The document discusses the production of soap and detergents through various chemical processes. It describes the group members presenting on the topic and provides an outline of the contents to be covered, including the chemistry of soap, manufacturing processes like the Colgate Palmolive and Lever Rexona continuous processes as well as batch processes, and the cleansing action of soap. Key steps in the continuous processes involve saponification, lye separation, soap washing, neutralization and drying. The batch process involves heating, purification, mixture heating, saponification, addition of materials like sodium chloride and additives, and moulding. Soap works by forming micelles that emulsify oil and allow dirt to be washed away.
soap is a salt of a fatty acid,.
Consumers mainly use soaps as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution
Soap making has been practiced since ancient times, with the first evidence of soap-like substances dating back to 2800 BC in Babylon. Modern soap production began in the late 18th century with advances in chemistry. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis. The modern soap making process involves saponification, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. In the early 20th century, synthetic detergents were developed that replaced animal and vegetable fats with petrochemical surfactants, making them more efficient cleaners.
Soaps are made by reacting fats or oils with a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. Detergents are similar cleansing agents but use synthetic surfactants instead of fats/oils and do not form scum with hard water. The manufacturing process for soaps involves saponification of fats/oils, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. Detergent production uses petrochemical raw materials and involves slurry making and spray drying. Both have advantages like cleaning ability but can harm aquatic environments if not properly treated in wastewater.
Kashish Sharma thanks their teacher and principal for allowing them to do a project comparing the foaming capacities of different soaps. The student tests 5 soap brands - Santoor, Dove, Cinthol, Tetmosol, and Lux. They find that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity and cleansing action, taking the longest for foam to disappear, while Lux has the lowest foaming capacity. The experiment shows Santoor is the most effective soap for cleaning.
The document describes an experiment to determine the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples. Key details:
- The aim is to find and calculate the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples through a procedure involving weighing samples before and after extraction of fatty material using HCl and ether.
- Materials needed include test tubes, beakers, various soaps, a Bunsen burner, HCl acid, filter paper, a weighing machine, and a separating flask.
- Through the procedure, the fatty material is extracted from each soap sample and weighed. The percentage of fatty material is then calculated for each sample.
- Based on the results, Lux International soap is concluded to have the highest percentage of fatty material
This document provides a history of soap making and the development of detergents. It discusses how soap making has evolved from ancient times using animal and vegetable oils combined with alkalis. It describes the traditional soap making process and key developments in commercial production. The document also summarizes the history of detergents, from the first synthetic detergent created in 1916 to their widespread use replacing soap after World War 2. The chemistry and components of detergents are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of the soap industry. It discusses the history of soap making, the manufacturing process, raw materials used, and types of soaps. It also outlines some key issues facing the industry such as high energy costs, fluctuating raw material prices, and lack of government support. Recommendations are made to address these issues through continuous energy supply, technology upgrades, training programs, and stronger intellectual property laws. Addressing these challenges could help strengthen the local soap industry in Pakistan.
soap is a salt of a fatty acid,.
Consumers mainly use soaps as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution
Soap making has been practiced since ancient times, with the first evidence of soap-like substances dating back to 2800 BC in Babylon. Modern soap production began in the late 18th century with advances in chemistry. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis. The modern soap making process involves saponification, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. In the early 20th century, synthetic detergents were developed that replaced animal and vegetable fats with petrochemical surfactants, making them more efficient cleaners.
Soaps are made by reacting fats or oils with a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. Detergents are similar cleansing agents but use synthetic surfactants instead of fats/oils and do not form scum with hard water. The manufacturing process for soaps involves saponification of fats/oils, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. Detergent production uses petrochemical raw materials and involves slurry making and spray drying. Both have advantages like cleaning ability but can harm aquatic environments if not properly treated in wastewater.
Kashish Sharma thanks their teacher and principal for allowing them to do a project comparing the foaming capacities of different soaps. The student tests 5 soap brands - Santoor, Dove, Cinthol, Tetmosol, and Lux. They find that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity and cleansing action, taking the longest for foam to disappear, while Lux has the lowest foaming capacity. The experiment shows Santoor is the most effective soap for cleaning.
The document describes an experiment to determine the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples. Key details:
- The aim is to find and calculate the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples through a procedure involving weighing samples before and after extraction of fatty material using HCl and ether.
- Materials needed include test tubes, beakers, various soaps, a Bunsen burner, HCl acid, filter paper, a weighing machine, and a separating flask.
- Through the procedure, the fatty material is extracted from each soap sample and weighed. The percentage of fatty material is then calculated for each sample.
