The document provides information about Parsa National Park in Nepal. It describes that the park was established in 1984 to preserve habitat for wild Asian elephants and other fauna. It covers 637 square kilometers across multiple districts. The document discusses the park's climate, vegetation, major fauna including tigers, one-horned rhinos and elephants, as well as bird species. It provides details on visiting the park, including entrance fees and recommended seasons. It also mentions religious sites and proposed infrastructure projects near the park.

1. Drishti Shrestha
Bsc IV YEAR

2. • Established in 1984 AD in the south-central
lowland terai of Nepal.
• With the area of 637.37 sq.km, it has pristine
sub-tropical jungle.
• Occupies major parts of Parsa district extended to
Makwanpur, Chitwan and Bara districts.

3. • In 1984, it has been gazetted as a wildlife reserve to
preserve the habitat for wild Asian elephant and a
variety of other fauna.
• In history, this area served as a vacation site for the
Rana rulers of the country.
• It is contiguous with Chitwan National Park in the
west and Valmiki Tiger Reserve of India in the
South-western part.
• In 2017, it was gazetted as National Park.

4. How to reach there?
• The park is easily accessible. The Kathmandu -
Hetauda - Birgunj highway (Tribhuwan highway)
passes by the entrance gate.
• It takes six to seven hours to get there by bus
from Kathmandu.
• A flight from kathmandu to Simara takes about
20 minutes. There is a 15 minutes bus ride to
the park headquarter, i.e. Adhavar

6. Map of PNP

7. Description
Climate
• Winter (October-December) provide pleasant
temperatures with clear skies. Night time
temperatures can drop to 0°C.
• In spring (January-March) temperatures rise and
water becomes scarce.
• In summer (April-June) the days become hot and
humid with temperatures rising up to 40°C.
• Monsoon (July-September) brings cooling rains.

8. • Altitude
from 435 m (1,427 ft) to 950 m (3,120 ft) in the
Siwalik Hills.
• Major Lake : Halkhoriya, Kamini
• Major Rivers : Rapti, Bhedaha, Dudhaura,
Pasaha, Bhata etc.
• Major ethinic groups : Muslim, Kurmi, Tharu,
Yadav ,Tamang, Bankariya, Chepang, Gurung,
Newar etc.
• Economy : Agriculture, animal husbandry, trade,
and labor

9. • Park Headquarter : Adhavar
• Entrance Fee: Nepali - NPR 50 per day per
entry, SAARC nationals - NPR 500 per day per
entry, foreigners - NPR 1,000 per day per entry
• Activities: Jungle safari, jungle walk, jeep drive
• Best Season: October-March; April-June (hot,
30-35 degrees Celsius), July-September
(monsoon)
• Entrance Fee: Nepalis - NPR 50 per day per
entry, SAARC nationals - NPR 500 per day per
entry, foreigners - NPR 1,000 per day per entry

10. Religious places
• Kailas Bhata is at top of a hill, and is of religious
importance. It house two small temples
(Dugdeswor Mahadev) paying homage to the
Hindu gods of Shiva and Parbati.

11. Vegetation
• Major forest types of PNP are Sal forests, mixed
riverine deciduous forests, mixed hardwood
deciduous forest, riverine forests, and Pine forests.
• Sal (Shorea robusta) forests compose 90% of the
park’s vegetation.
• Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna (Teminalia
tomentosa),Khair (Acacia catechu), Sissoo
(Dalbergia sissoo), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Karma
(Adina cordifolia), Bot Dhangero (Largestromia
parviflora), Khote salla (Pinus roxburghii) are major
species of woody plants found in PNP.

12. Floras of PNP
Shorea robusta

13. • Acacia catechu (खयर)

14. • Dalbergia sissoo

15. As the altitude increases, sal forest is
replaced by pine forest
Pinus roxburghii

16. • Different types of grasses, including the elephant
grass (Sacharum spp), are found in the park.
• Some other valuable plants are:-
Dalbergia latifolia Rauvofia serpentina

17. • Sabai grass used for different economical
purposes

18. Major fauna
• PNP renowned for wild Asian elephants.
• Endangered species including Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera
tigris), Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), Pangolin (Manis
pentadactyla), Bison (Bos gauras), Four-horned antelope
(Tetraceros quadricornis) and Wolf (Canis lupus).
• Mammals such as Sloth bear (Melarsus ursinus), Leopard
(Panthera pardus), Wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Blue bull
(Boselaphus tragocamelus), Sambar deer (Curvus
unicolor), Chital (Axis axis), Hog deer (Axis porcinus),
Barking deer (Muntiacus muntijak), Langur cat (Felis
chaus) and Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus) are also found in the park.

