Optical memory uses lasers, storage media, and detectors to store data. Common optical storage devices include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. CDs store data in the form of pits and lands on an aluminum layer, which a laser reads by detecting differences in light reflection. DVDs store more data than CDs using closer pit spacing and multiple layers that the laser can read through. Blu-ray discs can store 25 GB per layer or 50 GB with dual layers, replacing DVD technology.
This chapter discusses advanced disk drive technologies such as CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray discs. It describes how these optical disc formats work, their storage capacities and advantages over floppy disks. The document explains CD-ROM and DVD drive components, how data is stored in bumps and pits, and various disc formats. It also provides steps to connect a disc drive to a computer and overview software to burn data or music discs.
This document discusses various secondary storage devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and Blu-ray discs. It provides details on the history and evolution of floppy disks, describing their decreasing sizes over time from 8 inches to 3.5 inches. Hard disks are described as using rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are all described as optical storage using lasers, with each subsequent technology providing higher storage capacity and data transfer speeds.
This document discusses different types of storage devices, categorizing them as magnetic or optical. Magnetic storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, and magnetic tape. Optical storage devices include CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW. The document explains how data is stored on magnetic disks using polarized particles and on optical disks using pits and lands that reflect light differently. It provides details on formatting disks and the areas created, capacities of different devices, and speeds of CD-ROM and DVD drives.
CDs store large amounts of digital data by encoding it as microscopic bumps arranged in a continuous spiral track on the disc. A CD player precisely reads these bumps using a laser beam that detects changes in reflectivity. It tracks along the spiral from the inside to outside of the disc while adjusting the rotation speed to keep the data rate constant. Complex error-correcting encoding schemes are used to ensure reliable reading despite defects or errors.
This document provides an overview of CDROM, floppy disk, and hard disk structures and concepts. It discusses the history and layers of CDROMs and DVDs, how data is recorded and retrieved, file systems like ISO-9660 and Joliet, and rewritable technologies like CD-RW. Floppy disks and their storage capacities are described. Hard disk components and interfaces are outlined. File allocation concepts like boot sectors, clusters, FAT, and NTFS file systems are summarized.
How to take care of computers and secondary storage mediaJojo Carrillo
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices including floppy disks, compact discs, thumb drives, and hard disk drives. It provides details on the composition and storage capacity of each. Floppy disks can store up to 1.44 MB, CDs up to 4 GB, thumb drives up to 16 GB, and hard drives up to 1 TB. Taking proper care of storage media involves avoiding touching the inside, keeping away from magnets, and protecting from heat, dust, and other damage. Similarly, computers and peripherals should be cleaned regularly inside and out to function properly for longer.
Optical memory uses lasers, storage media, and detectors to store data. Common optical storage devices include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. CDs store data in the form of pits and lands on an aluminum layer, which a laser reads by detecting differences in light reflection. DVDs store more data than CDs using closer pit spacing and multiple layers that the laser can read through. Blu-ray discs can store 25 GB per layer or 50 GB with dual layers, replacing DVD technology.
This chapter discusses advanced disk drive technologies such as CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray discs. It describes how these optical disc formats work, their storage capacities and advantages over floppy disks. The document explains CD-ROM and DVD drive components, how data is stored in bumps and pits, and various disc formats. It also provides steps to connect a disc drive to a computer and overview software to burn data or music discs.
This document discusses various secondary storage devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and Blu-ray discs. It provides details on the history and evolution of floppy disks, describing their decreasing sizes over time from 8 inches to 3.5 inches. Hard disks are described as using rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are all described as optical storage using lasers, with each subsequent technology providing higher storage capacity and data transfer speeds.
This document discusses different types of storage devices, categorizing them as magnetic or optical. Magnetic storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, and magnetic tape. Optical storage devices include CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW. The document explains how data is stored on magnetic disks using polarized particles and on optical disks using pits and lands that reflect light differently. It provides details on formatting disks and the areas created, capacities of different devices, and speeds of CD-ROM and DVD drives.
CDs store large amounts of digital data by encoding it as microscopic bumps arranged in a continuous spiral track on the disc. A CD player precisely reads these bumps using a laser beam that detects changes in reflectivity. It tracks along the spiral from the inside to outside of the disc while adjusting the rotation speed to keep the data rate constant. Complex error-correcting encoding schemes are used to ensure reliable reading despite defects or errors.
