The document discusses population pyramids, which graphically represent the age and sex distribution of a population. It describes the structure of population pyramids, including how they show population size on the x-axis and age groups on the y-axis divided by gender. It also explains how to interpret population pyramids and the different types (stationary, expansive, constrictive). The document then discusses the importance of population pyramids for understanding demographic trends and policymaking. It provides examples of population pyramids in Ethiopia from 1999 and 2024, noting Ethiopia's youthful population and declining fertility rates leading to future aging.
Com 201 - Intro to Demography and biostatisticspetshelter54
This document provides an overview of demography and population pyramids. It discusses that demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, structure, growth, and distribution. Population pyramids are used to visualize the age and sex structure of a population, and can reveal insights into fertility rates, life expectancy, and population change over time. The document outlines different types of population pyramids and the factors that influence population structure, such as fertility, mortality, and migration. It also discusses uses of census data and vital statistics in demographic analysis and population planning.
Population structure is defined by the genetic variation within populations and is influenced by evolutionary processes like recombination, mutation, genetic drift, demographic history, and natural selection. Key elements of population structure include population size, geographic distribution, age distribution, sex ratio, ethnic/racial composition, and socioeconomic factors. Understanding population structure helps policymakers address demographic challenges and meet population needs. Population pyramids graphically represent age and sex structure and can show expansive, stationary, or constrictive growth. Metapopulations are spatially structured populations that persist through a balance of local extinctions and recolonization between fragmented subpopulations.
Understanding age sex structure of populationsTR Dilip
This document discusses age-sex structure and population pyramids. It notes that age composition is related to population change factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. It also impacts areas like the labor force, education, health, and social security. Population pyramids graphically display the age and sex composition of a population using horizontal bars. They separate males and females because their demographic experiences can differ. The shape of population pyramids reflects factors like rapid growth, slow growth, and population decline. Pyramids are useful for tracing a population's demographic history.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE. Types of population structure. Population pyramids. Demographic transition model. Case studies: UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE, It contains: types of population structure, population pyramids, demographic transition model, case studies UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
The document discusses population composition and structure. It defines population structure as the makeup or composition of a population. The two basic elements of population composition are sex structure and age structure. Sex structure is measured using the sex ratio, which is the number of males per 100 females. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids, which graphically display the age and sex distribution of a population in 5-year cohorts. Population pyramids can reveal trends in birth rates, death rates, and other demographic influences. The dependency ratio compares the number of dependents to the working-age population.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
Com 201 - Intro to Demography and biostatisticspetshelter54
This document provides an overview of demography and population pyramids. It discusses that demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, structure, growth, and distribution. Population pyramids are used to visualize the age and sex structure of a population, and can reveal insights into fertility rates, life expectancy, and population change over time. The document outlines different types of population pyramids and the factors that influence population structure, such as fertility, mortality, and migration. It also discusses uses of census data and vital statistics in demographic analysis and population planning.
Population structure is defined by the genetic variation within populations and is influenced by evolutionary processes like recombination, mutation, genetic drift, demographic history, and natural selection. Key elements of population structure include population size, geographic distribution, age distribution, sex ratio, ethnic/racial composition, and socioeconomic factors. Understanding population structure helps policymakers address demographic challenges and meet population needs. Population pyramids graphically represent age and sex structure and can show expansive, stationary, or constrictive growth. Metapopulations are spatially structured populations that persist through a balance of local extinctions and recolonization between fragmented subpopulations.
