The document describes simple harmonic motion (SHM), which refers to oscillatory motion that can be represented by a mathematical function (sine or cosine) of time. SHM is used to analyze many phenomena involving periodic motion, such as vibrations. The key aspects of SHM are summarized as follows:
1) The displacement of an object undergoing SHM from its equilibrium position can be described by an equation involving amplitude, angular frequency, time, and cosine.
2) Parameters like amplitude, angular frequency, frequency, period, and phase are defined and related to each other mathematically.
3) The kinematics and dynamics of SHM are described, including equations for displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
analyzing system of motion of a particlesvikasaucea
Ā
This document discusses analyzing the motion of particle systems using Newton's laws of motion. It begins by defining a particle and describing the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors of a particle. It then discusses how to use Newton's laws to calculate the forces needed to cause a particle to move in a particular way and how to derive equations of motion for particle systems. Examples are provided on simple harmonic motion and calculating the forces required to tip over a bicycle. The document concludes by outlining the general procedure for deriving and solving equations of motion for systems of particles.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM), which refers to the periodic back-and-forth motion of an object attached to a spring or pendulum. It defines SHM as motion produced by a restoring force proportional to displacement and in the opposite direction. The key conditions for SHM are described, including that the maximum displacement from equilibrium is the amplitude. Equations show that the frequency and period of SHM depend only on the spring constant and mass. Graphs illustrate the variation in displacement, velocity, and acceleration over time for SHM. The document also discusses the conservation of energy for SHM systems, where potential and kinetic energy periodically convert between each other during the oscillation.
Dynamical Systems Methods in Early-Universe CosmologiesIkjyot Singh Kohli
Ā
The document discusses applying dynamical systems methods to develop models of the early universe. Specifically, it discusses:
1. Applying these methods to the Einstein field equations to obtain cosmological models that are spatially homogeneous but anisotropic.
2. Describing the process of analyzing the dynamics of these models, which involves identifying invariant sets, equilibrium points, monotone functions, and bifurcations in the parameter space.
3. The importance of numerical methods in understanding the global behavior of these systems, since analytical methods are often limited to local analysis near equilibrium points.
Hamiltonian formulation project Sk Serajuddin.pdfmiteshmohanty03
Ā
This document appears to be a student's project dissertation on the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking the student's supervisor, a certificate from the supervisor, and a declaration by the student. The abstract provides a short overview stating that the project will review classical mechanics and introduce the Euler-Lagrange and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics. It will examine the relationship between symmetry and conservation laws and introduce quantization rules.
Thedynamicbehaviourofastructureiscloselyrelatedtoitsnaturalfrequenciesand
correspondingmodeshapes. Awellknownphenomenonisthatwhenastructureissubjectedto
asinusoidalforceandtheforcingfrequencyapproachesoneofthenaturalfrequenciesofthe
structure,theresponseofthestructurewillbecomedynamicallyamplifiedi.e.resonanceoccurs.
Naturalfrequenciesandtheircorrespondingmodeshapesarerelateddirectlytothestructureās
massandstiffnessdistribution(foranundampedsystem).
Aneigenvalueproblemallowsthecalculationofthe(undamped)naturalfrequenciesandmode
shapesofastructure. Aconcerninthedesignofstructuressubjecttodynamicloadingistoavoid
orcopewiththeeffectsofresonance.
Anotherimportantaspectofaneigenvaluesolutionisinitsmathematicalsignificance-thatis,it
formsthebasisofthetechniqueofmodesuperposition(aneffectivesolutionstrategytodecouple
acoupleddynamicmatrixequationsystem). Themodeshapematrixisusedasatransformation
matrixtoconverttheproblemfromaphysicalcoordinatesystemtoageneralizedcoordinate
system( modes pace).
In general for an FE model, there can be any number of natural frequencies and corresponding
mode shapes. In practice only a few of the lowest frequencies and mode shapes may be required.
This document provides recommendations for books and resources on classical mechanics and relativity. It recommends two books on classical mechanics that provide clear explanations of fundamental concepts. It also recommends an annotated version of Newton's Principia and two books on special relativity at varying levels of difficulty. The document notes that excellent lecture notes are also available online.
The document provides learning objectives and content about simple harmonic motion, elasticity, and oscillations. It covers topics like:
- Simple harmonic motion concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, energy, and their relationships
- Mass on a spring and other oscillation systems like pendulums
- Elastic deformation, stress, strain, and Hooke's law
The document contains examples, equations, and problems related to these topics of simple harmonic motion and elasticity.
analyzing system of motion of a particlesvikasaucea
Ā
This document discusses analyzing the motion of particle systems using Newton's laws of motion. It begins by defining a particle and describing the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors of a particle. It then discusses how to use Newton's laws to calculate the forces needed to cause a particle to move in a particular way and how to derive equations of motion for particle systems. Examples are provided on simple harmonic motion and calculating the forces required to tip over a bicycle. The document concludes by outlining the general procedure for deriving and solving equations of motion for systems of particles.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM), which refers to the periodic back-and-forth motion of an object attached to a spring or pendulum. It defines SHM as motion produced by a restoring force proportional to displacement and in the opposite direction. The key conditions for SHM are described, including that the maximum displacement from equilibrium is the amplitude. Equations show that the frequency and period of SHM depend only on the spring constant and mass. Graphs illustrate the variation in displacement, velocity, and acceleration over time for SHM. The document also discusses the conservation of energy for SHM systems, where potential and kinetic energy periodically convert between each other during the oscillation.
Dynamical Systems Methods in Early-Universe CosmologiesIkjyot Singh Kohli
Ā
The document discusses applying dynamical systems methods to develop models of the early universe. Specifically, it discusses:
1. Applying these methods to the Einstein field equations to obtain cosmological models that are spatially homogeneous but anisotropic.
2. Describing the process of analyzing the dynamics of these models, which involves identifying invariant sets, equilibrium points, monotone functions, and bifurcations in the parameter space.
3. The importance of numerical methods in understanding the global behavior of these systems, since analytical methods are often limited to local analysis near equilibrium points.
Hamiltonian formulation project Sk Serajuddin.pdfmiteshmohanty03
Ā
This document appears to be a student's project dissertation on the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking the student's supervisor, a certificate from the supervisor, and a declaration by the student. The abstract provides a short overview stating that the project will review classical mechanics and introduce the Euler-Lagrange and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics. It will examine the relationship between symmetry and conservation laws and introduce quantization rules.
Thedynamicbehaviourofastructureiscloselyrelatedtoitsnaturalfrequenciesand
correspondingmodeshapes. Awellknownphenomenonisthatwhenastructureissubjectedto
asinusoidalforceandtheforcingfrequencyapproachesoneofthenaturalfrequenciesofthe
structure,theresponseofthestructurewillbecomedynamicallyamplifiedi.e.resonanceoccurs.
Naturalfrequenciesandtheircorrespondingmodeshapesarerelateddirectlytothestructureās
massandstiffnessdistribution(foranundampedsystem).
