What is MEPIn the construction world, MEP stands for “mechanical, electrical and plumbing.” MEP engineering is the science and art of planning, designing and managing the MEP systems of a building. MEP systems:MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) covers the whole range of building services. Building services are the systems, installed in buildings that make them comfortable, functional, efficient, and safe. MEP systems are generally not part of the constructional elements of a building, but do interfere with the building envelope. Also, MEP components like piping and ducts can be integrated in (prefab) building elements
The document summarizes a site visit to a boys' hostel and mess hall under construction to understand how electrical, plumbing, and fire safety systems are installed. Key points covered include the sanitary pipe layout and components like traps; the electrical room, distribution systems, and voltage classifications; and fire safety regulations for buildings over 15m. The visit provided insights into implementing these critical building systems during construction.
Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case studyIrene Devakirubai
Construction project management in architecture. Fire safety in Office building net and live case study. NBC norms for fire safety. Net case studies -KLK and Pam center malaysia. Live case study - Global infocity.
Fire safety as per National Building Code-2016Arpit Vyas
This document discusses fire safety as per the National Building Code of India 2016. It defines fire hazards and the fire triangle, explaining the three elements (fuel, oxygen, ignition source) needed for a fire to start. It classifies different fire types (A, B, C, D, K) based on common fuel sources. It also discusses important fire safety terminology like flammable, combustible, down-comer, dry/wet riser, fire resistance rating. Building planning considerations for fire prevention include use of non-combustible materials, fire-rated staircases and lift lobbies, and fire escapes.
F.A.R., Ground Coverage and Height Permissible as per Bye LawsAr. Md Shahroz Alam
The document discusses various strategies adopted by architects in Delhi to maximize building height within the restrictions of local building bye-laws, including maximizing ground coverage, optimizing floor area of upper floors, and manipulating building form. Specific examples discussed include the MCD Civic Centre, Hansalya Bhawan, Statesman House, and Gopaldas Bhawan buildings in Delhi, which employ techniques like a central void, terraces, and curved or angled forms.
The document discusses site analysis for building design. Site analysis is the process of studying the existing environment and how it will influence a structure's design and layout. Key factors in site analysis include topography, vegetation, soil, climate, sunlight, and regulatory considerations. Contour lines are used to represent the topography and slope of the land, which greatly impacts building design. A thorough site analysis must be completed before beginning the design process.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
The Kohinoor Square project is a mixed-use skyscraper development under construction in Mumbai, India. It comprises a 203m main building with commercial and hotel space, and a 142m residential building. The complex utilizes sustainable design features like sky gardens, high-performance glazing, and rainwater harvesting. It has a composite structural system and pile raft foundation to support the tall towers. Floor plans show retail, office, and residential spaces of different sizes across multiple floors.
The document summarizes a site visit to a boys' hostel and mess hall under construction to understand how electrical, plumbing, and fire safety systems are installed. Key points covered include the sanitary pipe layout and components like traps; the electrical room, distribution systems, and voltage classifications; and fire safety regulations for buildings over 15m. The visit provided insights into implementing these critical building systems during construction.
Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case studyIrene Devakirubai
Construction project management in architecture. Fire safety in Office building net and live case study. NBC norms for fire safety. Net case studies -KLK and Pam center malaysia. Live case study - Global infocity.
Fire safety as per National Building Code-2016Arpit Vyas
This document discusses fire safety as per the National Building Code of India 2016. It defines fire hazards and the fire triangle, explaining the three elements (fuel, oxygen, ignition source) needed for a fire to start. It classifies different fire types (A, B, C, D, K) based on common fuel sources. It also discusses important fire safety terminology like flammable, combustible, down-comer, dry/wet riser, fire resistance rating. Building planning considerations for fire prevention include use of non-combustible materials, fire-rated staircases and lift lobbies, and fire escapes.
F.A.R., Ground Coverage and Height Permissible as per Bye LawsAr. Md Shahroz Alam
The document discusses various strategies adopted by architects in Delhi to maximize building height within the restrictions of local building bye-laws, including maximizing ground coverage, optimizing floor area of upper floors, and manipulating building form. Specific examples discussed include the MCD Civic Centre, Hansalya Bhawan, Statesman House, and Gopaldas Bhawan buildings in Delhi, which employ techniques like a central void, terraces, and curved or angled forms.