Understanding age sex structure of populationsTR Dilip
This document discusses age-sex structure and population pyramids. It notes that age composition is related to population change factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. It also impacts areas like the labor force, education, health, and social security. Population pyramids graphically display the age and sex composition of a population using horizontal bars. They separate males and females because their demographic experiences can differ. The shape of population pyramids reflects factors like rapid growth, slow growth, and population decline. Pyramids are useful for tracing a population's demographic history.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE. Types of population structure. Population pyramids. Demographic transition model. Case studies: UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE, It contains: types of population structure, population pyramids, demographic transition model, case studies UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
The document discusses population composition and structure. It defines population structure as the makeup or composition of a population. The two basic elements of population composition are sex structure and age structure. Sex structure is measured using the sex ratio, which is the number of males per 100 females. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids, which graphically display the age and sex distribution of a population in 5-year cohorts. Population pyramids can reveal trends in birth rates, death rates, and other demographic influences. The dependency ratio compares the number of dependents to the working-age population.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
My Own Demography 3 Population Pyramid.pptxMUHAMMAD UMAIR
A population pyramid graphically displays a population's age and sex composition using horizontal bars to present numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group. The pyramid shape can indicate factors like birth rates, population growth or decline, health, and development levels. General structures include triangles for growing populations, hexagons for stable populations, and cups for declining populations. A pyramid provides information on metrics like median age, sex ratios, dependency ratios, and expected changes based on current age distributions.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key population terminology used to analyze population structures and population pyramids. It defines population pyramids as age-sex graphs that show the distribution of males and females across different age groups. It also defines key demographic terms like birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, and infant/child mortality rates. The document discusses how population pyramids can take different shapes, like expansive, stationary, or constrictive, depending on whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. It provides examples of different country pyramids and how they can be analyzed.
The document discusses population trends globally and the factors that influence population growth rates. It notes that while the world's population has quadrupled in the 20th century to over 7 billion, growth rates have been decreasing since peaking in the 1960s. As more countries develop, they experience a "demographic transition" where high birth rates meet declining death rates, leading to population growth that later slows as birth rates also decline. Development factors like rising education and income levels, as well as empowerment of women, contribute to smaller desired family sizes in developed countries. Coercive population policies have largely been ineffective and violate human rights.
The document discusses population trends globally and the factors that influence population growth rates. It notes that while the world's population has quadrupled in the 20th century to over 7 billion, growth rates have been decreasing since peaking in the 1960s. As more countries develop, they tend to complete the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates of both as development leads to lower child mortality and availability of contraceptives. Coercive population policies have historically been ineffective and violate individual rights, while voluntary family planning can help empower women and speed the transition to smaller families.
These comprehensive slides on demography provide a deep understanding of the science of population dynamics. Covering essential concepts, methodologies, and key demographic indicators, these notes offer insights into the study of population growth, distribution, and composition. Explore topics such as fertility, mortality, migration, and population projections, as well as their implications for society and policy. With this resource, you'll gain a strong foundation in demography, making it an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and anyone interested in the dynamics of human populations.
This document defines key demographic terms and concepts. It explains that demography involves measuring a population's size, composition, distribution, and changes over time due to birth, death, and migration rates. Population pyramids are used to graphically display age and sex composition. Census data provides critical information for government planning by counting all people in a geographic area. Crude birth and death rates, as well as infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, are key indicators for assessing population health status and socioeconomic conditions.
The document discusses population topics including population structure, population pyramids, census data collection, and the demographic transition model. It describes how population pyramids show the age and gender composition of a population and can reveal changes over time. It also explains that censuses aim to count every person in a country and collect key data like age, gender, occupation that help governments plan services. The demographic transition model shows typical stages of population change from high birth/death rates to low as countries develop.
Demography and family welfare, VI unit in community health nursingssuser82e099
Demography is the statistical study of human populations, specifically concerning size, structure, and distribution, as well as changes resulting from birth, death, migration, and aging. The key demographic processes that affect population change are fertility, mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility. A population's size, composition, and distribution can be measured using tools like crude birth/death rates, life expectancy, sex ratio, and population density. Demographic changes over time occur in stages defined by the demographic transition theory.
This document discusses population composition and structure, focusing on age and sex distribution. It defines key terms like population composition, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Population pyramids are presented as a way to visually depict the age and sex composition of a population. Declines in mortality and fertility can impact population structure over time by changing the relative sizes of age groups. Overall, understanding population composition provides insight into a population's potential for growth, workforce, and vulnerable groups.