Aneigenvalueproblemallowsthecalculationofthe(undamped)naturalfrequenciesandmode
shapesofastructure. Aconcerninthedesignofstructuressubjecttodynamicloadingistoavoid
orcopewiththeeffectsofresonance.
Anotherimportantaspectofaneigenvaluesolutionisinitsmathematicalsignificance-thatis,it
formsthebasisofthetechniqueofmodesuperposition(aneffectivesolutionstrategytodecouple
acoupleddynamicmatrixequationsystem). Themodeshapematrixisusedasatransformation
matrixtoconverttheproblemfromaphysicalcoordinatesystemtoageneralizedcoordinate
system( modes pace).
In general for an FE model, there can be any number of natural frequencies and corresponding
mode shapes. In practice only a few of the lowest frequencies and mode shapes may be required.
This document provides recommendations for books and resources on classical mechanics and relativity. It recommends two books on classical mechanics that provide clear explanations of fundamental concepts. It also recommends an annotated version of Newton's Principia and two books on special relativity at varying levels of difficulty. The document notes that excellent lecture notes are also available online.
The document provides learning objectives and content about simple harmonic motion, elasticity, and oscillations. It covers topics like:
- Simple harmonic motion concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, energy, and their relationships
- Mass on a spring and other oscillation systems like pendulums
- Elastic deformation, stress, strain, and Hooke's law
The document contains examples, equations, and problems related to these topics of simple harmonic motion and elasticity.
This document is an M.Sc. dissertation report submitted by Bhupal Mani to the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2018. The report examines the use of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) to obtain a 1-D shear wave velocity structure of the subsurface at the Gymkhana ground test site on the IIT Bombay campus. The report includes chapters on seismic waves, surface wave analysis methods, the MASW field measurement process, dispersion analysis, inversion, results and discussion. MASW data were acquired at the test site using a 48-channel seismograph and analyzed to obtain a dispersion curve and final shear wave velocity model of the subsurface.
1. The document discusses oscillatory motion and waves, including simple harmonic motion, damped oscillations, and forced oscillations.
2. Simple harmonic motion is described by the equation x(t) = A cos(Ļt + Ļ), where A is the amplitude, Ļ is the angular frequency, and Ļ is the phase. The period and frequency of oscillation are defined.
3. Damped oscillations occur when a retarding force proportional to velocity opposes the motion. This causes the amplitude to decrease over time. Critically damped and overdamped cases are described.
4. Forced oscillations involve driving the system with an external periodic force. Resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency
This document summarizes research on the dynamics and structure of Janus particles under shear flow. Direct numerical simulations were used to model Janus particles, which are spheres composed of two distinct hemispheres. Simulation conditions such as shear rate, temperature, particle volume fraction, and interaction strength were varied. Initial binary simulations showed that at high shear rates or low interaction strengths, shear forces can overcome attraction and break particle pairs apart. Larger multi-particle simulations found that at low shear, flow helps break up and reform aggregates, while at high shear, clusters rapidly decay. Radial distribution functions were also analyzed to characterize particle structures under shear.
This document provides an overview of the physics principles behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It discusses how MRI works by using strong magnetic fields to align the spin of hydrogen protons in the body. When radiofrequency pulses are applied, the protons absorb energy and their spins are tipped into the transverse plane, generating a signal that is picked up by the MRI machine. The signal provides information used to create grayscale images of tissues and organs. The document also introduces key MRI concepts like spin states, precession, T1 and T2 relaxation times, and basic pulse sequences. An experiment is described that allows students to collect MRI data using a pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer in order to better understand the physics behind the imaging process.
This Unit is rely on introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion. the contents was prepared using the Curriculum of NTA level 4 at Mineral Resources Institute- Dodoma.
This document is a master's thesis that analyzes stochastic oscillations and their power spectra. It begins with an introduction that discusses the ubiquity and challenges of modeling stochastic oscillations in biological systems. These oscillations are characterized by their autocorrelation functions and power spectra, which often display a narrow peak at a preferred frequency. The thesis will focus on analyzing the power spectra of two specific models of stochastic oscillations: an integrate-and-fire neuron driven by colored noise and a noisy heteroclinic oscillator. It will develop and apply analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical approaches to calculate the power spectra and characterize oscillations, comparing results to stochastic simulations.
Equation of a particle in gravitational field of spherical bodyAlexander Decker
Ā
1. This academic article presents an analysis of the motion of particles in the gravitational field of a spherical body based on a new theory of classical mechanics proposed by the authors.
2. The authors derive equations of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of the spherical body that contain corrections for relativistic effects up to all orders of c-2, where c is the speed of light.
3. They show that their equation for radial motion, to first order in c-2, is identical to Einstein's equation from general relativity for planetary motion in the solar system, and correctly predicts the anomalous orbital precession observed astronomically.
The document summarizes research conducted on generating and characterizing optical vortices, as well as sorting their orbital angular momentum states. Optical vortices, also known as twisted light beams, have a helical wavefront and carry orbital angular momentum. The research involved using computer-generated holography to create optical vortices with different topological charges, which was verified using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Additionally, a Sagnac interferometer was used to separate the even and odd orbital angular momentum states of Laguerre-Gaussian beams.
This document outlines the syllabus for a solid state physics course. It introduces key concepts in condensed matter physics including phases of matter, phase transitions, broken symmetries, and experimental probes. Specific topics to be covered include the solid state, with a focus on metals, insulators, superconductors and magnetic materials. Other phases like liquid crystals, quasicrystals, polymers and glasses will also be discussed. The course will review relevant concepts from quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. Subsequent chapters will examine broken translational symmetry in solids, electronic band structure, and other solid state phenomena.
EGME 431 Term ProjectJake Bailey, CSU FullertonSpring .docxSALU18
Ā
EGME 431 Term Project
Jake Bailey, CSU Fullerton
Spring 2016
This document serves to set forth the requirements for your term project, and the criteria
which such project submissions shall be judged. This outline should be the first point of inquiry
for any questions you may have about your project.
The project consists of a thorough investigation, analysis, and set of design improvement sug-
gestions for a simplified automobile suspension model. The dynamics of this model are rather
complex: as such, I have provided a detailed derivation of the equations of motion for this system
to you in a separate document. Your responsibility will be that of the analyst: use the provided dy-
namic models to investigate the systemās response to typical inputs, judge these responses critically,
and suggest improvements to the system.
Your project submissions shall consist of a single analysis and design report. The project
report shall be turned in no later than the final class meeting of the semester, which is May 10,
2016 at 7:00 PM. As always, late assignments will not be accepted. The report shall, at a minimum,
include:
ā¢ A description of your analysis methodology
ā¢ A summary of the important results from your analyses, including plots and data tables where
appropriate
ā¢ A thorough defense of your analysis results, including (but not limited to):
ā comparison with analytical approximations
ā investigation of typical results of published investigations, and
ā discussion and investigation of the approximate errors accrued in your simulations
ā¢ A succinct description of the modifications you propose to improve the performance of the
system, including justification of your choices
The dynamic models which have been provided to you include both a fully coupled, non-linear
model and a simplified, linearized version. It is up to you to decide which to use for each portion
of the tasks outlined below. Note, however, that you should, at a minimum, simulate both models
under a common input. This will server as a basis for comparison.
