Morphology and classification of fu..ngi
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This document summarizes the morphology and classification of fungi. It notes that fungi can be either unicellular like yeasts or multicellular like molds. Their cell walls contain chitin and their structures include hyphae, which may be septate or aseptate, and form a mycelium. Fungi are then classified as yeasts, yeast-like fungi, filamentous fungi/molds, or dimorphic fungi based on their microscopic appearance and whether they reproduce through budding, fission, spore formation, or a temperature-dependent yeast/mycelial form.
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Cell wall:Bacteria
Bacteria typically have one of two types of cell walls: gram-positive or gram-negative. Gram-positive cell walls are thick and composed primarily of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. Gram-negative cell walls are more complex, containing a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. Both wall types contain the polysaccharide peptidoglycan, which provides structure and protection to the cell. The cell wall allows nutrient transport while protecting the cell from environmental threats.
Fimbriae and pili
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
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Capsule staining
This document discusses capsule staining, which is a technique used to identify the presence of bacterial capsules under a light microscope. It begins by defining bacterial capsules and explaining their functions, which include helping bacteria resist phagocytosis and providing protection. It then discusses the principle of capsule staining, which uses a negative stain to contrast the unstained capsule against stained bacterial cells. The procedure involves smearing a bacterial culture onto a slide with negative stain, staining with a counterstain like crystal violet, and examining under a microscope for unstained capsules surrounding stained cells. Examples of capsule-containing bacteria that can be identified this way include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis.
Archaea Bacteria (Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles)
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Bacterial classification and its structure
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Cultivation and growth of bacteria
The document summarizes the cultivation and growth of bacteria. It discusses the nutritional requirements of bacteria including carbon, nitrogen, minerals and vitamins. It also describes various bacteriological media used for bacterial growth and the typical growth curve of bacteria, which consists of a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase. The document further explains the physical conditions required for bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, gaseous requirements and osmotic pressure. Quantitative methods for measuring bacterial growth including direct microscopic counting and indirect methods are also outlined.
Types of media
Culture media can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid and are classified based on consistency, composition, and purpose. Solid media contain agar and allow bacteria to grow as colonies. Semi-solid media have soft textures and test motility. Liquid media are used for propagation and testing. Media are also defined by their nutrients, with synthetic having known ingredients and non-synthetic using complex extracts. Media serve general, enrichment, selectivity, differential, transport, anaerobic, and assay purposes.
Gelatin hydrolysis test
The gelatin hydrolysis test detects microorganisms that produce the enzyme gelatinase, which liquefies gelatin. Gelatin is derived from collagen and solidifies at temperatures below 25°C. The test uses a nutrient gelatin medium that is inoculated with the microbe. If the microbe produces gelatinase, the enzyme will hydrolyze the gelatin into polypeptides and amino acids, liquefying the medium. A positive result is indicated by liquefaction of the inoculated tube after refrigeration. A negative result shows no liquefaction. The test helps identify microbes like Bacillus subtilis that can produce extracellular proteolytic enzymes.
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Cell wall:Bacteria
Bacteria typically have one of two types of cell walls: gram-positive or gram-negative. Gram-positive cell walls are thick and composed primarily of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. Gram-negative cell walls are more complex, containing a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. Both wall types contain the polysaccharide peptidoglycan, which provides structure and protection to the cell. The cell wall allows nutrient transport while protecting the cell from environmental threats.
Fimbriae and pili
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
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Capsule staining
This document discusses capsule staining, which is a technique used to identify the presence of bacterial capsules under a light microscope. It begins by defining bacterial capsules and explaining their functions, which include helping bacteria resist phagocytosis and providing protection. It then discusses the principle of capsule staining, which uses a negative stain to contrast the unstained capsule against stained bacterial cells. The procedure involves smearing a bacterial culture onto a slide with negative stain, staining with a counterstain like crystal violet, and examining under a microscope for unstained capsules surrounding stained cells. Examples of capsule-containing bacteria that can be identified this way include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis.
Archaea Bacteria (Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles)
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Bacterial classification and its structure
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Cultivation and growth of bacteria
The document summarizes the cultivation and growth of bacteria. It discusses the nutritional requirements of bacteria including carbon, nitrogen, minerals and vitamins. It also describes various bacteriological media used for bacterial growth and the typical growth curve of bacteria, which consists of a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase. The document further explains the physical conditions required for bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, gaseous requirements and osmotic pressure. Quantitative methods for measuring bacterial growth including direct microscopic counting and indirect methods are also outlined.