This chapter examines geographies of population through investigating population distribution, structure, dynamics, and movement. It discusses key concepts such as censuses, population density, age-sex pyramids, birth and death rates, migration patterns, and debates around overpopulation. The chapter aims to understand factors that influence population trends and their implications for policymaking.
i. A population pyramid graphically illustrates the age and gender distribution of a population. It shows the variation of both male and female populations by age.
ii. The shape of the pyramid conveys details about a population's life expectancy, birth rates, fertility rates, and mortality rates. It can also provide insights into the effects of historical events on a population.
iii. Information from population pyramids helps governments and organizations plan for the social and economic needs of different age groups in a population.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and how they change. It examines population size, growth, characteristics, composition, migration, and more. Studying populations is important because it allows sociologists to understand sudden changes and how growth affects society. Both slow and rapid population growth can cause problems. Demographic data comes from censuses, vital statistics like births and deaths, and surveys. A population's age composition and sex ratio influence its economic and social structures. Key elements of demography include birth rate, death rate, total fertility rate, life expectancy, and growth rate. Rapid population growth can result from high birth rates not matched by mortality as well as migration for economic reasons. This rapid growth can have negative economic,
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
The document discusses population pyramids and the information they provide about a population. Population pyramids show the number of males and females in different age groups through side-by-side bar graphs. They can reveal a population's birth and death rates, life expectancy, and whether it is experiencing rapid growth, slow growth, or is stable or decreasing. Pyramids for less economically developed countries typically have a wide base indicating high fertility rates and dependency, while developed countries have narrow bases and wider tops due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans. The shape of the pyramid provides implications for a country's resources, jobs, and future population growth.
This document discusses different types of statistical distributions that are found in nature. It provides examples of normal distributions that describe many biological traits like height and IQ, which tend to form a bell curve. Income distributions often follow a lognormal pattern with most people in lower income groups. Tree diameter distributions in natural forests typically take an inverse J-shape. Population age structures also form distinctive patterns over time, like a pyramid shape in the past with high child mortality rates.
This document discusses population pyramids, which are graphs that show the structure of a country's population. Population pyramids display the distribution of various age groups and gender within a population. They can reveal whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. The shape of the pyramid indicates stages of demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops. Five standard pyramid shapes correspond to these stages and changes in the relationship between fertility and mortality over time.
This document defines key demographic terms and describes methods for studying population characteristics. It discusses population estimation using census data and inter-census methods. Different population growth patterns are classified based on birth and death rates. The population pyramid is described as a way to visualize population by age and sex, and examples from Egypt in 1950, 2000, and a projection for 2050 are provided. Finally, common health indicators used for evaluation like birth rate are defined.
My Own Demography 3 Population Pyramid.pptxMUHAMMAD UMAIR
A population pyramid graphically displays a population's age and sex composition using horizontal bars to present numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group. The pyramid shape can indicate factors like birth rates, population growth or decline, health, and development levels. General structures include triangles for growing populations, hexagons for stable populations, and cups for declining populations. A pyramid provides information on metrics like median age, sex ratios, dependency ratios, and expected changes based on current age distributions.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key population terminology used to analyze population structures and population pyramids. It defines population pyramids as age-sex graphs that show the distribution of males and females across different age groups. It also defines key demographic terms like birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, and infant/child mortality rates. The document discusses how population pyramids can take different shapes, like expansive, stationary, or constrictive, depending on whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. It provides examples of different country pyramids and how they can be analyzed.
The document discusses population trends globally and the factors that influence population growth rates. It notes that while the world's population has quadrupled in the 20th century to over 7 billion, growth rates have been decreasing since peaking in the 1960s. As more countries develop, they experience a "demographic transition" where high birth rates meet declining death rates, leading to population growth that later slows as birth rates also decline. Development factors like rising education and income levels, as well as empowerment of women, contribute to smaller desired family sizes in developed countries. Coercive population policies have largely been ineffective and violate human rights.