- Based on the results, Lux International soap is concluded to have the highest percentage of fatty material
This document provides a history of soap making and the development of detergents. It discusses how soap making has evolved from ancient times using animal and vegetable oils combined with alkalis. It describes the traditional soap making process and key developments in commercial production. The document also summarizes the history of detergents, from the first synthetic detergent created in 1916 to their widespread use replacing soap after World War 2. The chemistry and components of detergents are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of the soap industry. It discusses the history of soap making, the manufacturing process, raw materials used, and types of soaps. It also outlines some key issues facing the industry such as high energy costs, fluctuating raw material prices, and lack of government support. Recommendations are made to address these issues through continuous energy supply, technology upgrades, training programs, and stronger intellectual property laws. Addressing these challenges could help strengthen the local soap industry in Pakistan.
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory by saponification, which is the process of boiling palm oil with a sodium hydroxide solution. This causes the palm oil to hydrolyze, producing glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids known as soap. Sodium chloride is added to reduce the soap's solubility in water and precipitate it out of solution. Soap molecules have both hydrophilic sodium ion heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to emulsify grease and suspend it in water for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble scum, while detergents do not form scum.
This document discusses soaps and detergents. It defines soaps as salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils through saponification. The cleaning action of soaps relies on hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the soap molecules. Detergents are similar to soaps but are more soluble in hard water. The document discusses the types of detergents and their advantages over soaps. It also discusses the raw materials and processes used to make soaps and detergents, as well as detergent builders.
This document summarizes an experiment on the effect of Na2CO3 on the foaming capacity of soaps. The experiment tested the foaming capacity of different soap brands using distilled water and tap water. Santoor soap showed the highest foaming capacity, while Lux soap showed the lowest. Tests confirmed the tap water used was soft (did not contain hardness-causing Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts). The conclusion was that soap foaming capacity is highest in distilled water and increases with the addition of Na2CO3.
The document discusses the industrial production and manufacturing process of soap. It describes the four main raw materials used - oils/fats, lye, brine, and additives. The three main processes are then outlined as the cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the temperature of saponification. The production involves four main steps - saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing.
1. Soap forms insoluble compounds in hard water which leave deposits, while detergents are better suited for hard water as they avoid precipitation.
2. Detergents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that allow them to suspend dirt and oil in water, while soaps react with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
3. An experiment compares the ability of soap, detergent, and shampoo to form suds in soft water, tap water, and hard water, finding soap performs worst in hard water due to precipitation.
Reductive Adaptation
When a child’s intake is insufficient, the needs of the body for energy are met by mobilising tissue reserves of fat and protein from muscle, skin and the gut. Physiological and metabolic changes also take place to conserve energy. These changes take place in an orderly progression called reductive adaptation.
Through reductive adaptation, energy is conserved by:
Reducing physical activity and growth
Reducing basal metabolism by slowing protein turnover, reducing the functional reserve of organs, slowing the sodium and potassium pumps in cell membranes and reducing their number
Reducing inflammatory and immune responses
Consequences of Reductive Adaptation
The changes caused by reductive adaptation have important consequences. The functioning of every cell, organ and system is affected. Here are some of the consequences:
The liver is less able to make glucose and is less able to excrete excess dietary protein and toxins
The kidneys are less able to excrete excess fluid and sodium
The heart is smaller and weaker and has a reduced output
The gut produces less acid, and smaller amounts of enzymes. Villi become flattened and motility is reduced.
Sodium leaks into cells due to fewer and slower pumps and potassium leaks out of the cells and is lost in urine
Iron that is liberated from red blood cells is not stored safely and so promotes the growth of pathogens and harmful free radicals
Muscle mass is reduced, so there is a loss of intracellular nutrients and glucose stores
The immune system does not give the normal responses to infection
Soaps are made from fatty acids reacting with alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. There are two main types: hard soaps that use sodium salts and are moderately soluble, and soft soaps that use potassium salts and are very soluble and form lather easily. Soaps are made through heating fats/oils with alkalis in a process called saponification, and various materials like perfumes, dyes, and fillers are added for different applications. The manufacturing can be done through batch processes or continuously. Final products include bar soaps, liquids, flakes, and more.
The document provides information about the soap industry and the process of soap making. It discusses the history of soap making dating back to 2800 BC among early civilizations. It also outlines the key raw materials used such as alkali, fats, and oils. The document then describes the soap making process which involves preparation of raw materials, saponification (chemical reaction), glycerin removal, finishing, and packaging. It notes some advantages of soap including being eco-friendly and biodegradable but also disadvantages like being less effective in hard water.