This document provides an overview of CDROM, floppy disk, and hard disk structures and concepts. It discusses the history and layers of CDROMs and DVDs, how data is recorded and retrieved, file systems like ISO-9660 and Joliet, and rewritable technologies like CD-RW. Floppy disks and their storage capacities are described. Hard disk components and interfaces are outlined. File allocation concepts like boot sectors, clusters, FAT, and NTFS file systems are summarized.
How to take care of computers and secondary storage mediaJojo Carrillo
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices including floppy disks, compact discs, thumb drives, and hard disk drives. It provides details on the composition and storage capacity of each. Floppy disks can store up to 1.44 MB, CDs up to 4 GB, thumb drives up to 16 GB, and hard drives up to 1 TB. Taking proper care of storage media involves avoiding touching the inside, keeping away from magnets, and protecting from heat, dust, and other damage. Similarly, computers and peripherals should be cleaned regularly inside and out to function properly for longer.
This document discusses various secondary storage devices including magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical media like CDs, DVDs, and their read/write capabilities. Magnetic tape provides inexpensive large-capacity storage but has slow access. Hard disks allow faster random access but are susceptible to mechanical shock. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs use lasers to read/write data in pits and have higher capacities than floppy disks.
Optical storage uses light to read data stored on optical discs or memory cards. Common optical storage devices include CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray discs, HD DVDs, USB flash drives, memory cards, and smart cards. CDs hold around 800MB of read-only data, while DVDs and Blu-Ray discs can hold significantly more data up to 50GB in writable formats, using laser light of different wavelengths to read small pits in the disc's surface. Flash memory cards and drives store data electronically in non-volatile memory.
Storage devices
This lesson includes the following sections:
Categorizing Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage Devices
Optical Storage Devices
Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off.
The physical material that actually holds data is called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium.
The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is called a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.
Diskettes (floppy disks)
Hard disks
High-capacity floppy disks
Disk cartridges
Magnetic tape
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two directions.
Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.
A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.
Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory
(DVD-ROM)
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)
PhotoCD
CD-ROM is an optical disc that stores digital data. It uses pits and lands on its surface to store binary data as either ones or zeros that is read by a laser. A CD-ROM drive reads this data by focusing a laser on the spinning disc. While CD-ROMs can only read data and not write it, specialized drives can burn new CDs by using laser to heat and mark the disc's surface. CD-ROMs provide a portable way to store large amounts of data that can be read on different computers.
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
Hard disks and optical disks are both used for data storage. Hard disks use spinning magnetic platters and read/write heads to store data non-volatilely even without power. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Rays use lasers and reflective layers to store data in the form of pits and lands on polycarbonate disks. Optical disks allow for higher density storage than early hard disks and are portable, but have slower access speeds and more complex drive mechanisms.
This document discusses different types of storage devices including optical storage devices. It provides a brief history of optical storage including the introduction of CDs in 1983, DVDs in 1996, and Blu-Ray in 2002. It describes how optical storage works by making marks on an optically readable medium that can be read back with a laser, and how data is stored in pits and lands. The document also outlines other storage devices like hard drives, solid state drives, flash memory, and magnetic storage devices.
In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data in the form of pits and lands on a special material on one of its flat surfaces.
Cd &-dvd-by-aaron-rinaca-mike-ferris-mike-burker-steve-mathieu-2001-sprVarun Kumar
CD and DVD technology was summarized in 3 sentences:
CDs were introduced in the 1980s and could store up to 700MB of data, while DVDs introduced in 1996 have much higher storage capacity of 4.7-17GB due to using a shorter wavelength laser and smaller pit sizes which allowed for multiple layers. DVDs surpassed VHS and will become the leading video format while CDs will still be used for audio but higher end applications will move to DVD's larger storage capabilities.