Your specific tasks for this project are as follows:
1. Find the response of the system to a variety of inputs, including steps, impulses, and harmonic
excitation.
2. Determine the Displacement Transmissibility Ratio and Force Transmissibility Ratio of the
system over a range of input frequencies.
1
3. Using judgment, analytical techniques, and/or optimization methods, find a new set of sys-
tem parameters (stiffnesses and damping coefficients) which will improve the response of the
system to the selected inputs.
4. Finally, prepare a report which thoroughly summarizes and defends your methodology and
results.
A final word on collaboration. You are encouraged to discuss your ideas and your solution
approach with your classmates and colleagues. You are, however, expressly forbidden from sharing
simulation data, code, spreadsheets, scripts, or the like with anyone. Two students submitting
substantially similar s ...
The document outlines the syllabus for a Probability Theory and Stochastic Process course. It includes:
1. The course objectives which are to understand fundamentals of probability, random variables, stochastic processes, and their applications in electronic engineering.
2. The course outcomes which are to understand different random variables and their distributions, bi-variate distributions, stochastic processes in the temporal and frequency domains.
3. The syllabus which is divided into 5 units covering probability, random variables, operations on random variables, stochastic processes in the temporal and spectral characteristics domains.
This document discusses the author's extended project on the development of the understanding of the physical universe and where current models fail to provide a complete theory. It begins by discussing how humans have created models throughout history to explain observations, focusing on mathematics as a tool. It then covers the major theoretical structures in physics: Newtonian mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity. The author intends to present these theories in depth and discuss their origins and consequences. Research for the project included attending university lectures and reading books and online resources to gain a thorough background.
Human: Thank you, that is a concise 3 sentence summary that captures the key aspects of the document.
1 February 28, 2016 Dr. Samuel Daniels Associate.docxoswald1horne84988
Ā
This report summarizes the procedures and results of an impact force lab experiment. The lab setup included wiring a strain gauge in a half-bridge configuration and using LabView to program sensors and collect data. Data was collected at angle increments of 5 degrees from 5 to 120 degrees and converted from strain to force. The experimental force values followed a sinusoidal trend when plotted against angle. The natural frequency was calculated and compared to the period of oscillation determined from raw waveform graphs, showing similar values between theoretical and experimental results. Some sources of error are noted, including noise in the raw waveform graphs and an incomplete angle range for the data.
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
How to find moment of inertia of rigid bodiesAnaya Zafar
Ā
The document provides expressions for calculating the moment of inertia of various regularly shaped rigid bodies about different axes of rotation. It discusses:
1) Calculating moment of inertia using integral methods, considering small elements of the rigid body.
2) Examples of calculating moment of inertia for a rod, rectangular plate, circular ring, thin circular plate, hollow cylinder, solid cylinder, hollow sphere, and solid sphere.
3) Key steps involve identifying the small element, elemental mass, and integrating the expression for elemental moment of inertia over the body.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Engineering Mechanics course EE301ES for the B.Tech. II Year I Sem program at JNTU Hyderabad. The course objectives are to explain concepts related to force systems, centroids, moments of inertia, and kinetics and kinematics of particles and rigid bodies. The course is divided into 5 units covering topics such as equilibrium of rigid bodies, friction, centroids, moments of inertia, particle and rigid body motion, and kinetics of rigid bodies. At the end of the course students should be able to solve problems related to force systems, friction, centroids, moments of inertia, and kinetics.
'Almost PERIODIC WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS.pdfThahsin Thahir
Ā
This document provides an introduction to almost periodic oscillations and waves. Chapter 1 introduces necessary mathematical concepts like metric spaces. Subsequent chapters cover properties of almost periodic functions, their Fourier analysis, linear and nonlinear almost periodic oscillations, and almost periodic waves. While periodic phenomena are commonly studied, this text aims to present the basic theory and applications of almost periodic oscillations and waves, which are more prevalent in physics and engineering.
Classically, the point particle and the string exhibit the same kind of motion. For instance in flat space both of them move in straight lines albeit for string oscillations which occur because it has to obey the wave equation.
When we put it in AdS3 space both the point particle and the string move as if they are in a potential well. However, coordinate singularities arise in the numerical computation of the string so motion beyond Ļ = 0 becomes computationally inac- cessible. Physically the string should still move beyond this point in empty AdS3 spacetime. This singularity is an artefact because coordinate systems in general are not physical. The behaviour of the string in the vicinity of a black hole background in AdS3 spacetime is well defined a fair bit away from the horizon. It moves in the same manner as in the AdS3 spacetime in the absence of the background. Un- fortunately, when the string approaches the horizon part of the string overshoots into the horizon. The solutions become divergent and the numerical solution fails before we can observe anything interesting.
This document is Scott Shermer's master's thesis on instantons and perturbation theory in the 1-D quantum mechanical quartic oscillator. It begins by reviewing the harmonic oscillator and perturbation theory. It then discusses non-perturbative phenomena like instantons and Borel resummation. The focus is on obtaining the ground state energy of the quartic oscillator Hamiltonian using both perturbative and non-perturbative techniques, and addressing ambiguities that arise for negative coupling.
General Physics (Phys1011)_Chapter_5.pdfmahamedYusuf5
Ā
This document provides an overview of oscillations, waves, and optics covered in a General Physics course. It discusses topics like simple harmonic motion, the simple pendulum, wave characteristics, and image formation using lenses and mirrors. Key concepts explained include periodic and simple harmonic motion, Hooke's law, restoring forces, energy in spring-mass systems, and the characteristics of transverse and longitudinal waves. Real-world examples of oscillations and waves are also provided.
This document is an M.Sc. dissertation report submitted by Bhupal Mani to the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2018. The report examines the use of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) to obtain a 1-D shear wave velocity structure of the subsurface at the Gymkhana ground test site on the IIT Bombay campus. The report includes chapters on seismic waves, surface wave analysis methods, the MASW field measurement process, dispersion analysis, inversion, results and discussion. MASW data were acquired at the test site using a 48-channel seismograph and analyzed to obtain a dispersion curve and final shear wave velocity model of the subsurface.
1. The document discusses oscillatory motion and waves, including simple harmonic motion, damped oscillations, and forced oscillations.
2. Simple harmonic motion is described by the equation x(t) = A cos(Ļt + Ļ), where A is the amplitude, Ļ is the angular frequency, and Ļ is the phase. The period and frequency of oscillation are defined.
3. Damped oscillations occur when a retarding force proportional to velocity opposes the motion. This causes the amplitude to decrease over time. Critically damped and overdamped cases are described.