Types of media
Culture media can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid and are classified based on consistency, composition, and purpose. Solid media contain agar and allow bacteria to grow as colonies. Semi-solid media have soft textures and test motility. Liquid media are used for propagation and testing. Media are also defined by their nutrients, with synthetic having known ingredients and non-synthetic using complex extracts. Media serve general, enrichment, selectivity, differential, transport, anaerobic, and assay purposes.
Gelatin hydrolysis test
The gelatin hydrolysis test detects microorganisms that produce the enzyme gelatinase, which liquefies gelatin. Gelatin is derived from collagen and solidifies at temperatures below 25°C. The test uses a nutrient gelatin medium that is inoculated with the microbe. If the microbe produces gelatinase, the enzyme will hydrolyze the gelatin into polypeptides and amino acids, liquefying the medium. A positive result is indicated by liquefaction of the inoculated tube after refrigeration. A negative result shows no liquefaction. The test helps identify microbes like Bacillus subtilis that can produce extracellular proteolytic enzymes.
Flagella, fimbriae, pili and capsule
The document discusses flagella, fimbriae, pili, and capsules in bacteria. It describes the structure and function of bacterial flagella, including their role in motility. It notes that flagella allow bacteria to move towards favorable environments or away from unfavorable ones. The document also discusses fimbriae and pili, describing them as hair-like structures that aid in adhesion and conjugation. Finally, it describes bacterial capsules as outer polysaccharide layers that protect cells and promote virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.
Morphology of Fungi
Fungi range from unicellular yeasts to multicellular molds. Their cells contain filaments called hyphae that may be septate or aseptate, with septa that often have pores allowing cytoplasm to flow between cells. Hyphae aggregate to form a mycelium, which can be either vegetative hyphae that absorb nutrients or aerial hyphae that produce reproductive spores. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding or formation of spores and exist in forms from yeasts and yeast-like cells to filamentous mycelium or changing between yeast and mycelium depending on temperature.
Measurement of microbial growth
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
Structure of bacteria
E. coli is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the large intestine. It has several protective outer layers including a capsule, cell wall, and outer plasma membrane. The capsule and slime layer help protect the bacterium from drying out and prevent phagocytosis. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the plasma membranes serve as selective barriers. Inside, the cytoplasm contains ribosomes and other structures for carrying out metabolic functions. E. coli can also contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements like plasmids that allow for antibiotic resistance or virulence factor encoding. It uses flagella and pili for motility and adhesion.
Bacterial capsule
Bacterial capsules are gelatinous envelopes that surround bacterial cells and are usually polysaccharide or polypeptide in nature. Capsules contribute to virulence in pathogenic bacteria by making the cells more resistant to phagocytosis. Capsulated bacteria form distinct colony morphologies compared to unencapsulated bacteria. Examples of bacteria that produce capsules include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Capsules protect bacteria by attaching to surfaces, protecting from phagocytosis, and providing resistance to environmental stresses.
Estimation of microbial cell mass
To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills.
1 basic characters of bacteria
Bacteria require certain environmental conditions to grow and multiply, including temperature, pH, oxygen, water, and nutrients. Bacterial metabolism allows bacteria to obtain energy and synthesize cellular components through catabolic and anabolic processes. The products of bacterial anabolism like toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, and pigments have medical significance related to pathogenicity, treatment of disease, and identification of bacteria.
Morphology & Ultrastructure of Bacteria
Bacteria have a variety of morphologies and internal structures that allow them to thrive in diverse environments. They range in size from 0.5-5.0 micrometers and can have cocci, bacilli, or spiral shapes. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while the plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. Inside, bacteria contain ribosomes for protein synthesis, storage materials like glycogen and polyhydroxybutyrate, and structures like flagella, pili and gas vacuoles that perform important functions. Bacteria display remarkable diversity in their cellular structures, allowing them to colonize nearly every habitat on Earth.