This document describes an investigatory project on soap preparation. The student aims to study the saponification reaction, cleansing action of soap, and commercial versus natural soaps. The procedure involves mixing coconut oil and sodium hydroxide solution, then heating to form a soap suspension. Common salt is added to precipitate the soap, which is then dried. Observations confirm the soap is basic and forms micelles to clean. The student successfully prepares soap through saponification.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. The main objectives of scouring are to make the fabric hydrophilic, remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency, and prepare the fabric for downstream processing. Scouring works through saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. The scouring process depends on factors like fiber type, fabric construction and intended dyeing process. Common scouring methods include batch processing in kiers or continuous processing in jigs or boxes. Souring involves treating the scoured fabric with acid to neutralize residual alkali.
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid made through a chemical reaction called saponification between a fat/oil and an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process produces salts that are soluble in water and can be used for cleaning. Different types of soaps exist for various uses like toilet soap, transparent soap, and medicated soaps that provide therapeutic effects for issues like acne, fungal infections, or cellulite. Soap works by trapping dirt and oil in micelles that can be rinsed away, but soaps do not work as well in hard water which contains ions that form insoluble precipitates. Potential side effects of soap include dryness, irritation, and all
Soap and detergent making process of Technologyfelmetaroba37
The document discusses the production and manufacturing process of industrial and domestic soap. It covers the key raw materials used - oils/fats, soda/potash lye, brine, and additives. The three main soap manufacturing processes are described as cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the saponification temperature. The document also provides details on the history, chemistry, and individual steps of soap production including saponification and glycerin removal.
1. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is known as saponification.
2. The major steps in soap manufacturing are saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing. In saponification, fats and oils react with alkalis. Glycerin is then removed from the soap.
3. Syndet bars, also known as soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocyl isethionate that are derived from oils or fats. They tend to be milder and less irritating than traditional soap.
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is an Indian consumer goods company headquartered in Mumbai. It produces foods, beverages, cleaning agents, and personal care products, including the Lifebuoy soap brand. Lifebuoy was introduced in 1895 in England and uses carbolic acid, which gives it a distinctive red color and medicinal scent. It is still manufactured today and is a leading soap brand in many developing countries. HUL follows the supply chain process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow of goods from manufacturers to customers.
Saponification is the process of making soap, which involves a reaction between fats/oils and a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces soap and glycerol. Soap molecules have a polar, water-soluble end and a nonpolar, water-insoluble end, allowing them to suspend oil in water and lower surface tension to help cleanse surfaces. There are two main types of soap: those made from animal/plant fats through saponification, and synthetic soapless detergents made from chemical oils.
Formulation building blocks soap and syndet bars pptbhagy212
This document discusses formulation building blocks for soaps and syndet bars. It defines soaps as sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids made from natural raw materials, while syndets are cleansing bars containing less than 10% soap that are often marketed as "soap free." The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of soaps and syndets, describes common raw materials used in each including fats, oils, and alkalis, and provides typical ingredient ranges. It also outlines the cold, semi-boiled, and full boiled manufacturing processes and parameters for evaluating performance.
Soap Production and detergent Process.pptxTofikshotube
Soap is produced through a chemical process involving basic raw materials like oils, fats, lye and additives. There are three main industrial production methods - cold, semi-boiled and hot processes. The production involves four key steps: saponification where oils react with lye to form soap; glycerin removal; soap purification; and finishing. Soap manufacturing is a large industry due to the high global demand for soap as a cleaning agent.
This document provides information on principles of formulation and building blocks of skin care products. It discusses different types of creams like vanishing cream, cold cream, moisturizing cream and their functions, chemical composition, common advantages and examples. It also covers cleansers, face washes, antiperspirants, deodorants and their formulations, mechanisms of action, and applications. The key components of most skin care products are discussed in detail including creams, oils, emulsifiers, preservatives and more.
This document discusses amphibians, including their taxonomy, biology, distribution, and evolutionary pressures. It describes the three orders of amphibians - Gymnophyona (caecilians), Caudata (salamanders and newts), and Anura (frogs and toads). It provides details on taxonomy, characteristics, habitats, life cycles, and geographic distributions for each order. The document also discusses amphibian evolution and their role as the first terrestrial vertebrates to adapt to living on land.