4. Forced oscillations involve driving the system with an external periodic force. Resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency
This document summarizes research on the dynamics and structure of Janus particles under shear flow. Direct numerical simulations were used to model Janus particles, which are spheres composed of two distinct hemispheres. Simulation conditions such as shear rate, temperature, particle volume fraction, and interaction strength were varied. Initial binary simulations showed that at high shear rates or low interaction strengths, shear forces can overcome attraction and break particle pairs apart. Larger multi-particle simulations found that at low shear, flow helps break up and reform aggregates, while at high shear, clusters rapidly decay. Radial distribution functions were also analyzed to characterize particle structures under shear.
This document provides an overview of the physics principles behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It discusses how MRI works by using strong magnetic fields to align the spin of hydrogen protons in the body. When radiofrequency pulses are applied, the protons absorb energy and their spins are tipped into the transverse plane, generating a signal that is picked up by the MRI machine. The signal provides information used to create grayscale images of tissues and organs. The document also introduces key MRI concepts like spin states, precession, T1 and T2 relaxation times, and basic pulse sequences. An experiment is described that allows students to collect MRI data using a pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer in order to better understand the physics behind the imaging process.
This Unit is rely on introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion. the contents was prepared using the Curriculum of NTA level 4 at Mineral Resources Institute- Dodoma.
This document is a master's thesis that analyzes stochastic oscillations and their power spectra. It begins with an introduction that discusses the ubiquity and challenges of modeling stochastic oscillations in biological systems. These oscillations are characterized by their autocorrelation functions and power spectra, which often display a narrow peak at a preferred frequency. The thesis will focus on analyzing the power spectra of two specific models of stochastic oscillations: an integrate-and-fire neuron driven by colored noise and a noisy heteroclinic oscillator. It will develop and apply analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical approaches to calculate the power spectra and characterize oscillations, comparing results to stochastic simulations.
Equation of a particle in gravitational field of spherical bodyAlexander Decker
Ā
1. This academic article presents an analysis of the motion of particles in the gravitational field of a spherical body based on a new theory of classical mechanics proposed by the authors.
2. The authors derive equations of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of the spherical body that contain corrections for relativistic effects up to all orders of c-2, where c is the speed of light.
3. They show that their equation for radial motion, to first order in c-2, is identical to Einstein's equation from general relativity for planetary motion in the solar system, and correctly predicts the anomalous orbital precession observed astronomically.
The document summarizes research conducted on generating and characterizing optical vortices, as well as sorting their orbital angular momentum states. Optical vortices, also known as twisted light beams, have a helical wavefront and carry orbital angular momentum. The research involved using computer-generated holography to create optical vortices with different topological charges, which was verified using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Additionally, a Sagnac interferometer was used to separate the even and odd orbital angular momentum states of Laguerre-Gaussian beams.
This document outlines the syllabus for a solid state physics course. It introduces key concepts in condensed matter physics including phases of matter, phase transitions, broken symmetries, and experimental probes. Specific topics to be covered include the solid state, with a focus on metals, insulators, superconductors and magnetic materials. Other phases like liquid crystals, quasicrystals, polymers and glasses will also be discussed. The course will review relevant concepts from quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. Subsequent chapters will examine broken translational symmetry in solids, electronic band structure, and other solid state phenomena.
EGME 431 Term ProjectJake Bailey, CSU FullertonSpring .docxSALU18
Ā
EGME 431 Term Project
Jake Bailey, CSU Fullerton
Spring 2016
This document serves to set forth the requirements for your term project, and the criteria
which such project submissions shall be judged. This outline should be the first point of inquiry
for any questions you may have about your project.
The project consists of a thorough investigation, analysis, and set of design improvement sug-
gestions for a simplified automobile suspension model. The dynamics of this model are rather
complex: as such, I have provided a detailed derivation of the equations of motion for this system
to you in a separate document. Your responsibility will be that of the analyst: use the provided dy-
namic models to investigate the systemās response to typical inputs, judge these responses critically,
and suggest improvements to the system.
Your project submissions shall consist of a single analysis and design report. The project
report shall be turned in no later than the final class meeting of the semester, which is May 10,
2016 at 7:00 PM. As always, late assignments will not be accepted. The report shall, at a minimum,
include:
ā¢ A description of your analysis methodology
ā¢ A summary of the important results from your analyses, including plots and data tables where
appropriate
ā¢ A thorough defense of your analysis results, including (but not limited to):
ā comparison with analytical approximations
ā investigation of typical results of published investigations, and
ā discussion and investigation of the approximate errors accrued in your simulations
ā¢ A succinct description of the modifications you propose to improve the performance of the
system, including justification of your choices
The dynamic models which have been provided to you include both a fully coupled, non-linear
model and a simplified, linearized version. It is up to you to decide which to use for each portion
of the tasks outlined below. Note, however, that you should, at a minimum, simulate both models
under a common input. This will server as a basis for comparison.
Your specific tasks for this project are as follows:
1. Find the response of the system to a variety of inputs, including steps, impulses, and harmonic
excitation.
2. Determine the Displacement Transmissibility Ratio and Force Transmissibility Ratio of the
system over a range of input frequencies.
1
3. Using judgment, analytical techniques, and/or optimization methods, find a new set of sys-
tem parameters (stiffnesses and damping coefficients) which will improve the response of the
system to the selected inputs.
4. Finally, prepare a report which thoroughly summarizes and defends your methodology and
results.
A final word on collaboration. You are encouraged to discuss your ideas and your solution
approach with your classmates and colleagues. You are, however, expressly forbidden from sharing
simulation data, code, spreadsheets, scripts, or the like with anyone. Two students submitting
substantially similar s ...
The document outlines the syllabus for a Probability Theory and Stochastic Process course. It includes:
1. The course objectives which are to understand fundamentals of probability, random variables, stochastic processes, and their applications in electronic engineering.
2. The course outcomes which are to understand different random variables and their distributions, bi-variate distributions, stochastic processes in the temporal and frequency domains.
3. The syllabus which is divided into 5 units covering probability, random variables, operations on random variables, stochastic processes in the temporal and spectral characteristics domains.
This document discusses the author's extended project on the development of the understanding of the physical universe and where current models fail to provide a complete theory. It begins by discussing how humans have created models throughout history to explain observations, focusing on mathematics as a tool. It then covers the major theoretical structures in physics: Newtonian mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity. The author intends to present these theories in depth and discuss their origins and consequences. Research for the project included attending university lectures and reading books and online resources to gain a thorough background.
Human: Thank you, that is a concise 3 sentence summary that captures the key aspects of the document.
1 February 28, 2016 Dr. Samuel Daniels Associate.docxoswald1horne84988
Ā
This report summarizes the procedures and results of an impact force lab experiment. The lab setup included wiring a strain gauge in a half-bridge configuration and using LabView to program sensors and collect data. Data was collected at angle increments of 5 degrees from 5 to 120 degrees and converted from strain to force. The experimental force values followed a sinusoidal trend when plotted against angle. The natural frequency was calculated and compared to the period of oscillation determined from raw waveform graphs, showing similar values between theoretical and experimental results. Some sources of error are noted, including noise in the raw waveform graphs and an incomplete angle range for the data.