Magnetic tape is a storage medium on a reel or cartridge with a magnetic coating that allows data to be written, erased, and rewritten. However, magnetic tapes provide only sequential access to data, requiring the tape to rewind or fast forward to requested data, making them unsuitable for frequently updated files. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs store large amounts of data using laser-readable spots on spiral tracks, allowing for higher storage densities than tapes or floppy disks. Recordable optical disks like CD-Rs and DVD-Rs allow users to permanently write data to the disk, while CD-RWs and DVD-RWs allow rewriting data. Cache memory provides faster access to frequently used instructions and data by
Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format that can store high-definition video content. It uses a blue-violet laser with a wavelength of 405nm to read and write data at a higher density than DVDs. Blu-ray Discs can store 25 or 50 gigabytes of data on a single or dual layer disc compared to DVD's 4.7 gigabytes. The Blu-ray Disc format was developed to enable recording and playback of high-definition video.
DVD is an optical disc storage format that was invented in 1995 and offers higher storage capacity than CDs. DVDs use a shorter wavelength laser to place pits more densely, allowing more data to be stored in the same physical space as a CD. DVDs can have multiple layers, with later versions supporting up to 8 layers, greatly increasing potential storage capacity over single-layer discs.
Magnetic storage devices include floppy disks, hard disk drives, magnetic tape, and solid state drives. Optical storage uses lasers to read and write data in the form of pits and lands on discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray. Storage capacity and speeds have increased over time while physical sizes have decreased. Cost per gigabyte has also declined for most storage types.
A CD-ROM can store up to 783MB of data through a series of microscopic bumps imprinted in a spiral track on the disc from the inside to outside. A laser and optical system precisely reads the bumps, which reflect light differently than the spaces between bumps. This allows the reader to interpret the bits of data on the CD as it spins and the laser moves from the center to the outer edge of the disc.
Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. Common storage media include floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, tape, and flash drives. Larger storage capacities are measured in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs use pits and lands to store data as binary digits, while magnetic media like floppy disks and tape use magnetic particles. Flash drives, memory cards, and smart cards provide portable storage. Tape is still used for backup storage due to low cost per gigabyte.
CD-ROM is an optical disc used to store digital data originally developed for storing digital audio. It has a flat, round shape coated with a reflective material. Data is stored on CD-ROMs in the form of pits and lands, which are read by a laser focusing on the disc's spinning surface. CD-ROMs can store up to 650-700 MB of data and are read at varying speeds up to 52x, while writing is slower up to 32x. They use file systems like ISO 9660 to organize data on tracks and sectors. CD-ROMs provide large data storage in a compact, portable format but have slow writing speeds and data cannot be rewritten.
This document discusses different types of electronic storage devices. It begins by defining electronic storage as the medium used to store data, instructions, and information. Examples provided include floppy disks, tape, and PC cards. The document then distinguishes between primary storage (memory) and secondary storage (permanent storage devices). The remainder of the document provides details on various storage media such as floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, tapes, DVDs, and mobile storage devices.
Primary storage refers to memory in a computer system like RAM and ROM. Secondary storage is provided by peripheral devices like hard disks, floppy disks, optical disks, and tape drives to store large amounts of data outside of memory. Secondary storage is required for three reasons: 1) memory contents are volatile and lost when power is disconnected, 2) memory capacity is limited, and 3) memory is more expensive than secondary storage. Common secondary storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and tape drives used for backups.
The document provides details about Blu-ray discs, including their development, technology, and specifications. Key points include:
- Blu-ray discs were jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association to store more data than DVDs using blue-violet lasers and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc.
- Technologies that enable high storage capacities include the use of a blue laser, optimization of the disc's layer thickness, and development of high numerical aperture lenses.
- Blu-ray discs have various formats, including write-once, rewritable, and read-only, and support various video codecs to store HD video.
The document discusses various data storage devices. It describes floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, hard disks, USB flash drives, and different types of ROM and RAM. Floppy disks can store up to 1.4 MB of data but newer ones can store up to 250MB. CDs standardly hold up to 80 minutes of audio or 700MB of data. DVDs have significantly higher storage capacity than CDs, able to hold up to 17GB. Hard disks use spinning magnetic disks to store data and have faster access times than removable media. USB flash drives have flash memory and are small, portable, and write/rewrite data. The different types of ROM and RAM each have their own characteristics for
This document discusses various secondary storage devices including magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical media like CDs, DVDs, and their read/write capabilities. Magnetic tape provides inexpensive large-capacity storage but has slow access. Hard disks allow faster random access but are susceptible to mechanical shock. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs use lasers to read/write data in pits and have higher capacities than floppy disks.