The motor system functions to maintain posture and exhibit movements through skeletal muscle contractions. Motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem control muscle contractions. Upper motor neurons in the brain influence lower motor neurons which directly innervate muscles. Reflexes mediated by spinal cord circuits allow for quick withdrawal from stimuli. Brainstem tracts also control posture and movement. The rubrospinal tract facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors while the vestibulospinal tract does the opposite. Pontine and medullary tracts have general effects on flexors and extensors.
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory by saponification, which is the process of boiling palm oil with a sodium hydroxide solution. This causes the palm oil to hydrolyze, producing glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids known as soap. Sodium chloride is added to reduce the soap's solubility in water and precipitate it out of solution. Soap molecules have both hydrophilic sodium ion heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to emulsify grease and suspend it in water for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble scum, while detergents do not form scum.
This document discusses soaps and detergents. It defines soaps as salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils through saponification. The cleaning action of soaps relies on hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the soap molecules. Detergents are similar to soaps but are more soluble in hard water. The document discusses the types of detergents and their advantages over soaps. It also discusses the raw materials and processes used to make soaps and detergents, as well as detergent builders.
This document summarizes an experiment on the effect of Na2CO3 on the foaming capacity of soaps. The experiment tested the foaming capacity of different soap brands using distilled water and tap water. Santoor soap showed the highest foaming capacity, while Lux soap showed the lowest. Tests confirmed the tap water used was soft (did not contain hardness-causing Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts). The conclusion was that soap foaming capacity is highest in distilled water and increases with the addition of Na2CO3.
The document discusses the industrial production and manufacturing process of soap. It describes the four main raw materials used - oils/fats, lye, brine, and additives. The three main processes are then outlined as the cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the temperature of saponification. The production involves four main steps - saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing.
1. Soap forms insoluble compounds in hard water which leave deposits, while detergents are better suited for hard water as they avoid precipitation.
2. Detergents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that allow them to suspend dirt and oil in water, while soaps react with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
3. An experiment compares the ability of soap, detergent, and shampoo to form suds in soft water, tap water, and hard water, finding soap performs worst in hard water due to precipitation.
Reductive Adaptation
When a child’s intake is insufficient, the needs of the body for energy are met by mobilising tissue reserves of fat and protein from muscle, skin and the gut. Physiological and metabolic changes also take place to conserve energy. These changes take place in an orderly progression called reductive adaptation.
Through reductive adaptation, energy is conserved by:
Reducing physical activity and growth
Reducing basal metabolism by slowing protein turnover, reducing the functional reserve of organs, slowing the sodium and potassium pumps in cell membranes and reducing their number
Reducing inflammatory and immune responses
Consequences of Reductive Adaptation
The changes caused by reductive adaptation have important consequences. The functioning of every cell, organ and system is affected. Here are some of the consequences:
The liver is less able to make glucose and is less able to excrete excess dietary protein and toxins
The kidneys are less able to excrete excess fluid and sodium
The heart is smaller and weaker and has a reduced output
The gut produces less acid, and smaller amounts of enzymes. Villi become flattened and motility is reduced.
Sodium leaks into cells due to fewer and slower pumps and potassium leaks out of the cells and is lost in urine
Iron that is liberated from red blood cells is not stored safely and so promotes the growth of pathogens and harmful free radicals
Muscle mass is reduced, so there is a loss of intracellular nutrients and glucose stores
The immune system does not give the normal responses to infection
Soaps are made from fatty acids reacting with alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. There are two main types: hard soaps that use sodium salts and are moderately soluble, and soft soaps that use potassium salts and are very soluble and form lather easily. Soaps are made through heating fats/oils with alkalis in a process called saponification, and various materials like perfumes, dyes, and fillers are added for different applications. The manufacturing can be done through batch processes or continuously. Final products include bar soaps, liquids, flakes, and more.
The document provides information about the soap industry and the process of soap making. It discusses the history of soap making dating back to 2800 BC among early civilizations. It also outlines the key raw materials used such as alkali, fats, and oils. The document then describes the soap making process which involves preparation of raw materials, saponification (chemical reaction), glycerin removal, finishing, and packaging. It notes some advantages of soap including being eco-friendly and biodegradable but also disadvantages like being less effective in hard water.
This document describes an investigatory project on soap preparation. The student aims to study the saponification reaction, cleansing action of soap, and commercial versus natural soaps. The procedure involves mixing coconut oil and sodium hydroxide solution, then heating to form a soap suspension. Common salt is added to precipitate the soap, which is then dried. Observations confirm the soap is basic and forms micelles to clean. The student successfully prepares soap through saponification.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. The main objectives of scouring are to make the fabric hydrophilic, remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency, and prepare the fabric for downstream processing. Scouring works through saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. The scouring process depends on factors like fiber type, fabric construction and intended dyeing process. Common scouring methods include batch processing in kiers or continuous processing in jigs or boxes. Souring involves treating the scoured fabric with acid to neutralize residual alkali.