The document discusses site analysis for building design. Site analysis is the process of studying the existing environment and how it will influence a structure's design and layout. Key factors in site analysis include topography, vegetation, soil, climate, sunlight, and regulatory considerations. Contour lines are used to represent the topography and slope of the land, which greatly impacts building design. A thorough site analysis must be completed before beginning the design process.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
The Kohinoor Square project is a mixed-use skyscraper development under construction in Mumbai, India. It comprises a 203m main building with commercial and hotel space, and a 142m residential building. The complex utilizes sustainable design features like sky gardens, high-performance glazing, and rainwater harvesting. It has a composite structural system and pile raft foundation to support the tall towers. Floor plans show retail, office, and residential spaces of different sizes across multiple floors.
The document discusses tall buildings and provides case studies of several high-rise buildings including Arihant Aura in Mumbai, Burj Khalifa in Dubai, and The Shard in London. It covers definitions of high-rise buildings, the need for tall structures, and key aspects of high-rise design such as structural systems, foundations, elevators, wind engineering, and cladding. The case study of Burj Khalifa specifically highlights its Y-shaped structural core and tapering profile that help manage wind loads and lateral forces.
The document provides information about the National Institute of Design campus in Ahmedabad, India. It was established in 1961 and covers 63,848 square meters. The campus is divided into institutional and residential zones, with the main academic block facing the Sabarmati River. Notable features include courtyards that provide light and segregate functions, a grid structural plan, and extensive landscaping including lawns and an amphitheater. Construction utilized precast concrete and reinforced brick with an emphasis on natural lighting, ventilation, and interaction with the outdoors.
As for high rise buildings, these are generally above six floors or stories in height. Also, most high rise buildings are 100 meters in height. (These should not be confused with “skyscrapers,” which are generally much taller, as little or as much, as 200 meters in height.
A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined.
The document outlines key aspects of the National Building Code of India 2016 related to administration. It discusses the scope of the administration section, covering applicability of the code, building department organization, and permitting procedures. Key terms are also defined, such as alteration, authority having jurisdiction, and building. The administration section aims to provide guidelines for implementing the code provisions through an integrated approach across various disciplines involved in planning, designing, and construction of buildings.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
case study on National institute of design, Ahmedabad.Milan Jain
The National Institute of Design was established in 1961 in Ahmedabad, India by the Government of India. It is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry that provides advanced training in fields like product design, visual communication, architecture and more. The campus was designed by architects Giraben Sarabhai and Charles Eames and covers 63,848 square meters along the Sabarmati River. Key aspects of the design include a grid layout with courtyards, north-south oriented studios for natural light, precast concrete construction, and extensive landscaping.
Objectives
- Introduction
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Extract
- Traditional Systems
- Jet fan or induction systems
- Technology and material Jetfan
- Operation of JetFan
- Examples of Fans for induction systems
- A control system
- Installation of JetFans - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
- References
The document proposes solutions to enhance public transportation in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. It identifies issues like traffic congestion due to the location of the inner-city bus terminal. Three main solutions are proposed: 1) Locating a new bus station 25 meters from S.T Gorges square, 2) Relocating the bus terminal to decrease traffic congestion, and 3) Proposing an alternative road access and conceptual design for a sustainable transportation terminal. Drawings and diagrams show the site plan, building layout and design details of the proposed terminal.
The document discusses various aspects of high-rise residential buildings including energy consumption distribution in a typical building, two case studies of residential towers (6 Remez Tower in Tel Aviv and Tree House Residence Hall in Boston), and strategies for water conservation, bird-safe design, electrochromic windows, photovoltaics, and building automation systems.
An intelligent building incorporates information systems that support information flow, allow business automation, and enable flexible, simple, and economical monitoring and management. It integrates various building systems like energy management, lighting, security, and communications. The objectives of intelligent buildings are energy management and indoor comfort through features like flexibility, distributed memory, and sensors. Future trends include facilitating global communication networks and innovation in smart buildings and smart cities.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
The document provides a list of facilities and buildings located on the CEPT University campus including: the Faculties of Design (FD), Technology (FT), Planning (FP), and Management (FM); centers and labs; cafeterias; workshops; and administrative offices. Key buildings include the FD, FT, FP, FM blocks, as well as the U01-U09 university blocks that house facilities like computer labs, workshops, cafeterias, and administrative offices.
Mantri Serenity, Kanakpura Road, Bangalore. Call +918470930121.