Flagella- Size, Shape, Arrangement
Flagella are thin, thread-like appendages that protrude from bacterial cells and enable locomotion. They vary in number, arrangement, and length depending on the bacterial species. A flagellum is composed of three main parts - a long, helical filament; a basal body that anchors the flagellum and acts as a motor; and a short, curved hook that connects the filament to the basal body. Flagella rotate like propellers via a motor system that uses proton gradients to drive the rotation of the basal body and propel the bacterium forward.
Morphology and Structure of Bacteria
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPHH8m5zlQGLhXgvH755agg?view_as=subscriber
Facebook group : https://www.facebook.com/groups/836761619701557/
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/PharmU/
Introduction to bacteria, structure and function
This document provides an introduction to bacteria prepared by Raghdah Abdulsalam Malibari for her microbiology course at King Abdulaziz University in 2012-2013. It defines bacteria as single-celled microscopic organisms that lack nuclei. The document describes bacterial shapes, sizes, where they are found, and their structures including flagella, capsule, plasma membrane, chromosome or plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell wall. It explains the functions of these structures in protein production, movement, attachment, protection, and maintaining cell shape.
Microbiology Unit 2-3: Bacteria
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts including different types of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi), bacterial structure and classification. It discusses bacterial morphology, growth and methods of encouraging or inhibiting growth. Specific bacteria mentioned include Salmonella, E. coli, and Rickettsia. Key points covered are bacterial cell structure, the effects of staining techniques, and characteristics used for bacterial identification such as shape, staining properties, nutritional needs, and pathogenicity.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various methods for cultivating anaerobic bacteria, which require an oxygen-free environment. Special pre-reduced culture media can be prepared by boiling and adding reducing agents to drive off oxygen. Anaerobic chambers maintain oxygen-free atmospheres for culturing. Anaerobic jars use hydrogen gas and catalysts to displace oxygen. Anaerobic bags and pouches also provide oxygen-free conditions using chemical oxygen removers. Additional techniques like shake cultures and pyrogallic acid methods pair anaerobes with aerobic bacteria to facilitate growth without oxygen. The rolling tube method developed by Hungate enabled culturing previously uncultivable anaerobes.
Bacterial Cells Enumeration
1. There are two main types of bacterial counts - total bacterial count and total viable count. Total bacterial count includes both living and dead cells while total viable count only measures living cells.
2. Bacterial enumeration is important for comparing growth under different conditions, and in industries like dairy, food, and water microbiology.
3. Methods of enumeration include direct counting using microscopy or Coulter counter, and indirect counting of viable cells using serial dilution plating or membrane filtration. Other methods determine cell mass through dry weight, nitrogen content, or turbidity measurements.
Culture media and Culture methods
Basic medical microbiology, the diagnosis from clinical samples. Commonly used culture media and methods for bacteria
Flagella Staining.pptx
A Wet mount technique for staining bacterial flagella is simple and is useful to identify the number and arrangement of flagella.
Culture media in microbiobiolgy
This document discusses different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms. It describes basic media which contains nutrients for general bacterial growth. Selective media allows growth of specific organisms by inhibiting others through additions like antibiotics. Differential media distinguishes organisms based on colony characteristics. Enriched media enhances growth of fastidious organisms using additions like blood or serum. Transport media preserves viability during shipping through formulations optimized for different bacteria. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of media.
flagella structure and function
Flagella are whip-like structures that allow cells to move. They are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. While all three types are used for locomotion, their structures differ. Flagella consist of three main parts - the filament, hook, and basal body. The filament forms the outer region and is composed of flagellin proteins arranged in helical chains. The filament attaches to the hook, while the basal body anchors the flagellum and consists of rings and rods that insert into the cell. Bacteria can have flagella in different arrangements including single, tufts, both ends, or all over the cell surface.
MEASURMENTS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. They have filamentous structures called hyphae that branch and form networks called mycelia. Mycelia can be modified into specialized somatic structures that help fungi obtain nutrients, resist unfavorable conditions, and reproduce. Examples of modifications include sclerotia, which are resting bodies that allow fungi to survive harsh conditions, and haustoria, which are outgrowths that allow parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients from host cells.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. They have filamentous structures called hyphae that branch and form networks called mycelia. Mycelia can be modified into specialized somatic structures that help fungi obtain nutrients, resist unfavorable conditions, and reproduce. Examples of modifications include sclerotia, which are resting bodies that allow fungi to survive harsh conditions, and haustoria, which are outgrowths that allow parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients from host cells.