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid made through a chemical reaction called saponification between a fat/oil and an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process produces salts that are soluble in water and can be used for cleaning. Different types of soaps exist for various uses like toilet soap, transparent soap, and medicated soaps that provide therapeutic effects for issues like acne, fungal infections, or cellulite. Soap works by trapping dirt and oil in micelles that can be rinsed away, but soaps do not work as well in hard water which contains ions that form insoluble precipitates. Potential side effects of soap include dryness, irritation, and all
Soap and detergent making process of Technologyfelmetaroba37
The document discusses the production and manufacturing process of industrial and domestic soap. It covers the key raw materials used - oils/fats, soda/potash lye, brine, and additives. The three main soap manufacturing processes are described as cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the saponification temperature. The document also provides details on the history, chemistry, and individual steps of soap production including saponification and glycerin removal.
1. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is known as saponification.
2. The major steps in soap manufacturing are saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing. In saponification, fats and oils react with alkalis. Glycerin is then removed from the soap.
3. Syndet bars, also known as soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocyl isethionate that are derived from oils or fats. They tend to be milder and less irritating than traditional soap.
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is an Indian consumer goods company headquartered in Mumbai. It produces foods, beverages, cleaning agents, and personal care products, including the Lifebuoy soap brand. Lifebuoy was introduced in 1895 in England and uses carbolic acid, which gives it a distinctive red color and medicinal scent. It is still manufactured today and is a leading soap brand in many developing countries. HUL follows the supply chain process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow of goods from manufacturers to customers.
Saponification is the process of making soap, which involves a reaction between fats/oils and a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces soap and glycerol. Soap molecules have a polar, water-soluble end and a nonpolar, water-insoluble end, allowing them to suspend oil in water and lower surface tension to help cleanse surfaces. There are two main types of soap: those made from animal/plant fats through saponification, and synthetic soapless detergents made from chemical oils.
Formulation building blocks soap and syndet bars pptbhagy212
This document discusses formulation building blocks for soaps and syndet bars. It defines soaps as sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids made from natural raw materials, while syndets are cleansing bars containing less than 10% soap that are often marketed as "soap free." The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of soaps and syndets, describes common raw materials used in each including fats, oils, and alkalis, and provides typical ingredient ranges. It also outlines the cold, semi-boiled, and full boiled manufacturing processes and parameters for evaluating performance.
Soap Production and detergent Process.pptxTofikshotube
Soap is produced through a chemical process involving basic raw materials like oils, fats, lye and additives. There are three main industrial production methods - cold, semi-boiled and hot processes. The production involves four key steps: saponification where oils react with lye to form soap; glycerin removal; soap purification; and finishing. Soap manufacturing is a large industry due to the high global demand for soap as a cleaning agent.
This document provides information on principles of formulation and building blocks of skin care products. It discusses different types of creams like vanishing cream, cold cream, moisturizing cream and their functions, chemical composition, common advantages and examples. It also covers cleansers, face washes, antiperspirants, deodorants and their formulations, mechanisms of action, and applications. The key components of most skin care products are discussed in detail including creams, oils, emulsifiers, preservatives and more.
This document discusses amphibians, including their taxonomy, biology, distribution, and evolutionary pressures. It describes the three orders of amphibians - Gymnophyona (caecilians), Caudata (salamanders and newts), and Anura (frogs and toads). It provides details on taxonomy, characteristics, habitats, life cycles, and geographic distributions for each order. The document also discusses amphibian evolution and their role as the first terrestrial vertebrates to adapt to living on land.
The motor system functions to maintain posture and exhibit movements through skeletal muscle contractions. Motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem control muscle contractions. Upper motor neurons in the brain influence lower motor neurons which directly innervate muscles. Reflexes mediated by spinal cord circuits allow for quick withdrawal from stimuli. Brainstem tracts also control posture and movement. The rubrospinal tract facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors while the vestibulospinal tract does the opposite. Pontine and medullary tracts have general effects on flexors and extensors.