Visit: http://www.abcbuildcon.in/projects/mantri-pinnacle/
Mantri DSK Pinnacle: South India’s Tallest Residential Tower. Since 1999, Mantri, Known for its pioneering spirit, has been transforming the south Indian Skyline. And now, they bring pride to that skyline with Mantri DSK Pinnacle, South India's tallest residential tower. This marvel comprises 3/4/5 BHK homes and rises to 46 floors. Homes equipped with smart home technology, powered by Cisco. The Pinnacle transcends your expectations with features like helipad, Sky Lounge-Coffee shop on the 41st floor, an observatory on the 42nd, Aqua Gym and a mini Theatre, Tennis Court, Children’s Play Area, Swimming pool with toddler’s pool and a jogging/walking trail, among others. So come, move in to Mantri DSK pinnacle, and let its grandeur floor you.
Nearby Landmarks:
Close proximity to developed residential areas like Jayanagar and JP Nagar Schools of repute like Ryan International School, Presidency, Innisfree and Clarence in close vicinity Close to Major software companies like Honeywell, Oracle, IBM, Accenture, EMC2 and more 15 minutes drive to Electronic City via NICE Corridor Easy access to state of art medical centers like Fortis, Apollo Hospitals, Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Sagar Hospitals etc... Adjacent to Meenakshi Mall
Amenities:
Swimming pool with toddler's pool
International Designer Landscaping
Grand Atrium with Lounge Jogging / Walking Trail
Outdoor Exercise Area with Equipments
Children's Play Area
Tennis court
Pick up / drop off point
Paved garden walk
Common toilets for Servants and Drivers
Mantri Pinnacle Key Facts:
Land Area: 2.8 Acres
No. Of Units: 133 Apartments
No. Of Towers: 1 Towers
Elevation: 2B + G + 45
Units to a core: 4 Apartments in Each Floor
1. The document discusses different types of electrical wires and cables used in building services, including PVC, TRS, and flexible wires.
2. It also covers basics of electricity, including Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, and different types of earthing systems used in buildings and industrial installations.
3. Types of earthing systems discussed are conventional earthing using plates and pipes, as well as TN, TT, and IT systems. Electrical and instrument earthing systems are also compared.
Site Analysis for Gated Community for B.Arch Thesis projectGeeva Chandana
This document provides information on a proposed residential development called Metropolis in Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai. It includes details on the site such as its location, area, and surrounding context. It then outlines the development program which includes 300 total units divided among various housing typologies. Floor plans and massing diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout. Amenities, costs, and other project details are also summarized. Maps and diagrams provide additional context on the site and surrounding region. A SWOT analysis evaluates the project's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a building to dilute and remove indoor air contaminants. It can be achieved through natural or mechanical means. Natural ventilation relies on wind and thermal pressure through openings, while mechanical ventilation uses fans. Proper ventilation is important for indoor air quality and occupant health. Standards like ASHRAE 62.2 provide guidelines for whole-building ventilation and local exhaust in high-moisture areas. Energy recovery systems can improve ventilation efficiency. Building pressurization controls air movement. Maintaining pressure differentials between zones can help isolate contaminant spread.
The document discusses tall buildings and provides case studies of several high-rise buildings including Arihant Aura in Mumbai, Burj Khalifa in Dubai, and The Shard in London. It covers definitions of high-rise buildings, the need for tall structures, and key aspects of high-rise design such as structural systems, foundations, elevators, wind engineering, and cladding. The case study of Burj Khalifa specifically highlights its Y-shaped structural core and tapering profile that help manage wind loads and lateral forces.
The document provides information about the National Institute of Design campus in Ahmedabad, India. It was established in 1961 and covers 63,848 square meters. The campus is divided into institutional and residential zones, with the main academic block facing the Sabarmati River. Notable features include courtyards that provide light and segregate functions, a grid structural plan, and extensive landscaping including lawns and an amphitheater. Construction utilized precast concrete and reinforced brick with an emphasis on natural lighting, ventilation, and interaction with the outdoors.
As for high rise buildings, these are generally above six floors or stories in height. Also, most high rise buildings are 100 meters in height. (These should not be confused with “skyscrapers,” which are generally much taller, as little or as much, as 200 meters in height.
A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined.
The document outlines key aspects of the National Building Code of India 2016 related to administration. It discusses the scope of the administration section, covering applicability of the code, building department organization, and permitting procedures. Key terms are also defined, such as alteration, authority having jurisdiction, and building. The administration section aims to provide guidelines for implementing the code provisions through an integrated approach across various disciplines involved in planning, designing, and construction of buildings.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
case study on National institute of design, Ahmedabad.Milan Jain
The National Institute of Design was established in 1961 in Ahmedabad, India by the Government of India. It is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry that provides advanced training in fields like product design, visual communication, architecture and more. The campus was designed by architects Giraben Sarabhai and Charles Eames and covers 63,848 square meters along the Sabarmati River. Key aspects of the design include a grid layout with courtyards, north-south oriented studios for natural light, precast concrete construction, and extensive landscaping.