The document discusses population trends globally and the factors that influence population growth rates. It notes that while the world's population has quadrupled in the 20th century to over 7 billion, growth rates have been decreasing since peaking in the 1960s. As more countries develop, they tend to complete the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates of both as development leads to lower child mortality and availability of contraceptives. Coercive population policies have historically been ineffective and violate individual rights, while voluntary family planning can help empower women and speed the transition to smaller families.
These comprehensive slides on demography provide a deep understanding of the science of population dynamics. Covering essential concepts, methodologies, and key demographic indicators, these notes offer insights into the study of population growth, distribution, and composition. Explore topics such as fertility, mortality, migration, and population projections, as well as their implications for society and policy. With this resource, you'll gain a strong foundation in demography, making it an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and anyone interested in the dynamics of human populations.
This document defines key demographic terms and concepts. It explains that demography involves measuring a population's size, composition, distribution, and changes over time due to birth, death, and migration rates. Population pyramids are used to graphically display age and sex composition. Census data provides critical information for government planning by counting all people in a geographic area. Crude birth and death rates, as well as infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, are key indicators for assessing population health status and socioeconomic conditions.
The document discusses population topics including population structure, population pyramids, census data collection, and the demographic transition model. It describes how population pyramids show the age and gender composition of a population and can reveal changes over time. It also explains that censuses aim to count every person in a country and collect key data like age, gender, occupation that help governments plan services. The demographic transition model shows typical stages of population change from high birth/death rates to low as countries develop.
Demography and family welfare, VI unit in community health nursingssuser82e099
Demography is the statistical study of human populations, specifically concerning size, structure, and distribution, as well as changes resulting from birth, death, migration, and aging. The key demographic processes that affect population change are fertility, mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility. A population's size, composition, and distribution can be measured using tools like crude birth/death rates, life expectancy, sex ratio, and population density. Demographic changes over time occur in stages defined by the demographic transition theory.
This document discusses population composition and structure, focusing on age and sex distribution. It defines key terms like population composition, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Population pyramids are presented as a way to visually depict the age and sex composition of a population. Declines in mortality and fertility can impact population structure over time by changing the relative sizes of age groups. Overall, understanding population composition provides insight into a population's potential for growth, workforce, and vulnerable groups.
This chapter examines geographies of population through investigating population distribution, structure, dynamics, and movement. It discusses key concepts such as censuses, population density, age-sex pyramids, birth and death rates, migration patterns, and debates around overpopulation. The chapter aims to understand factors that influence population trends and their implications for policymaking.
i. A population pyramid graphically illustrates the age and gender distribution of a population. It shows the variation of both male and female populations by age.
ii. The shape of the pyramid conveys details about a population's life expectancy, birth rates, fertility rates, and mortality rates. It can also provide insights into the effects of historical events on a population.
iii. Information from population pyramids helps governments and organizations plan for the social and economic needs of different age groups in a population.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and how they change. It examines population size, growth, characteristics, composition, migration, and more. Studying populations is important because it allows sociologists to understand sudden changes and how growth affects society. Both slow and rapid population growth can cause problems. Demographic data comes from censuses, vital statistics like births and deaths, and surveys. A population's age composition and sex ratio influence its economic and social structures. Key elements of demography include birth rate, death rate, total fertility rate, life expectancy, and growth rate. Rapid population growth can result from high birth rates not matched by mortality as well as migration for economic reasons. This rapid growth can have negative economic,
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
The document discusses population pyramids and the information they provide about a population. Population pyramids show the number of males and females in different age groups through side-by-side bar graphs. They can reveal a population's birth and death rates, life expectancy, and whether it is experiencing rapid growth, slow growth, or is stable or decreasing. Pyramids for less economically developed countries typically have a wide base indicating high fertility rates and dependency, while developed countries have narrow bases and wider tops due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans. The shape of the pyramid provides implications for a country's resources, jobs, and future population growth.