The document summarizes key information about the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex. It describes the cerebellum's location in the posterior cranial fossa and its connections to the brainstem via three peduncles. It outlines the cerebellum's lobes and functional areas and discusses its input, output, and roles in coordination and balance. It also provides details on the basal ganglia's components and connections to motor circuits in the cortex and thalamus. Finally, it identifies the primary motor area and premotor area in the cortex and describes their functions in movement execution and planning.
This document discusses kinesiology and different types of exercises including assisted exercises, resisted exercises, and sources of resistance. It provides information on key principles for applying external forces in assisted and resisted exercises, including augmenting but not substituting muscle action in assisted exercises and opposing muscle contraction in resisted exercises. The document also lists factors that affect muscle efficiency including strength, endurance, volume, speed, and coordination and describes different methods and sources of resistance including weights, elastic bands, and therapist or patient resistance.
This document discusses the environmental biology course titled "Environmental Biology" with course code BOTN 4117. It defines what a forest is and provides a brief history of forests in Pakistan. It then lists and describes the different types of forests in Pakistan. Statistics on forest area in Pakistan as a percentage of total land area from 2012-2013 to 2015-2016 are presented. The roles and importance of forests such as supporting wildlife, providing wood, medicinal value, role in water cycle and climate control are outlined. Deforestation is defined and the major causes of deforestation in Pakistan such as agricultural activities, logging, forest fires, urbanization, diseases, mining, and overgrazing are listed.
This document discusses several common plant diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. It describes the symptoms, spread, and prevention methods for each disease. Fungal diseases mentioned include anthracnose, various leaf spots and blights affecting tomatoes and potatoes, early blight and late blight of potatoes. It also covers the rust disease cedar-apple rust. General prevention strategies recommended are removing dead plant debris, rotating crops, using fungicides appropriately, and choosing resistant plant varieties.
This document discusses radiation protection and radioactive waste disposal. It outlines the main objectives of radiation protection as preventing deterministic effects by keeping doses below thresholds and reducing stochastic effects as much as reasonably achievable. It also discusses justifying practices, optimizing protection and safety, and setting individual dose limits. The document covers proper methods for disposing of radioactive waste including geological disposal, labeling containers, and banning nuclear tests. It suggests alternative energy sources to uranium and discusses reusing nuclear fuel.
Free radicals play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. This document was submitted by Marya Mubarak, a 3rd semester BS Chemistry student at Roll No. 09, to her professor Mam Fatima Afzal. It discusses the role of free radicals in the atmosphere.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of skeletal muscle, including the types of muscle fibers, organization of skeletal muscle, and structure of the sarcomere.
2. It describes the sarcomere as the basic structural unit of muscle fibers, containing actin, myosin, titin, and nebulin filaments.
3. The process of muscle contraction is explained through the sliding filament theory and excitation-contraction coupling, where myosin heads generate contraction force through their interaction with actin filaments.
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert due to drought, deforestation, or improper agricultural practices. It is caused by overgrazing, deforestation, excessive fertilizer use, and climate change. The effects of desertification include decreased crop yields, hunger, flooding, poor water quality, overpopulation, poverty, biodiversity loss, and species extinction. Preventing desertification requires policy changes around land use, education, reforestation, sustainable farming practices, and technology advances.
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical features of the orbit and orbital diseases. It begins with describing the four walls that make up the bony orbit - roof, floor, medial and lateral walls. It then discusses causes of proptosis like tumors, hemorrhage, endocr
Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures. It works by using a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase that moves through the stationary phase. Samples applied to the plate separate into individual spots as they travel different distances up the plate based on their interactions with the phases. Factors like the solvent system, amount of material, adsorbent, and temperature affect the separation. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive technique used in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, forensics and other fields to separate and analyze mixtures.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy. It covers the pathogenesis, clinical features, investigation and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. It also discusses the diagnosis and management of hypertensive retinopathy and how hypertension can affect the eye and vision. Key points include how hyperglycemia leads to microvascular changes in the retina, the classification systems for grading diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy severity, and the use of laser therapy and anti-VEGF drugs to treat proliferative retinopathy.
This document provides an overview of the field of palynology. Some key points:
- Palynology is the study of pollen and spores, both modern and fossilized. It examines their morphology, distribution, and applications in fields like archaeology, geology, and paleontology.
- Important early contributors included Nehemiah Grew in 1640, who first observed pollen microscopically, and Robert Brown in 1809, who noted pollen's importance in plant systematics. Goeppert described the first fossil pollen in 1838.
- Palynology is now considered an interdisciplinary science. It is used in taxonomy, aerobiology, forensics, bio
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows identification of plant taxa from pollen morphology.