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
How to find moment of inertia of rigid bodiesAnaya Zafar
Ā
The document provides expressions for calculating the moment of inertia of various regularly shaped rigid bodies about different axes of rotation. It discusses:
1) Calculating moment of inertia using integral methods, considering small elements of the rigid body.
2) Examples of calculating moment of inertia for a rod, rectangular plate, circular ring, thin circular plate, hollow cylinder, solid cylinder, hollow sphere, and solid sphere.
3) Key steps involve identifying the small element, elemental mass, and integrating the expression for elemental moment of inertia over the body.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Engineering Mechanics course EE301ES for the B.Tech. II Year I Sem program at JNTU Hyderabad. The course objectives are to explain concepts related to force systems, centroids, moments of inertia, and kinetics and kinematics of particles and rigid bodies. The course is divided into 5 units covering topics such as equilibrium of rigid bodies, friction, centroids, moments of inertia, particle and rigid body motion, and kinetics of rigid bodies. At the end of the course students should be able to solve problems related to force systems, friction, centroids, moments of inertia, and kinetics.
'Almost PERIODIC WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS.pdfThahsin Thahir
Ā
This document provides an introduction to almost periodic oscillations and waves. Chapter 1 introduces necessary mathematical concepts like metric spaces. Subsequent chapters cover properties of almost periodic functions, their Fourier analysis, linear and nonlinear almost periodic oscillations, and almost periodic waves. While periodic phenomena are commonly studied, this text aims to present the basic theory and applications of almost periodic oscillations and waves, which are more prevalent in physics and engineering.
Classically, the point particle and the string exhibit the same kind of motion. For instance in flat space both of them move in straight lines albeit for string oscillations which occur because it has to obey the wave equation.
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2. ID Sheet: MISN-0-25
Title: Simple Harmonic Motion
Author: Kirby Morgan, Handi Computing, Charlotte, MI
Version: 6/14/2002 Evaluation: Stage 0
Length: 1 hr; 24 pages
Input Skills:
1. Vocabulary: angular frequency, frequency, uniform circular motion
(MISN-0-9), kinetic energy (0-20), potential energy, total energy
(0-21).
2. Write down the coordinates, as a function of time, of a particle in
uniform circular motion (MISN-0-9).
3. Relate the one-dimensional position of a particle, as a function
of time, to the particleās velocity and acceleration, and the force
acting on it (MISN-0-15).
4. Given the total energy of a particle, plus a graph of its potential
energy versus its one-dimensional coordinate position, describe its
motion and the force on it as time progresses (MISN-0-22).
Output Skills (Knowledge):
K1. Vocabulary: oscillatory motion, simple harmonic oscillator, simple
harmonic motion, displacement, initial time, amplitude, phase,
scaled phase space, frequency, period.
K2. Write down a general equation for SHM displacement as a function
of time, assuming zero initial phase and maximum initial displace-
ment, and identify the amplitude, angular frequency, phase, and
displacement. Derive the corresponding equations for velocity and
acceleration.
Output Skills (Problem Solving):
S1. For a specific SHO, use given items in this list to produce others,
as requested: displacement, time, frequency, period, phase, veloc-
ity, angular frequency, acceleration, force, kinetic energy, potential
energy, total energy, and word and graphical descriptions of the
motion in real space and scaled phase space.
3
THIS IS A DEVELOPMENTAL-STAGE PUBLICATION
OF PROJECT PHYSNET
The goal of our project is to assist a network of educators and scientists in
transferring physics from one person to another. We support manuscript
processing and distribution, along with communication and information
systems. We also work with employers to identify basic scientific skills
as well as physics topics that are needed in science and technology. A
number of our publications are aimed at assisting users in acquiring such
skills.
Our publications are designed: (i) to be updated quickly in response to
field tests and new scientific developments; (ii) to be used in both class-
room and professional settings; (iii) to show the prerequisite dependen-
cies existing among the various chunks of physics knowledge and skill,
as a guide both to mental organization and to use of the materials; and
(iv) to be adapted quickly to specific user needs ranging from single-skill
instruction to complete custom textbooks.
New authors, reviewers and field testers are welcome.
PROJECT STAFF
Andrew Schnepp Webmaster
Eugene Kales Graphics
Peter Signell Project Director
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
D. Alan Bromley Yale University
E. Leonard Jossem The Ohio State University
A. A. Strassenburg S. U. N. Y., Stony Brook
Views expressed in a module are those of the module author(s) and are
not necessarily those of other project participants.
c
Ā° 2002, Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET, Physics-Astronomy Bldg.,
Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing, MI 48824; (517) 355-3784. For our liberal
use policies see:
http://www.physnet.org/home/modules/license.html.
4
3. MISN-0-25 1
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
by
Kirby Morgan, Charlotte, MI
1. Oscillatory Motion and SHM
1a. Oscillatory Motion. One of the most important regular motions
encountered in science and technology is oscillatory motion. Oscillatory
(or vibrational) motion is any motion that repeats itself periodically, i.e.
goes back and forth over the same path, making each complete trip or
cycle in an equal interval of time. Some examples include a simple pen-
dulum swinging back and forth and a mass moving up and down when
suspended from the end of a spring (see Fig. 1). Other examples are a
vibrating guitar string, air molecules in a sound wave, ionic centers in
solids, and many kinds of machines.
1b. Simple Harmonic Motion. The basic kind of oscillatory motion
is Simple Harmonic Motion; it is used to analyze most other oscillatory
motions for purposes of understanding and design. A motion is said to
be Simple Harmonic if the oscillating objectās position, x(t), can be rep-
resented mathematically by a āharmonicā function of time; that is, by
a sine or cosine function. The word āsimpleā refers to a need for only
one sine or cosine term to represent the position of the oscillating object.
Any object that undergoes simple harmonic motion (abbreviated SHM)
is called a simple harmonic oscillator (here abbreviated SHO).
1c. Uses of SHM. The mathematical techniques used in the study of
simple harmonic motion form the basis for understanding many phenom-
ena: the interactions of elementary particles, atoms, and molecules; the
sounds of various musical instruments, radio and television broadcasting;
high-fidelity sound reproduction, and the nature of light and color. They
are used to study the vibrations in car engines, aircraft wings, and shock
absorbers, and to study brain waves.
2. The Kinematics of SHM
2a. The Displacement Equation. By definition, a particle is said to
be in simple harmonic motion if its displacement x from the center point
5
MISN-0-25 2
m 0
x
Figure 1. A weight on a
spring.
of the oscillations can be expressed this way:1
x(t) = A cos(2ĻĪ½t) , (1)
where Ī½ is the frequency of the oscillation and t is the elapsed time since
a time when the displacement x was equal to A.
Ā¤ Show that x(0) = A, regardless of the value of Ī½. Help: [S-1]
2b. Example: Mass on Vertical Spring. We illustrate Eq. 1 with
the example of an object with mass oscillating up and down at the end
of a vertical spring, as in Fig. 1. The displacement x is then the height
of the object, measured from the center point of the oscillations. This
height needs to be at its maximum value at time zero since Eq. 1 produces
x(0) = A, which is the maximum value the displacement can have. We
can assure that this is true by measuring t on a stopwatch which we start
at a time when the object is precisely at the top point of its motion.