This document discusses different types of statistical distributions that are found in nature. It provides examples of normal distributions that describe many biological traits like height and IQ, which tend to form a bell curve. Income distributions often follow a lognormal pattern with most people in lower income groups. Tree diameter distributions in natural forests typically take an inverse J-shape. Population age structures also form distinctive patterns over time, like a pyramid shape in the past with high child mortality rates.
This document discusses population pyramids, which are graphs that show the structure of a country's population. Population pyramids display the distribution of various age groups and gender within a population. They can reveal whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. The shape of the pyramid indicates stages of demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops. Five standard pyramid shapes correspond to these stages and changes in the relationship between fertility and mortality over time.
This document defines key demographic terms and describes methods for studying population characteristics. It discusses population estimation using census data and inter-census methods. Different population growth patterns are classified based on birth and death rates. The population pyramid is described as a way to visualize population by age and sex, and examples from Egypt in 1950, 2000, and a projection for 2050 are provided. Finally, common health indicators used for evaluation like birth rate are defined.
Ähnlich wie p.pyramid ppt group -klllllllllllllllllll4.pptx (20)
4 Blood cology Public Health -rtttttttttttt pdf.pdfErmiyasBeletew
This document summarizes drugs used to treat blood disorders including anemia, thrombosis, and bleeding. It discusses heparin and warfarin as anticoagulants used to treat thrombosis. Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are described as treatments for nutritional anemias. Aspirin and clopidogrel are presented as antiplatelet drugs to prevent blood clots. Statins are highlighted as lipid-lowering agents to reduce heart disease risk. Iron supplements specifically address iron deficiency anemia.
This document outlines hemodynamic disorders including edema, hemorrhage, shock, and thromboembolic disease. It discusses the mechanisms and causes of edema including changes in hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Hemorrhage is defined as blood extravasation from vessels and can occur externally or internally. Shock is described as impaired tissue perfusion and three major types are covered - hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. Thrombosis and hemostasis are also summarized, with Virchow's triad of endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability presented as factors that predispose to thrombus formation.
Hema Chapter 24_Hemostasisnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn (2).pptErmiyasBeletew
This document provides an overview of hemostasis and disorders of coagulation. It defines hemostasis as the process of maintaining blood in a fluid state within the circulatory system. Hemostasis involves interactions between the vascular system, platelets, blood coagulation factors, and fibrinolysis. It describes the three phases of hemostasis - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary hemostasis involves platelet adhesion, aggregation, and plug formation. Secondary hemostasis is the coagulation cascade resulting in fibrin clot formation. Tertiary hemostasis is fibrinolysis and clot dissolution. Laboratory tests for bleeding disorders and coagulation factors are also outlined.
The document summarizes various antimalarial drugs, classifying them based on their mechanism of action and the stage of the malaria parasite's lifecycle they target. It describes key drugs such as chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, tetracyclines including doxycycline, clindamycin, lumefantrine, and artemisinin derivatives. Adverse effects, therapeutic uses, and mechanisms of action are outlined for many of the drugs. The lifecycle of the malaria parasite and stages the different drug classes target such as blood, liver, and sexual forms are also briefly explained.
Major depressive disorder is characterized by one or more depressive episodes without a history of manic episodes. It can take several forms including major depression, dysthymia, and adjustment disorder. The lifetime prevalence of depression is estimated to be 20.4% in women and 9.6% in men. Risk factors include family history, stressful life events, and medical illnesses. Common classes of antidepressants are TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and others. SSRIs are now widely used due to their favorable side effect profile compared to older antidepressants. Special populations like the elderly, children, and pregnant women require careful medication selection and management of depression.
Unit 3.nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnpptxErmiyasBeletew
1) The document discusses the emergence of states and kingdoms in Ethiopia from ancient times through the 13th century. It describes early agricultural communities that formed larger political units like the states of Punt, Da'amat, and the major Aksumite state.