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows detailed study of size, shape, and ornamentation for identification and classification.
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• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
4. Contents :
1. Chemistry of soap
2. Manufacturing of soap by continuous process
3. Colgate palmolive process
4. Lever rexona process
5. Batch process
6. Cleansing action of soap
5. Chemistry of soap
• Soap:
• Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of several combinations
of fatty acid and cleansing action in combination with water.
• Examples:
• Sodium stearate(C17H35COO-Na+)
• Sodium palmitate(C15H31COO-Na+)
• Sodium oleate (C17H33COO-Na+)
6. Raw Material:
• Soaps consist of two primary raw material:
• Alkali
• Fats
• Alkali is most commonly used material and is also called as sodium
hydroxide.
7. Structure of Soap :
• A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty
acids.Thus Soaps has two parts :
• Hydrophobic tail:
• This part of soap is water repellent in nature and dissolves in oil.It is
ionic in nature.
• Hydrophilic head:
• This part of soap is water loving and dissolves in water. It is made up
of long chain of hydrocarbons.
8. Manufacturing of soap:
• Both fats and oils are needed to make soaps and they are extracted from
plant and animals.The common alkali that are used to make soaps are
sodium hydroxide(caustic soda) and potassium hydroxide(caustic potash).
• The manufacturing process of soaps consist of following different methods:
• Saponification:
• Common methods used to make soaps.Soap is made by heating animal fats
or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide(NaOH).
• Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol
9. Neutralization:
• Fats and oils get hydrolyzed in the presence of high pressurized steam
for getting crude fatty acids along with glycerine. These fatty acids are
then purified by the process of ditillation and nuetralized through an
alkali to give a soap.
10. Continuous process :
• Definition:
• A process that operates on the basis of continuous flow, as opposed
to batch, intermittent, or sequenced operations.
• Types of continuous process :
• . Colgate palmolive process
• . Lever rexona process
11. Colgate palmolive process:
• There are following steps involved in the production of soap.
• 1. Saponoficatipn
• 2. Lye separation
• 3. Soap washing
• 4. Lye separation
• 5. Neutralisation
• 6. Drying
13. 1. Saponification
• The raw materials is fed into the reactor. Its fixed proportion of 80:20.
Tallow, coconut oil with 50% Naoh forming wet soap and glycerin and
excess amount of Lye is recovered from saponoficatipn vessels.
14. 2. Lye separation
• The wet soap is pumped to a “static separator” – a settling vessel
which does not use anymechanical action. The soap / lye mix is
pumped into the tank where it separates out on the basis of weight.
The spent lye settles to the bottom from where it is piped off to the
glycerinerecovery unit, while the soap rises to the top and is piped
away for further processing.
15. 3. Soap washing
• The soap still contains most of its glycerine at this stage, and this is
removed with fresh lye ina washing column. The column has rings
fixed on its inside surface. The soap solution is added near the
bottom of the column and the lye near the top. As the lye flows down
in the Washing column ring and keep washing until remove the
glycerine during this soap With lye and need to separate next.
16. 4. Lye separation
• The lye is added at top of washing column and The soap removed
from the colum as overflow . As the Lye is added near the Overflow
pipe the washed soaps is about 20% fresh lye The soap and lye must
be ses fresh lye.
• The removed Lye is used as fresh lye.
17. 5. Neutralization
• Although the caustic levels are quite low, they are still
unacceptably high for toilet and laundry soap. The NaOH is
removed by reaction with a weak acid such as coconut oil
(which contains significant levels of free fatty acids),
coconut oil fatty acids, citric acid or phosphoric acid, with
the choice of acid being made largely on economic grounds.
• Some preservative is also added at this stage.
18. 6. Drying
• Finally, the water level must be reduced down to about 12% .
• This is done by heating the soaps to about 125⁰c(to prevent the
water from boiling off while the soap is still in the Pipe) then
spraying it in evacuated chamber at 40nm then it solidifies onto
the chamber walls. soap chips are scraped off the wall and
“Plodded”(Squeezed together ) by the screw known as “ plodder
worm” to form soap noodles. The soap is now known as soap
Chips and can be converted into the variety of different soap in
the finishing stage.
19.
20. Lever roxona process
• Following steps involved in the production of face soap.
• 1. Oil preparation
• 2. Saponification
• 3. Washing
• 4. Fitting
• 5. Drying
• 6. Packaging
21. Oil preparation
• Coconut oil (525.9kg/hr) and tallow (132. 5kg/hr)
• . Blended together and vacuum dried
• . Bleaching earth drawn into chamber by vacuum
• . Spent earth is landfilled
• . Oil stored for saponification
22. Saponification :
• Mixture of bleached oils mixed with spent lye.