Optical storage uses light to read data stored on optical discs or memory cards. Common optical storage devices include CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray discs, HD DVDs, USB flash drives, memory cards, and smart cards. CDs hold around 800MB of read-only data, while DVDs and Blu-Ray discs can hold significantly more data up to 50GB in writable formats, using laser light of different wavelengths to read small pits in the disc's surface. Flash memory cards and drives store data electronically in non-volatile memory.
Storage devices
This lesson includes the following sections:
Categorizing Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage Devices
Optical Storage Devices
Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off.
The physical material that actually holds data is called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium.
The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is called a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.
Diskettes (floppy disks)
Hard disks
High-capacity floppy disks
Disk cartridges
Magnetic tape
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two directions.
Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.
A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.
Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory
(DVD-ROM)
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)
PhotoCD
CD-ROM is an optical disc that stores digital data. It uses pits and lands on its surface to store binary data as either ones or zeros that is read by a laser. A CD-ROM drive reads this data by focusing a laser on the spinning disc. While CD-ROMs can only read data and not write it, specialized drives can burn new CDs by using laser to heat and mark the disc's surface. CD-ROMs provide a portable way to store large amounts of data that can be read on different computers.
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
Hard disks and optical disks are both used for data storage. Hard disks use spinning magnetic platters and read/write heads to store data non-volatilely even without power. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Rays use lasers and reflective layers to store data in the form of pits and lands on polycarbonate disks. Optical disks allow for higher density storage than early hard disks and are portable, but have slower access speeds and more complex drive mechanisms.
This document discusses different types of storage devices including optical storage devices. It provides a brief history of optical storage including the introduction of CDs in 1983, DVDs in 1996, and Blu-Ray in 2002. It describes how optical storage works by making marks on an optically readable medium that can be read back with a laser, and how data is stored in pits and lands. The document also outlines other storage devices like hard drives, solid state drives, flash memory, and magnetic storage devices.
In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data in the form of pits and lands on a special material on one of its flat surfaces.
Cd &-dvd-by-aaron-rinaca-mike-ferris-mike-burker-steve-mathieu-2001-sprVarun Kumar
CD and DVD technology was summarized in 3 sentences:
CDs were introduced in the 1980s and could store up to 700MB of data, while DVDs introduced in 1996 have much higher storage capacity of 4.7-17GB due to using a shorter wavelength laser and smaller pit sizes which allowed for multiple layers. DVDs surpassed VHS and will become the leading video format while CDs will still be used for audio but higher end applications will move to DVD's larger storage capabilities.
Magnetic tape is a storage medium on a reel or cartridge with a magnetic coating that allows data to be written, erased, and rewritten. However, magnetic tapes provide only sequential access to data, requiring the tape to rewind or fast forward to requested data, making them unsuitable for frequently updated files. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs store large amounts of data using laser-readable spots on spiral tracks, allowing for higher storage densities than tapes or floppy disks. Recordable optical disks like CD-Rs and DVD-Rs allow users to permanently write data to the disk, while CD-RWs and DVD-RWs allow rewriting data. Cache memory provides faster access to frequently used instructions and data by
Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format that can store high-definition video content. It uses a blue-violet laser with a wavelength of 405nm to read and write data at a higher density than DVDs. Blu-ray Discs can store 25 or 50 gigabytes of data on a single or dual layer disc compared to DVD's 4.7 gigabytes. The Blu-ray Disc format was developed to enable recording and playback of high-definition video.
DVD is an optical disc storage format that was invented in 1995 and offers higher storage capacity than CDs. DVDs use a shorter wavelength laser to place pits more densely, allowing more data to be stored in the same physical space as a CD. DVDs can have multiple layers, with later versions supporting up to 8 layers, greatly increasing potential storage capacity over single-layer discs.
Magnetic storage devices include floppy disks, hard disk drives, magnetic tape, and solid state drives. Optical storage uses lasers to read and write data in the form of pits and lands on discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray. Storage capacity and speeds have increased over time while physical sizes have decreased. Cost per gigabyte has also declined for most storage types.