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3) Subsequent states mentioned include the Zagwe dynasty which ruled from 1150-1270 and built famous rock-hewn churches, as
This document provides an overview of the tissue processing techniques used to prepare tissue samples for microscopic examination. It describes the main steps in tissue processing as fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration/embedding. Dehydration involves removing water from tissues using a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol or other solvents to prevent damage. Clearing replaces the dehydrating fluid with a solvent miscible with both the dehydrating fluid and paraffin wax. The goal is to embed tissues in paraffin wax for microtomy, as it provides sufficient rigidity while being soft enough for thin sectioning without harming tissues or knives. Factors like tissue type, fixation, and desired detail influence processing parameters.
GENERAL ANESTHETICShhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.pptErmiyasBeletew
General anesthesia allows for surgery to be performed while rendering the patient unconscious, amnesic, and unresponsive to pain. It represents a necessity for modern surgical practice. Multiple drugs from different classes are often used together to achieve its effects, including intravenous anesthetics like propofol and thiopental for induction, followed by inhalational agents like sevoflurane or desflurane for maintenance. The discovery of general anesthesia was a major advancement that enabled modern surgery by alleviating the pain and trauma previously associated with surgical procedures. Careful monitoring is required due to the narrow margin between anesthetic and toxic doses of these powerful drugs.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation and from the left ventricle to the body via the systemic circulation. The heart's rhythmic beating is controlled by pacemaker cells located in the sinoatrial node which generate electrical impulses that cause cardiac muscle contraction and propagate through specialized conduction pathways to the atrioventricular node and ventricles. Cardiac valves ensure one-way blood flow through the heart.
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, classification systems, risk factors, etiologies, pathophysiology, diagnosis and prevention. AKI is defined as a rapid reduction in kidney function over hours to days. It can be caused by prerenal factors like low blood flow, intrinsic renal injury or postrenal obstruction. The RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO systems provide criteria to classify AKI severity. Prevention focuses on adequate intravenous fluid administration and minimizing nephrotoxin exposure in at-risk patients.
The document discusses sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases. It provides background on sand flies, their role in transmitting diseases like leishmaniasis, and their public health importance. It then focuses on sand fly-borne diseases and climate change, the status of these diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling sand fly populations.
Black flies are small biting insects found near water sources that can transmit diseases. This document discusses black flies, the diseases they transmit, their importance to public health, the status of black fly-borne diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling black fly populations. It notes that black flies transmit diseases like river blindness and climate change may impact disease transmission. While Ethiopia has made progress controlling river blindness, challenges remain in some remote areas. Control methods include biological, chemical, physical approaches or integrated pest management.
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Vector-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. This document discusses several vector-borne diseases prevalent in Ethiopia, including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and rift valley fever. It also outlines methods of transmission, factors influencing transmission like climate change, and general vector control strategies such as eliminating breeding sites and using insecticides. Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in Ethiopia, with over 2 million reported cases in 2020. Climate change can increase risks of vector-borne diseases by expanding suitable areas for vectors and lengthening transmission seasons.
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
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1. ASRAT WOLDEYES HEALTH SCIENCE
CAMPUS
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
COURSE TITLE: BIOSTATISTICS
COURSE CODE: ……………..........
SUBMITTEDTO: ZENEBEABEBE.(BScin PHO, MPH in Biostatistics
)
SUBMISSION DATE; 13/06/2016E.C
1
2. OUT LINE
OBJECTIVE
INTRODACTION TO POPULATION PYRAMID
STRUCTURE OF POPULATION PYRAMID
INTERPRETATION OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS
TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID
IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS
POPULATION PYRAMIDS IN ETHIOPIA
REFERENCE AND CONCLUSION
2
3. OBJECTIVE
• At the end of this section the student will be able to:-
• Define TO Population Pyramid
• Describe To structure Of Population Pyramid
• Explain Types of Population Pyramid
• Understand the Importance Of Population
Pyramids
• Explain about population pyramid in Ethiopia
3
4. introduction
• A population pyramid : is a graphical representation
that shows the distribution of age groups and gender
within a population.