Alternatively, we can grab the mass and move it up to x = A, then let it
go at the exact time we start the stopwatch.
Ā¤ Show that if we had used a sine function instead of a cosine in Eq. 1,
we would have had to start the stopwatch at a time when the object was
passing through x = 0 headed upward. Help: [S-14]
1For definitions of the symbols used in this equation, see āUniform Circular Mo-
tion,ā MISN-0-9. A more general form of Eq. 1, useful when you do not want to restrict
the initial time, is presented in āSHM: Boundary Conditions,ā MISN-0-26.
6
4. MISN-0-25 3
2c. Displacement Equation Parameters. The cosine function
varies between ā1 and +1 so the value of the displacement from cen-
ter, x(t), varies between āA and +A. The maximum displacement, A, is
called the āamplitudeā of the motion. Typical units are meters.
Typical units for the frequency are cycles per second, also called
Hertz, abbreviated Hz.
The quantity 2ĻĪ½t, the argument of the cosine, is called the motionās
āphase.ā Typical units are radians and degrees. Although the phase has
the units of an angle, it does not usually correspond to a space angle in
the problem (look at the system in Fig. 1 where obviously there is no angle
involved).
The time-derivative of the phase is called the āangular frequencyā
and is denoted by the symbol Ļ:
Ļ = 2ĻĪ½ .
This enables us to write Eq. (1) in a more succinct form:
x = A cos(Ļt) . (2)
Typical units for Ļ are radians per second.
Ā¤ Contrast the units of Ļ with those of Ī½. Help: [S-15]
Ā¤ How would you write the displacement equation for a particle in simple
harmonic motion with an angular frequency of 4Ļ rad/s and an ampli-
tude of 5 cm; and what is the displacement of the particle at t = 1.0 s?
Help: [S-2]
2d. The Oscillatorās Period. The āperiodā of the oscillation is de-
fined as the amount of time it takes for the oscillator to go through one
complete oscillation or ācycle.ā Since the cosine function repeats itself
whenever Ļt is increased by 2Ļ, it repeats itself whenever t is increased
by 2Ļ/Ļ. This, then, is the period, T, of a SHO:
T =
2Ļ
Ļ
. (3)
The period is the inverse of the frequency; that is,
T =
1
Ī½
=
2Ļ
Ļ
. (4)
Ā¤ Find the period and frequency for an angular frequency of 4Ļ rad/s.
Help: [S-3]
7
MISN-0-25 4
a,
v,
or
x
0.0
0
T/2 T
time
v
_
w x
a
_
w2
Figure 2. Displacement, velocity and acceleration versus
time for an SHO. The velocity has been scaled by (1/Ļ) and
the acceleration by (1/Ļ2
). The quantity T is the SHOās
period.
2e. Velocity and Acceleration in SHM. The velocity and acceler-
ation of an SHO can be easily found by differentiating the displacement
equation, Eq. (2). The velocity is
v =
dx
dt
= āAĻ sin(Ļt) (5)
and the acceleration is
a =
dv
dt
= āAĻ2
cos(Ļt) (6)
so:
a = āĻ2
x . (7)
Equation (7) shows that an SHOās acceleration is proportional and oppo-
site to its displacement. We have plotted x, v/Ļ, and a/Ļ2
as functions
of time in Fig. 2.
Ā¤ Make sure that you, yourself, can construct and interpret Fig. 2!
Help: [S-6]
8
5. MISN-0-25 5
v
_
w
x
A
d
Figure 3. v/Ļ vs. x for the SHO in Fig. 2.
2f. SHM in a Scaled Phase Space. In developing an understanding
of the time-development of SHM, it is useful to look at a plot of the oscil-
latorās displacement versus its velocity. At any specific time, displacement
and velocity each have a specific value and so determine a point on the
plot of displacement vs. velocity. As time goes on, the SHOās displace-
ment and velocity change so the corresponding point on the plot moves
accordingly. Since the SHOās displacement and velocity are cyclical, the
point on the plot traverses the same complete closed path once every
cycle.
In order to simplify the SHOās displacement vs. velocity trajectory,
we scale the velocity-axis by a factor of 1/Ļ (see Fig. 3). Then any SHOās
trajectory will be a circle of radius A (as shown in Fig. 3). In this space,
the SHOās point is always at the āphaseā angle, Ī“, marked off clockwise
from the positive x-axis (see Fig. 3).
As time increases the point representing the SHO moves around the
circle of radius A with constant angular velocity ā Ļ (the minus sign
merely means the motion is clockwise). Its angular position at any par-
ticular time is the phase angle at that time.
Ā¤ Show that the circle in Fig. 3 and the clockwise motion around it follow
from Eqs. (2) and (5). Help: [S-8]
Ā¤ Show that (āĻ) is the angular velocity of the point that simultaneously
represents the oscillatorās position and velocity in Fig. 3. Help: [S-9]
Ā¤ For a real SHO, demonstrate v/Ļ vs. x as t increases, as in Fig. 3 (see
[D-2] in this moduleās Demonstration Supplement).
9
MISN-0-25 6
3. The Dynamics of SHM
3a. Force is Proportional and Opposite to Displacement. Using
Newtonās second law, F = ma, and Eq. (7), a = āĻ2
x, it is easy to
find the force necessary for a particle of mass m to oscillate with simple
harmonic motion:
F = āmĻ2
x . (8)
Note that the force on an SHO is linearly proportional to its displacement
but has the opposite sign. For a positive displacement the force is neg-
ative, pointing back toward the origin. For a negative displacement, the
force is positive, again pointing back toward the origin. A force which is
linear and always points back to the place where F = 0 is called a ālinear
restoring force.ā For simplicity we write Eq. (8) in the form:
F = ākx . (9)
where k ā” mĻ2
is called the āforce constantā (or āspring constantā or
āspring stiffnessā) for the particular oscillator being observed.
Ā¤ Write down Ļ, T, and Ī½ in terms of k and m for SHM. For a weight-on-
spring SHO, show that as its mass is increased its spring must be stiffened
in order that its amplitude and frequency remain unchanged. Help: [S-7]
Ā¤ Sketch a plot of F versus x for an SHO. On your plot, identify k.
Help: [S-10]
Ā¤ Describe the motion of an SHOās point on a plot of F vs. x. Contrast
the motion of the point on this plot with that of the similar point in Fig. 3.
Help: [S-5]
Ā¤ For a real SHO, demonstrate F vs. x as t increases (see [D-3] in this
moduleās Demonstration Supplement).
3b. Potential and Kinetic Energy for SHM. Knowing the force
acting on an SHO, we can calculate its kinetic and potential energy.
First, to obtain the potential energy we use F = ākx and the defi-
nition of potential energy:2
Ep = ā
Z
Fdx =
Z
kxdx =
1
2
kx2
. (10)
Thus the potential energy has its minimum value, zero, at x = 0.