19. According to the Census report of
Department of National Parks and
Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC)
Year Royal bengal tigers Gaurs
2008 4 37
2017 19 105

20. Major faunas
Asiatic Wild Elephant

21. Bison (गौर)

22. Major faunas
Wild Boar (बदेल) Spotted deer (चितल )
Samber deer (जरायो)
Sloth bear

23. Common leopard Hyena (हुँडार)
Barking deer (रतवा) Langur

24. Major birds
• Provides habitat to more than 300 species of birds.
• White-breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Paradise
fly catcher (Terpsiphone paradisi), Large Racquet Tailed
drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus), Golden Backed Woodpecker
(Dinopium benghalense), etc are some of the common
sights.
• Gaint hornbill (Buceros bicornis), one of the endangered
species is found in certain forest patches.
• Bluerock pigeon (Columba livia) and Little brown dove (
Streptopelia senegalensis) are listed into CITES list.

25. Major Birds
Giant pied hornbill कालो धनेश Paradise flycatcher

26. Red racket tailed drongo
भीमराज चिबे
White Breasted kingfisher
सेतोकण्ठे माटीकोरे

27. Major reptiles
• Different kinds of snakes include King Cobra,
Common Cobra, common and banded Karet are
found here, along with endangered reptiles
species like Python (Python molurus) and Golden
monitor lizard (Varanus flavescens).(Chaudhary, 1998)

28. Best season according to purpose
• In winter season, local villagers are allowed to cut thatch
grass in the Park, which gives visitors better views of the
wildlife.
• Between September & November and February & April,
migratory birds join the residential birds and create
spectacular bird watching opportunities.
• Different watch towers/ view towers inside provide
excellent prospects to catch glimpses of many birds,
mammals (wild elephants and tigers) and landscape
views of the park. Also one can look over the lush forests
of Terai from the top of the hills.

29. • Now three elephant camps are located near the
Amlekhgunj, Pratappur and Gaduwaline of Bara,
Makwanpur and Parsa district respectively.
• Jungle drives and elephants rides, which is the
best way to get a close view of the wildlife, can
be arranged from the Park headquarter,
Amlekhgunj, Gaduwaline and Pratappur.

30. Proposed Nijhgadh airport
• Located 175 km south of Kathmandu, the
proposed construction site lies adjacent to
Parsa National Park, which is a forest corridor
for big wildlife like tigers and elephants, and
home to rich biodiversity.
https://tkpo.st/3MRkvLu

31. Nijhgadh International airport

32. Refrences
• Wikipedia
• Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
• https://tigerencounter.com/protected-areas/parsa-
national-
park/#:~:text=Tiger%20status%20in%20Parsa%20Nation
al,existence%20of%2019%20Bengal%20tigers.
• https://www.vivaanadventure.com/parsa-national-
park/#:~:text=Dugdheshwor%20temple%20is%20at%20
top,Makwanpur%20and%20Parsa%20district%20respect
ively.
• https://ntb.gov.np/parsa-national-park

33. Is this the fault of an elephant?

35. • According to a wildlife expert, it’s the humans who
crossed the tigers’ path and such incidents are
happening repeatedly, which is a problem. "The
highway which humans built is the path that tigers have
been using for centuries," said Haribhadra Acharya,
information officer at the Department of National Parks
and Wildlife Conservation. “Tigers have been injured in
such road accidents before and being injured means
almost akin to dying, due to the infection; as it would
be difficult to bandage and give medicines to the
injured tigers,” he added.
Conflicts between humans and tigers endanger not
only tigers but also humans themselves; the death of a
woman in Bardiya in a tiger attack prior to this incident
is evidence to this fact.