• These pyramids are essential tools for demographers,
sociologists, economists, and policymakers to understand
the composition and dynamics of a population.
• It also called age-sex pyramid the shape of a pyramid when
the population is growing.
• Males are usually shown on the left and females on the
right, young persons at the bottom, and elderly at the top.
they may be measured in absolute numbers or as a
percentage of the total population.
4
5. Con…
• The pyramid can be used to visualize the age of a particular
population. It is also used in ecology to determine the
overall age distribution of a population; an indication of the
reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation
of a species.
• Number of people per unit area of land Is
called population density.
5
6. Structure of population pyramid
• A population pyramid often contains continuous stacked-
histogram bars, making it a horizontal bar diagram.
• The population size is shown on the x-axis (horizontal)
while the age-groups are represented on the y-axis
(vertical) the size of each bar can be displayed either as
a percentage of the total population or as a raw number.
• Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on
the right.
• Population pyramids are often viewed as the most effective
way to graphically depict the age and distribution of a
population, partly because of the very clear image these
pyramids provide.
6
7. Con…
• The measures of central tendency (mean, median,
and mode) should be considered when assessing a
population pyramid. For example, the average age could be
used to determine the type of population in a particular
region.
• A series of population pyramids could give a clear picture
of how a country transitions from high to low fertility rates.
• If the pyramid has a broad base, this indicates that a
relatively high proportion of the population lies in the
youngest age band, such as ages 0–14, which suggests that
the fertility rate of the country is high and
above replacement fertility level.
7
8. Con…
• If a population is below replacement fertility level, the older
population is declining with age, due to a combination of
mortality and an increase in the number of births over time.
• There are usually more females than males in the older age
ranges since, for a variety of reasons; women have a greater life
expectancy.
• The shape of the pyramid can also reveal the age-dependency
ratio of a population. Populations with a high proportion of
children and/or of elderly people have a higher dependency
ratio. This ratio refers to how many old and young people are
dependent on the working-age groups
• population pyramids can be used to predict the future, known
as a population forecast.
8
9. Con…
• Lastly, a population pyramid can even give insight into the
economic status of a country from the age
stratification since the distribution of supplies is not evenly
distributed through a population.
9
10. Interpretation of Population Pyramids
• 1. AgeDistribution: The width of the pyramid at each age group
reflects the size of the population within that cohort. A
broader base indicates a higher number of young people,
while a narrower top suggests fewer elderly individuals.
• 2. SexDistribution:When divided by gender, population
pyramids can reveal differences in the male and female
populations within each age group.
• 3. Dependency Ratios:By analyzing the relative sizes of young
and old cohorts in relation to the working-age population,
population pyramids can provide insights into the
potential support burden placed on the working-age
population.
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11. Types of population pyramid
• Each country will have a different population pyramid.
However, population pyramids can be categorized into
three types: stationary, expansive, or constrictive. These
types have been identified by the fertility and mortality
rates of a country.
1. STATIONARY PYRAMID ORCONSTANT POPULATIONPYRAMID
• A pyramid can be described as stationary if the percentages of
population (age and sex) remain approximately constant over
time. In a stationary population, the numbers of births and
death roughly balance one another.
• This pyramid suggests a stable population, characterized by a
fairly consistent birth rate, an older age structure, and a
potentially higher life expectancy.
11
12. Con…
2. EXPANSIVE PYRAMID OREXPANDING POPULATIONPYRAMID
• A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger
ages, characteristic of countries with a high birth rate and
perhaps low life expectancy therefore leading to high death
rate.
• The population is said to be fast-growing, and the size of
each birth cohort increases each year.
• This pyramid has a broad base, indicating a high
proportion of younger individuals, with a gradually
narrowing profile as age groups progress upwards.
12
13. con…
3.CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMIDORDECLININPOPULATION
• A population pyramid that is narrowed at the bottom.