2See āPotential Energy, Conservative Forces, The Law of Conservation of Energyā
(MISN-0-21).
10
6. MISN-0-25 7
x
or
energy
0.0
0
T/2 T
time
Ep Ek Etotal
x
Figure 4. Kinetic, potential, and total energy and displace-
ment vs. time for the SHO of Fig. 2.
The kinetic energy of the SHO is:
Ek =
1
2
mv2
=
1
2
mĻ2
A2
sin2
(Ļt) =
1
2
mĻ2
[A2
ā A2
cos2
(Ļt)]
=
1
2
k(A2
ā x2
) . (11)
The kinetic energy is a maximum at x = 0 and is zero at the extremes of
the motion (x = Ā± A), as shown in Fig. 4.
3c. Total Energy for SHM. The total energy of a simple harmonic
oscillator is:
E = Ek + Ep =
1
2
kA2
, (12)
which is a constant quantity (independent of time). Thus during an oscil-
lation, as the potential energy increases and decreases, the kinetic energy
decreases and increases so the total energy remains constant.
The potential energy curve, Ep = k x2
/2 (which is a parabola), and
the total energy curve E = k A2
/2 (which is a horizontal line), are shown
as functions of displacement in Fig. 5. The points where the line and the
curve intersect (x = Ā± A) are the limits of the motion.
Ā¤ Use Fig. 5 to describe the major events in the values of the potential,
kinetic, and total energies, and the displacement, as time advances during
a complete SHM cycle. Help: [S-4]
11
MISN-0-25 8
Energies
x
-A
0
0 A
Ep
Ek
Etotal
Ā½kx2
Figure 5. Potential and total
energy vs. displacement for an
SHO.
Ā¤ Use words alone (no graph) to describe the major events in the values
of the potential, kinetic, and total energies, and the displacement, as time
advances during a complete SHM cycle. Help: [S-11]
Acknowledgments
Preparation of this module was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation, Division of Science Education Development and
Research, through Grant #SED 74-20088 to Michigan State Univer-
sity.
Glossary
ā¢ amplitude: maximum value of displacement.
ā¢ angular frequency: time rate of change of the phase.
ā¢ angular velocity in SHM: the angular velocity of the SHOās point
in scaled phase space. Its value is the negative of the SHOās angular
frequency Ļ.
ā¢ displacement: position relative to the center-point of the SHM.
ā¢ frequency: number of complete cycles per unit time.
ā¢ harmonic function: a sine or cosine function.
ā¢ oscillatory motion: motion that exactly repeats itself periodically.
ā¢ period: the time for one complete cycle.
12
7. MISN-0-25 9
ā¢ phase: the argument of the harmonic function describing the SHM.
Here we have chosen the initial time to be when the displacement is at
a maximum, so the harmonic function is a cosine and its phase angle Ī“
is Ļt.
ā¢ scaled phase space: a space in which the two axes are the SHOās
displacement x and v/Ļ. The current state of an SHO is a point in
this space. The point continually traverses a circle of radius A with
constant angular velocity āĻ.
ā¢ simple harmonic motion ā” SHM: any motion whose time-
dependence can be described by a single harmonic function.
ā¢ simple harmonic oscillator ā” SHO: any object that is undergoing
simple harmonic motion.
Equations
x = A cos(Ļt) F = āmĻ2
x = ākx
T =
2Ļ
Ļ
Ep =
1
2
kx2
Ī½ =
1
T
Ek =
1
2
k(A2
ā x2
)
Ī“ = Ļ t
13
MISN-0-25 PS-1
PROBLEM SUPPLEMENT
Note: Make sure your calculator is set for the correct angular units among
the choices available: radians, degrees, etc. Answers are in coded order,
given by bracketed letters.
Note: Problem 6 also occurs in this moduleās Model Exam.
1. Fill in the chart below for a particle in SHM, writing āmin,ā āmax,ā
or ā0ā in each space. Answer: 5
Phase ā 5Ļ/2 3Ļ 7Ļ/2 4Ļ 9Ļ/2
x
v
a
F
Ek
Ep
2. An ant sits on the end of the minute hand (15.0 cm long) of a clock.
Write the equation for its displacement along an axis that goes through
3:00, 9:00, and the center of the dial. Answer: 3
3. The displacement of a 1.0 kg mass attached to the end of a vibrating
spring is given by the equation:
x = 0.040 m cos(Ļ sā1
t) .
a. Determine the amplitude, phase, angular frequency, frequency, and
period of this motion. Answer: 1
b. Determine the force, potential energy, kinetic energy and total en-
ergy when t = 0.10 s. Answer: 1
c. Sketch the kinetic energy and potential energy, along with the dis-
placement, as functions of time. Answer: 1
4. The maximum force acting on a certain 2.0 kg mass, which oscillates
with SHM, is found to be 10.0 N. At that time its displacement from
equilibrium is 0.10 m. Determine the angular frequency, period and
frequency of its motion. Answer: 4
14
8. MISN-0-25 PS-2
5. A particle is moving with simple harmonic motion. Its displacement
at t = 0.167 sec is 0.0050 m and its period is 1.00 sec. Determine the
displacement, velocity and acceleration as functions of time. Evaluate
x, v, a, and Ī“ at t = 0.50 s. Answer: 2
6. An object of mass 1.0 kg is moving with SHM, with an amplitude of
0.010 m, an angular frequency of 4Ļ rad/s, and a maximum displace-
ment at time zero.
a. Write down the kinematical expression for the displacement as a
function of time.
b. Find the displacement, velocity, potential energy and kinetic energy
at a time 3/8 of a period past a time when x = 0.010 m.
c. Sketch the displacement and potential energy versus time on a
graph.
d. Use the above sketch to describe how the velocity changes as posi-
tion changes through a cycle.
Answer: 6
Brief Answers:
1. a. x = 0.040 m cos(Ļ sā1
t)
A = 0.040 m; Ļ t = Ļ t; Ļ = Ļ rad/s
Ī½ = Ļ/(2Ļ) = (1/2) cycle/s; T = 1/Ī½ = 2.0 s.
b. F = ām Ļ2
x; m = 1.0 kg; t = 0.10 s
F = ā(1.0 kg)(Ļ sā1
)2
[0.040 m cos(0.10 Ļ)] = ā0.38 N
Ep = (1/2)kx2
= (1/2)mĻ2
x2
= (1/2) (1.0 kg)(Ļ sā1
)2
(0.038 m)2
= 0.0071 J
Ek = (1/2)(m Ļ2
)(A2
ā x2
)
= (1/2)[(1.0 kg)(Ļ sā1
)2
][(0.040 m)2
ā (0.038 m)2
] = 0.0008 J
E = (1/2)kA2
= (1/2)mĻ2
A2
= (1/2)(1.0 kg)(Ļ/ s)2
(0.040 m)2
= 0.0079 J
15
MISN-0-25 PS-3
c.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (s)
Ep Ek
x
Help: [S-12]
2. Ļ = 2Ļ rad/s
x(t) = A cos(Ļt)
x(0.167 s) = 0.0050 m = A cos(2Ļ rad/sec Ć 0.167 s); solve for the am-
plitude.
