAL
FUNCTION
Ex1:
- She was wearing a red dress (Normal placement)
- She was wearing a red dress
The writer wants to emphasize that she was not
wearing a green dress
Ex2:
- Where he is I want to know traveling to.
The word “to” is a preposition and is not a lexical
word and it is not stressed
- I want to now where he is traveling to.
The writer doesn’t want to know where he’s
traveling from so the word “to” here is stressed.
11. ACCENTUAL
FUNCTION
Functions of Accentual Intonation similarly for the
purpose of emphasis the tonic stress can be placed
in other positions.
a- |The movie was very boring |
b- |The movie was very boring|
a- |You shouldn’t talk so loudly |
b- |You shouldn’t talk so loudly|
12. ACCENTUAL
FUNCTION
Intonation is used to clear out the ambiguities.
- I have plans to leave.
(I am planning to leave)
- I have plans to leave.
(I have some plans/diagrams/drawings
that I have to leave)
13. PRACTICE
Take a single sentence, try stressing each word in turn,
and see the totally different meanings that come out.
1. I didn’t say he stole the money.
2. I didn’t say he stole the money.
3. I didn’t say he stole the money.
4. I didn’t say he stole the money.
5. I didn’t say he stole the money.
6. I didn’t say he stole the money.
7. I didn’t say he stole the money.
ACCENTUAL
FUNCTION
14. GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTION
To recognize the grammar and syntax structure of
what is being said by using the information contained
in the intonation.
For example such things as :
1. The placement of boundaries between
phrases, clauses and sentences.
2. The choice of falling and rising tones
15. GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTION
Grammar function performed by tone boundaries
→ remove ambiguity
Ex:
- |Those who sold quickly | made a profit |
(a profit was made by those who sold quickly)
- |Those who sold | quickly made a profit |
(a profit was quickly made by those who sold)
18. GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTION
2. The choice between the falling and raising tone
* Cause different meanings
Ex: Question tags:
They’re coming tomorrow, ↘ aren’t they?
→ request for confirmation.
They’re coming tomorrow, ↗ aren’t they?
→ request for information.
19. Intonation can signal to the listener what is to be taken as
“new” information and what is already “given”.
It can indicate when the speaker is indicating some sort
of contrast or link with material in another tone unit.
Mark prominence.
Indicate expectation of speakers from listeners respone.
Faciculate cooperation between speaker.
DISCOURSAL
FUNCTION
20. DISCOURSAL
FUNCTION
1. Attention focusing
In case of attention focusing, tonic stress is
placed on the appropriate syllable of one particular
word in the tone unit. The tonic stress is placed on
the word that is the most important.
Ex.
a. She went to Scotland.
b. He went to the drawing-room.
21. DISCOURSAL
FUNCTION
2. Information content
Sometimes the stress is placed on syllable in term
of “information content”. The more predictable a
word occurrence in a given sentence, the lower its
information will be. The tonic stress will be placed on
words with high information content.
Ex.
a. I have to take a dog for a walk.
b. I have to take a dog to the vet.