• The population is generally older on average, as the
country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but
also a low birth rate.
• This may suggest that in future there may be a high
dependency ratio due to reducing numbers at working
ages. This is a typical pattern for a very developed
country, with a high level of education, easy access to
and incentive to use birth control, good health care,
and few negative environmental factors.
13
14. Con…
• Population pyramids of developing countries like Ethiopia
have very broad bases, showing the dominance of the
young-age population.
• These pyramids become increasingly narrower towards
the top, advancing through the age groups, showing that
the percentage of the population becomes less and less in
the upper age groups (65-69, 70-74, etc.
14
15. Importance of Population Pyramids
• Population pyramids play a crucial role in understanding
demographic trends and making informed policy decisions.
They help governments, researchers, and policymakers:
• Here are some importance of population pyramids;
1. Analyze the current demographic structure of a
population, which can help in identifying potential issues
related to aging, dependency ratios, and workforce
availability.
2. Forecast future population trends, which can help in
planning for infrastructure, healthcare, education, and
social services.
15
16. Con…
3 . Compare population trends across different countries or
regions, which can help in understanding global demographic
patterns and inform international policies.
4. Identify the impact of various demographic factors, such as
birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns, on population
growth and change.
5. Assess the sustainability of social and economic systems,
which can help in developing strategies to maintain a
balanced and healthy population.
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17. POPULATION PYRAMIDS IN ETHIOPIA
• The population pyramid of Ethiopia is a graphical
representation of the age and sex distribution of the country's
population.
• It shows the number of people in different age groups and their
gender.
• According to the United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs Population Division, The estimated total
population of Ethiopia in 2024, based on the growth rate from
2016, is approximately 123 million.
• the structure of the population pyramid was slightly different in
1999 compared to today. The proportion of people in the
working-age group (15-64) was lower at around 63%, while the
percentage of children under 15 was higher at around 40%.
Additionally, there were more elderly individuals (aged 65+)
back then, making up around 7% of the total population.
17
22. Con…
• Based on the population pyramids for Ethiopia in both
1999 and 2024, we can draw some conclusions about the
country's demographic trends:
• 1. Youthful population: Ethiopia has a relatively young
population, with around 67% of the population falling within the
working-age group in 2024. This is likely due to high fertility
rates in the past and improved healthcare contributing to longer
lifespans.
• 2. Decline in fertility rates: the difference between the two
population pyramids, that fertility rates have declined
significantly since 2024. This shift towards lower fertility rates
is expected to continue in the coming decades, although the pace
may vary depending on various factors such as education levels
and economic development.
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23. Con…
• 3. Aging population: with in 2024 As fertility rates decrease
and life expectancy increases, the proportion of elderly
individuals (aged 65+) will increase over time. In 1999, this age
group made up only around 7% of the total population, but by
2024, it had risen to around 8%. This trend is expected to
continue in the future as long as mortality rates remain low and
people live longer.
• 4. Changing gender dynamics: The population pyramid also
shows us shifting gender dynamics. For example, in 1999, there
were more men than women across all age groups, whereas in
2024, the opposite is true - there are now more women than
men under the age of 15. These changes reflect evolving social
norms and opportunities for women's empowerment.
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24. • 1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs Population Division. (n.d.). World Population
Prospects: The 2019 Revision. Retrieved from
https://population.un.org/wpp/
• 2. https://ourworldindata.org/population-pyramids
• 3. WIKIPEDIA
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25. GROUP MEMBER
NAME ID:NUMBER 1.FENTAHUN
ANIMAW...........................1402709 2.ENDASHAW
BUTA.................................1402665 3.GETABALEW
YISMAW.........................1402763
4. FIKADU SHEWA.....................................1402730
5.FRESENBET DANEIL.............................1401279
6.YEHUALASHET NIGUSSIE...................1403116
7.HIWOT JEJAW............................................1401408
8.REDIET DEREB.........................................1402206
9.MEHARIW EWNETIE.............................1401658
25