• . Mix is heated and separated
• . The glycerine rich neutral lye is extracted
• . Caustic liquor is introduced
• . Mix is reheated
23. Washing
• Crude soap is pumped to a divided pan unit.
• . Lye comprises of a fresh brine solution and nigre lye.
• . Washed soap emitted from divided pan unit.
• . Lye pumped back into the saponoficatipn pans.
24. Fitting :
• Unwanted glycerin removed via boiling water, Nacl and Naoh.
• . Soap and water separate into two layers.
• . Top layer is neat wet soap and bottom layer is nigre layer.
• . Soap crust forms over a lower of nigre lye.
• . Soap remains in pan while nigre lye pumped back into divided pan
unit.
25. Drying :
• Water levels are reduced to 12 percent.
• . Soap solidifies onto walls of chamber.
• . Soap Chips are scrapped off to form soap noodles.
• . Evaporated moisture transported to barometric condenser.
• . Soap dust is removed by cyclones.
26. Packaging :
• One easy way to package your soap is to drop it in an appropriately
sized box. Many companies sell soapboxes, and you can just add your
own label and/or graphics to it. You can also use a custom box with a
die-cut cutout in it. It looks professional and gives a little window
onto the soap so that you can see its color.
27.
28. Batch process :
• There are following steps involved in the production of soap by batch
process.
• 1. Heating
• 2.Purification
• 3.Mixture heating
• 4.Saponification
• 5. Addition of Nac
• 6.Addition of additives
• 7.Moulding
29. Heating :
• Fats and alkali are melted in a kettle, which is a steel tank that can
stand three stories high and hold several thousand pounds of
material. Steam coils within the kettle heat the batch and bring it to a
boil. After boiling, the mass thickens as the fat reacts with the alkali,
producing soap and glycerin.
30. Purification :
• In batch method purification, wash and elution fractions are
separated from the resin after centrifuging to pellet the resin beads.
The liquid cannot be removed completely because some of it is
contained within the volume of porous bead pellet.
31. Mixture heating :
• Batch heating or cooling systems are found in many places in modern
industry (process, food, pharmaceutical etc). In these systems, a
vessel is filled with content and needs to be heated or cooled in a
predefined time period.
32. Saponification:
• In this type of saponification plant, the reaction is done at about 90°C.
Filtered vegetable oils or animal fats are pumped into the
Saponification Crutcher by means of, then the caustic soda solution is
pumped gradually through a distributor ring installed on the top of
the crutcher.
33. Addition of Nacl :
• Function of sodium chloride in soap making is to provide a balance of
hardness and softness. The sodium chloride in soap making is
responsible for the solid consistency of soap and for making soapy
molecules adhere to one another, forming an insoluble mass.
34. Addition of additives :
• Additives are chemicals added to the base polymer to improve
processability, prolong the life span, and/or achieve the desired
physical or chemical properties in the final product. While the content
of additives is typically only a few percent, their impact on polymer
performance and stability is significant.
35. Moulding :
• The injection molding process is a process of batch processing, in
which the entry of molten material into a cavity is forced under
pressure, and the part just take its shape by cooling. The injection
molding machine becomes material in pellet form moldings by fusion,
injection, compaction and final cooling cycle .
36.
37. Cleansing action of soap
• Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecule of soap constitutes sodium
or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. In the case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in oil and
the ionic end dissolves in water. Thus, the soap molecules form structures called micelles. In micelles, one
end is towards the oil droplet and the other end which is the ionic faces outside. Therefore, it forms an
emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we wash our clothes.
• Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have different properties.
• Hydrophilic end
• Hydrophobic end
• The first one is the hydrophilic end which dissolves water and is attracted to it whereas the second one is the
hydrophobic end that is dissolved in hydrocarbons and is water repulsive in nature. If on the surface of the
water, soap is present then the hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water will align along the water
surface.
39. In water, the soap molecule is uniquely oriented which
helps to keep the hydrocarbon part outside the water.
When the clusters of molecules are formed then
hydrophobic tail comes at the interior of the cluster and the
ionic end comes at the surface of the cluster and this
formation is called a micelle. When the soap is in the form
of micelles then it has the ability to clean the oily dirt which
gets accumulated at the centre. These micelles remain as
colloidal solutions. Therefore, the dirt from the cloth is
easily washed away. The soap solution appears cloudy as it
forms a colloidal solution which scatters light.