A CD-ROM can store up to 783MB of data through a series of microscopic bumps imprinted in a spiral track on the disc from the inside to outside. A laser and optical system precisely reads the bumps, which reflect light differently than the spaces between bumps. This allows the reader to interpret the bits of data on the CD as it spins and the laser moves from the center to the outer edge of the disc.
Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. Common storage media include floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, tape, and flash drives. Larger storage capacities are measured in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs use pits and lands to store data as binary digits, while magnetic media like floppy disks and tape use magnetic particles. Flash drives, memory cards, and smart cards provide portable storage. Tape is still used for backup storage due to low cost per gigabyte.
CD-ROM is an optical disc used to store digital data originally developed for storing digital audio. It has a flat, round shape coated with a reflective material. Data is stored on CD-ROMs in the form of pits and lands, which are read by a laser focusing on the disc's spinning surface. CD-ROMs can store up to 650-700 MB of data and are read at varying speeds up to 52x, while writing is slower up to 32x. They use file systems like ISO 9660 to organize data on tracks and sectors. CD-ROMs provide large data storage in a compact, portable format but have slow writing speeds and data cannot be rewritten.
This document discusses different types of electronic storage devices. It begins by defining electronic storage as the medium used to store data, instructions, and information. Examples provided include floppy disks, tape, and PC cards. The document then distinguishes between primary storage (memory) and secondary storage (permanent storage devices). The remainder of the document provides details on various storage media such as floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, tapes, DVDs, and mobile storage devices.
Primary storage refers to memory in a computer system like RAM and ROM. Secondary storage is provided by peripheral devices like hard disks, floppy disks, optical disks, and tape drives to store large amounts of data outside of memory. Secondary storage is required for three reasons: 1) memory contents are volatile and lost when power is disconnected, 2) memory capacity is limited, and 3) memory is more expensive than secondary storage. Common secondary storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and tape drives used for backups.
The document provides details about Blu-ray discs, including their development, technology, and specifications. Key points include:
- Blu-ray discs were jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association to store more data than DVDs using blue-violet lasers and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc.
- Technologies that enable high storage capacities include the use of a blue laser, optimization of the disc's layer thickness, and development of high numerical aperture lenses.
- Blu-ray discs have various formats, including write-once, rewritable, and read-only, and support various video codecs to store HD video.
The document discusses various data storage devices. It describes floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, hard disks, USB flash drives, and different types of ROM and RAM. Floppy disks can store up to 1.4 MB of data but newer ones can store up to 250MB. CDs standardly hold up to 80 minutes of audio or 700MB of data. DVDs have significantly higher storage capacity than CDs, able to hold up to 17GB. Hard disks use spinning magnetic disks to store data and have faster access times than removable media. USB flash drives have flash memory and are small, portable, and write/rewrite data. The different types of ROM and RAM each have their own characteristics for
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
1. Optical Discs :
First invented by James Russell.
In 1960 .
It is a form of removeable storage .
It includes CDs ,dvds and Blue-ray disc .
A laser beam is used to read and write data on optical disc.
Laser create pits on its surface.
Data stored in a single track that seprats from the center of disc to the edge of disc.
Many computers has optical disc Reader/ Drives.
Optical drive reads data by focusing laser beam on the surface of the disc.
It detects the presence of a Pit.
Pit not reflacts light and indicates binary diget 1.
A bead rotates discs very fast 200rpm-4000rpm.
CD store 700MB ,DVD store 4-16GB,Blueray store 50-100GB.
Its size is 4.7 inches.
Data store in single track their distance b/w is known as Track Pitch.
2. • Cabonat.
• No physical contact occur.
• More data stored by decreasing size of Pits and decreasing wave light of laser
beam and Track Pitch.
•
• Structure & working :
• A disk made of three or four layers.
• 1. Plastic Base.
• 2. Alominum coted layer/Film.
• 3. Prolsctive Poly Carbonates.
• 4. matel ally or Carbon & Grafite or dye ink.
•
• A laser hit on the surface of the disc and create a Pit which does not reflect light
and absorbe it so no signal Resent on light sensing diode So sends digital sigmal
of (0) on computer.If reflacted light sensing diode sends a signal at one(1) .