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Flagella, fimbriae, pili and capsule
The document discusses flagella, fimbriae, pili, and capsules in bacteria. It describes the structure and function of bacterial flagella, including their role in motility. It notes that flagella allow bacteria to move towards favorable environments or away from unfavorable ones. The document also discusses fimbriae and pili, describing them as hair-like structures that aid in adhesion and conjugation. Finally, it describes bacterial capsules as outer polysaccharide layers that protect cells and promote virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.
Morphology of Fungi
Fungi range from unicellular yeasts to multicellular molds. Their cells contain filaments called hyphae that may be septate or aseptate, with septa that often have pores allowing cytoplasm to flow between cells. Hyphae aggregate to form a mycelium, which can be either vegetative hyphae that absorb nutrients or aerial hyphae that produce reproductive spores. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding or formation of spores and exist in forms from yeasts and yeast-like cells to filamentous mycelium or changing between yeast and mycelium depending on temperature.
Measurement of microbial growth
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
Structure of bacteria
E. coli is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the large intestine. It has several protective outer layers including a capsule, cell wall, and outer plasma membrane. The capsule and slime layer help protect the bacterium from drying out and prevent phagocytosis. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the plasma membranes serve as selective barriers. Inside, the cytoplasm contains ribosomes and other structures for carrying out metabolic functions. E. coli can also contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements like plasmids that allow for antibiotic resistance or virulence factor encoding. It uses flagella and pili for motility and adhesion.
Bacterial capsule
Bacterial capsules are gelatinous envelopes that surround bacterial cells and are usually polysaccharide or polypeptide in nature. Capsules contribute to virulence in pathogenic bacteria by making the cells more resistant to phagocytosis. Capsulated bacteria form distinct colony morphologies compared to unencapsulated bacteria. Examples of bacteria that produce capsules include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Capsules protect bacteria by attaching to surfaces, protecting from phagocytosis, and providing resistance to environmental stresses.
Estimation of microbial cell mass
To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills.
1 basic characters of bacteria
Bacteria require certain environmental conditions to grow and multiply, including temperature, pH, oxygen, water, and nutrients. Bacterial metabolism allows bacteria to obtain energy and synthesize cellular components through catabolic and anabolic processes. The products of bacterial anabolism like toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, and pigments have medical significance related to pathogenicity, treatment of disease, and identification of bacteria.
Morphology & Ultrastructure of Bacteria
Bacteria have a variety of morphologies and internal structures that allow them to thrive in diverse environments. They range in size from 0.5-5.0 micrometers and can have cocci, bacilli, or spiral shapes. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while the plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. Inside, bacteria contain ribosomes for protein synthesis, storage materials like glycogen and polyhydroxybutyrate, and structures like flagella, pili and gas vacuoles that perform important functions. Bacteria display remarkable diversity in their cellular structures, allowing them to colonize nearly every habitat on Earth.
Flagella- Size, Shape, Arrangement
Flagella are thin, thread-like appendages that protrude from bacterial cells and enable locomotion. They vary in number, arrangement, and length depending on the bacterial species. A flagellum is composed of three main parts - a long, helical filament; a basal body that anchors the flagellum and acts as a motor; and a short, curved hook that connects the filament to the basal body. Flagella rotate like propellers via a motor system that uses proton gradients to drive the rotation of the basal body and propel the bacterium forward.
Morphology and Structure of Bacteria
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPHH8m5zlQGLhXgvH755agg?view_as=subscriber
Facebook group : https://www.facebook.com/groups/836761619701557/
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/PharmU/
Introduction to bacteria, structure and function
This document provides an introduction to bacteria prepared by Raghdah Abdulsalam Malibari for her microbiology course at King Abdulaziz University in 2012-2013. It defines bacteria as single-celled microscopic organisms that lack nuclei. The document describes bacterial shapes, sizes, where they are found, and their structures including flagella, capsule, plasma membrane, chromosome or plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell wall. It explains the functions of these structures in protein production, movement, attachment, protection, and maintaining cell shape.