A = 0.0050 m/(0.50) = 0.0100 m
At all times:
x = 0.0100 m cos(2Ļ sā1
t)
v = dx/dt = ā 0.0200 Ļ m/s sin(2Ļ sā1
t)
a = d2
x/dt2
= ā 0.0400 Ļ2
m/s2
cos(2Ļ sā1
t) = ā(2Ļ/ sec)2
x
At t = 0.50 s:
x = 0.0100 m cos(Ļ) = ā0.0100 m
v = 0.000 m/s
a = 0.395 m/s2
Ī“ = Ļ t = 1.8 Ć 102
degrees
3. x = A cos Ļt
Ļ = 2Ļ/T = 2Ļ/60 min = 0.10/ min Help: [S-13]
x = 15.0 cm cos(0.10 minā1
t)
4. F = ā k x
k = āF/x = ā(ā10.0 N)/0.10 m = 1.0 Ć 102
N/m
Ļ = (k/m)1/2
= (100 N mā1
/2.0 kg)1/2
= 7.1 rad/s
16
9. MISN-0-25 PS-4
T = 2Ļ/Ļ = 2Ļ/(7.1/ s) = 0.88 s
Ī½ = 1/T = 1/0.88 s = 1.1 cycles/s = 1.1 Hz.
5.
Phase ā 5Ļ/2 3Ļ 7Ļ/2 4Ļ 9Ļ/2
x 0 min 0 max 0
v min 0 max 0 min
a 0 max 0 min 0
F 0 max 0 min 0
Ek max 0=min max 0=min max
Ep 0=min max 0=min max 0=min
6. a. x = 0.010 m cos(4Ļ rad/st)
b. T = (1/2) s.
at t = (3/16) s:
x = ā0.0071 m (see graph below)
v = ā0.089 m/s (see slope of graph below)
Ep = 0.0040 J (see graph below)
Ek = 0.0040 J
0.0 0.5 1.0
time (s)
x
Ep
c.
d. See text.
17
MISN-0-25 AS-1
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE SUPPLEMENT
S-1 (from TX-2b)
x = A cos(Ļ t) and cos(0) = 1
S-2 (from TX-2c)
Ļ = 4Ļ rad/s; A = 5.0 cm
x = A cos(Ļ t)
= 5.0 cm cos(4Ļ rad sā1
t)
at t = 1.0 s : x = 5.0 cm cos(4Ļ) = 5.0 cm
Note: cos n2Ļ = 1 when n is an integer.
S-3 (from TX-2d)
Ļ = 4Ļ rad/s
T = 2Ļ/Ļ = 2Ļ rad/(4Ļ rad sā1
) = 0.5 s
Ī½ = 1/T = 1/0.50 s = 2.0 cycles/s = 2.0 Hz
S-4 (from TX-3c and [S-11])
āAs the oscillator passes the origin, the energy is all kinetic; the po-
tential energy is zero and the kinetic energy is at its maximum. As
the displacement increases positively, the potential energy increases so
the kinetic energy decreases in order to keep the total energy constant.
When the kinetic energy reaches zero, the displacement is at its maxi-
mum value and the energy is all potential. As the displacement starts
decreasing, . . . ā
S-5 (from TX-3a)
āAs time advances, the point moves along the line, from upper left to
lower right and back again. As it passes the origin, where the displace-
ment and acceleration are zero, the point is moving at maximum speed.
As it approaches an end, where both the position and acceleration are at
their maximally positive or negative values (extrema), the point slows
down, stops, and reverses its direction.ā
18
10. MISN-0-25 AS-2
S-6 (from TX-2e)
Note that the cosine function is at its maximum at t = 0 and thereafter
decreases, crossing the axis one-fourth of a period later and reaching its
maximally negative value one-fourth of a period after that. Use these
characteristics to sketch in the curve in those regions. Continue drawing
the curve forward in time, making sure the curve crosses the axis each
half period, as a cosine curve always does. For the other curves, use
their equations and the same procedure.
If you donāt know what sine and cosine curves look like, see your math
textbooks from past math courses in college or high school.
S-7 (from TX-3a)
This is just simple algebra!
S-8 (from TX-2f)
The point is claimed to follow a circle with radius r = A and a time-
changing angle: Īø(t) = ā(Ļt). This means that Eqs. (2) and (5) can be
written this way in polar coordinates:
x(t) = r cos Īø(t); y(t) = r sin Īø(t) .
These are the equations for a point on a circle, so the claim is proved.
Now note that, as time increases, Īø increases negatively. Since posi-
tive polar angles are measured counterclockwise from the x-axis, and
negative angles clockwise, the point moves clockwise as time increases.
S-9 (from TX-2f)
First, see [S-8]. The angular velocity of the plotted point is:
dĪø/dt = d/dt(āĻt) = āĻ .
This shows that the magnitude of the angular velocity of the plotted
point is just the Ļ of the oscillation, but the minus sign means that the
direction with increasing time is clockwise. That is, the plotted angle
increases negatively with time.
19
MISN-0-25 AS-3
S-10 (from TX-3a)
The force constant, k, is the negative of the slope of this line:
-A
-kA
x
kA
A
F
S-11 (from TX-3c)
See [S-4].
S-12 (from PS-2c)
If you are having trouble with this problem, do Problem 4 first and then
redo the ātry-itā in Sect. 2d.
S-13 (from PS-3)
The period of the minute hand is 60 minutes because it takes one hour
for it to go through a complete cycle (once around the clock face).
S-14 (from TX-2b)
As its argument increases from zero, a sine function increases positively
from zero. Thus as t increases from zero, x increases from zero. Increas-
ing values of x correspond to the direction upward.
20
11. MISN-0-25 AS-4
S-15 (from TX-2c)
The units of Ī½ are oscillations per unit time while the units of Ļ are
angular interval per unit time. As commonly used Ī½ is in cycles/sec
while Ļ is in radians/sec. This is because the ā2 Ļā you use to convert
one to the other is really ā2 Ļ radians (the angular interval around a
complete circle) per complete oscillation.ā
21
MISN-0-25 ME-1
MODEL EXAM
1. See Output Skills (Knowledge) on this unitās ID Sheet.
2. An object of mass 1.0 kg is moving with SHM, with an amplitude of
0.010 m, an angular frequency of 4Ļ rad/s, and a maximum displace-
ment at time zero.
a. Write down the kinematical expression for the displacement as a
function of time.
b. Find the displacement, velocity, potential energy and kinetic energy
at a time 3/8 of a period past a time when x = 0.010 m.
c. Sketch the displacement and potential energy versus time on a
graph.
d. Use the above sketch to describe how the velocity changes as posi-
tion changes through a cycle.
Brief Answers:
1. See text.
2. See this moduleās Problem Supplement, problem 6.
22