Microbiology Unit 2-3: Bacteria
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts including different types of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi), bacterial structure and classification. It discusses bacterial morphology, growth and methods of encouraging or inhibiting growth. Specific bacteria mentioned include Salmonella, E. coli, and Rickettsia. Key points covered are bacterial cell structure, the effects of staining techniques, and characteristics used for bacterial identification such as shape, staining properties, nutritional needs, and pathogenicity.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various methods for cultivating anaerobic bacteria, which require an oxygen-free environment. Special pre-reduced culture media can be prepared by boiling and adding reducing agents to drive off oxygen. Anaerobic chambers maintain oxygen-free atmospheres for culturing. Anaerobic jars use hydrogen gas and catalysts to displace oxygen. Anaerobic bags and pouches also provide oxygen-free conditions using chemical oxygen removers. Additional techniques like shake cultures and pyrogallic acid methods pair anaerobes with aerobic bacteria to facilitate growth without oxygen. The rolling tube method developed by Hungate enabled culturing previously uncultivable anaerobes.
Bacterial Cells Enumeration
1. There are two main types of bacterial counts - total bacterial count and total viable count. Total bacterial count includes both living and dead cells while total viable count only measures living cells.
2. Bacterial enumeration is important for comparing growth under different conditions, and in industries like dairy, food, and water microbiology.
3. Methods of enumeration include direct counting using microscopy or Coulter counter, and indirect counting of viable cells using serial dilution plating or membrane filtration. Other methods determine cell mass through dry weight, nitrogen content, or turbidity measurements.
Culture media and Culture methods
Basic medical microbiology, the diagnosis from clinical samples. Commonly used culture media and methods for bacteria
Flagella Staining.pptx
A Wet mount technique for staining bacterial flagella is simple and is useful to identify the number and arrangement of flagella.
Culture media in microbiobiolgy
This document discusses different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms. It describes basic media which contains nutrients for general bacterial growth. Selective media allows growth of specific organisms by inhibiting others through additions like antibiotics. Differential media distinguishes organisms based on colony characteristics. Enriched media enhances growth of fastidious organisms using additions like blood or serum. Transport media preserves viability during shipping through formulations optimized for different bacteria. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of media.
flagella structure and function
Flagella are whip-like structures that allow cells to move. They are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. While all three types are used for locomotion, their structures differ. Flagella consist of three main parts - the filament, hook, and basal body. The filament forms the outer region and is composed of flagellin proteins arranged in helical chains. The filament attaches to the hook, while the basal body anchors the flagellum and consists of rings and rods that insert into the cell. Bacteria can have flagella in different arrangements including single, tufts, both ends, or all over the cell surface.
MEASURMENTS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
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Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.
Ähnlich wie Morphology and classification of fu..ngi
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. They have filamentous structures called hyphae that branch and form networks called mycelia. Mycelia can be modified into specialized somatic structures that help fungi obtain nutrients, resist unfavorable conditions, and reproduce. Examples of modifications include sclerotia, which are resting bodies that allow fungi to survive harsh conditions, and haustoria, which are outgrowths that allow parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients from host cells.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll. They have filamentous structures called hyphae that branch and form networks called mycelia. Mycelia can be modified into specialized somatic structures that help fungi obtain nutrients, resist unfavorable conditions, and reproduce. Examples of modifications include sclerotia, which are resting bodies that allow fungi to survive harsh conditions, and haustoria, which are outgrowths that allow parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients from host cells.
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom Fungi includes Unicellular ( Yeast) or multicellular and filamentous (Penicillium) organisms.
Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei e.g. Rhizopus or with a single nucleus e.g. Yeast.
Filamentous organisms consist of a body called Mycelium in which a number of thread like structures called Hypae are present.
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom Fungi includes Unicellular ( Yeast) or multicellular and filamentous (Penicillium) organisms.
Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei e.g. Rhizopus or with a single nucleus e.g. Yeast.
Filamentous organisms consist of a body called Mycelium in which a number of thread like structures called Hypae are present.
Topic 3 fungi. yeasts
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Topic 3 fungi. yeasts
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General characters of fungi
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
General characters of fungi
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
General characteristics of fungi
This document provides information on the classification, body plan, nutrition, and reproduction of fungi. It discusses that fungi have diverse forms ranging from microorganisms like yeasts and molds to large mushrooms. They have filamentous hyphae that can aggregate to form tissues and structures. Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from dead and decaying material or other living hosts. Reproduction can occur asexually through spores or sexually through the fusion of compatible hyphae and subsequent meiotic division.
General characteristics of fungi
This document provides information on the classification, body plan, nutrition, and reproduction of fungi. It discusses that fungi have diverse forms ranging from microorganisms like yeasts and molds to large mushrooms. They have filamentous hyphae that can aggregate to form tissues and structures. Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from dead and decaying material or other living hosts. Reproduction can occur asexually through spores or sexually through the fusion of compatible hyphae and subsequent meiotic division.
General characteristics of fungi
Fungi have either unicellular or filamentous thalli. The filamentous thallus is made of hyphae that collectively form the mycelium. Mycelia can be aseptate or septate. Hyphae undergo various modifications including plectenchyma, rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stromata, and haustoria. Fungi obtain nutrients either saprophytically by absorbing from dead organic matter or parasitically by absorbing through host tissues. Fungi reproduce vegetatively, asexually through spores, and sexually.
General characteristics of fungi
Fungi have either unicellular or filamentous thalli. The filamentous thallus is made of hyphae that collectively form the mycelium. Mycelia can be aseptate or septate. Hyphae undergo various modifications including plectenchyma, rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stromata, and haustoria. Fungi obtain nutrients either saprophytically by absorbing from dead organic matter or parasitically by absorbing through host tissues. Fungi reproduce vegetatively, asexually through spores, and sexually.
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Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
General characters of fungi
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
01._Chytridiomycota_Zygomycota_and_Ascomycota_Tentative.pptx
1) Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from external sources rather than producing their own food through photosynthesis.
2) Their bodies are composed of microscopic filaments called hyphae that can aggregate to form a mycelium. Hyphae may be septate or coenocytic.
3) Fungi obtain nutrients as saprotrophs that break down dead organic matter, as parasites that infect living hosts, or through symbiotic relationships.
4) Their cell walls are composed primarily of chitin and glucans, and they lack chloroplasts. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores.
01._Chytridiomycota_Zygomycota_and_Ascomycota_Tentative.pptx
1) Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from external sources rather than producing their own food through photosynthesis.
2) Their bodies are composed of microscopic filaments called hyphae that can aggregate to form a mycelium. Hyphae may be septate or coenocytic.
3) Fungi obtain nutrients as saprotrophs that break down dead organic matter, as parasites that infect living hosts, or through symbiotic relationships.
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Morphology and classification of fu..ngi
- 1. Morphology and classification of Fungi Dr Sara Neha
- 2. • Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. The vegetative body of a fungus is called thallus which is either unicellular ( Eg Yeast) or multicellular (Eg Molds). • The fungal cell wall is made up of chitin. • The plasmalemma covers the cytoplasm and all cell organelles. • Nucleus is usually small and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles are present.
- 3. • Fungi contain filaments called the hyphae (singular: Hypha). • The hyphae have internal cross walls called the septum (singular: Septa). • Fungi may be septate or aseptate.
- 4. • The septa of many species have pores, allowing cytoplasm to flow freely from one cell to the next. • Cytoplasmic movement within the hypha provides a means to transport of materials. The hyphae may be branched. • A mass of hyphae that is not a reproductive structure is called a mycelium. Vegetative mycelium- hyphae that penetrate the supporting medium and absorb nutrients. Aerial mycelium- hyphae that projects above the medium and produce reproductive structures called conidia.
- 8. Yeasts • Yeasts occur in the form of oval or round bodies that reproduce by asexual process called budding. • Unicellular •In microscopic appearance of the colony is pasty,resembling Bacterial colonies. • Eg Cryptococcus Neoformans
- 9. Yeast-like • They grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. •Reproduce by Budding and fission. • Eg Candida albicans
- 10. Filamentous fungi/Mould • It consists of Mycelium. They reproduce by the formation of spores. •Microscopically ,colonies may have a surface texture that is cotton woollyvelvety. • Eg Aspergillus, Penicillium
- 11. Dimorphic fungi • It exhibits yeast form in the host tissue in vitro at 37° C and mycelial form in vitro at 22-25 degree C • Eg Histoplasma capsulatum
- 20. Thank You