Objectives
- Introduction
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Extract
- Traditional Systems
- Jet fan or induction systems
- Technology and material Jetfan
- Operation of JetFan
- Examples of Fans for induction systems
- A control system
- Installation of JetFans - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
- References
The document proposes solutions to enhance public transportation in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. It identifies issues like traffic congestion due to the location of the inner-city bus terminal. Three main solutions are proposed: 1) Locating a new bus station 25 meters from S.T Gorges square, 2) Relocating the bus terminal to decrease traffic congestion, and 3) Proposing an alternative road access and conceptual design for a sustainable transportation terminal. Drawings and diagrams show the site plan, building layout and design details of the proposed terminal.
The document discusses various aspects of high-rise residential buildings including energy consumption distribution in a typical building, two case studies of residential towers (6 Remez Tower in Tel Aviv and Tree House Residence Hall in Boston), and strategies for water conservation, bird-safe design, electrochromic windows, photovoltaics, and building automation systems.
An intelligent building incorporates information systems that support information flow, allow business automation, and enable flexible, simple, and economical monitoring and management. It integrates various building systems like energy management, lighting, security, and communications. The objectives of intelligent buildings are energy management and indoor comfort through features like flexibility, distributed memory, and sensors. Future trends include facilitating global communication networks and innovation in smart buildings and smart cities.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
The document provides a list of facilities and buildings located on the CEPT University campus including: the Faculties of Design (FD), Technology (FT), Planning (FP), and Management (FM); centers and labs; cafeterias; workshops; and administrative offices. Key buildings include the FD, FT, FP, FM blocks, as well as the U01-U09 university blocks that house facilities like computer labs, workshops, cafeterias, and administrative offices.
Mantri Serenity, Kanakpura Road, Bangalore. Call +918470930121.
Visit: http://www.abcbuildcon.in/projects/mantri-pinnacle/
Mantri DSK Pinnacle: South India’s Tallest Residential Tower. Since 1999, Mantri, Known for its pioneering spirit, has been transforming the south Indian Skyline. And now, they bring pride to that skyline with Mantri DSK Pinnacle, South India's tallest residential tower. This marvel comprises 3/4/5 BHK homes and rises to 46 floors. Homes equipped with smart home technology, powered by Cisco. The Pinnacle transcends your expectations with features like helipad, Sky Lounge-Coffee shop on the 41st floor, an observatory on the 42nd, Aqua Gym and a mini Theatre, Tennis Court, Children’s Play Area, Swimming pool with toddler’s pool and a jogging/walking trail, among others. So come, move in to Mantri DSK pinnacle, and let its grandeur floor you.
Nearby Landmarks:
Close proximity to developed residential areas like Jayanagar and JP Nagar Schools of repute like Ryan International School, Presidency, Innisfree and Clarence in close vicinity Close to Major software companies like Honeywell, Oracle, IBM, Accenture, EMC2 and more 15 minutes drive to Electronic City via NICE Corridor Easy access to state of art medical centers like Fortis, Apollo Hospitals, Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Sagar Hospitals etc... Adjacent to Meenakshi Mall
Amenities:
Swimming pool with toddler's pool
International Designer Landscaping
Grand Atrium with Lounge Jogging / Walking Trail
Outdoor Exercise Area with Equipments
Children's Play Area
Tennis court
Pick up / drop off point
Paved garden walk
Common toilets for Servants and Drivers
Mantri Pinnacle Key Facts:
Land Area: 2.8 Acres
No. Of Units: 133 Apartments
No. Of Towers: 1 Towers
Elevation: 2B + G + 45
Units to a core: 4 Apartments in Each Floor
1. The document discusses different types of electrical wires and cables used in building services, including PVC, TRS, and flexible wires.
2. It also covers basics of electricity, including Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, and different types of earthing systems used in buildings and industrial installations.
3. Types of earthing systems discussed are conventional earthing using plates and pipes, as well as TN, TT, and IT systems. Electrical and instrument earthing systems are also compared.
Site Analysis for Gated Community for B.Arch Thesis projectGeeva Chandana
This document provides information on a proposed residential development called Metropolis in Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai. It includes details on the site such as its location, area, and surrounding context. It then outlines the development program which includes 300 total units divided among various housing typologies. Floor plans and massing diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout. Amenities, costs, and other project details are also summarized. Maps and diagrams provide additional context on the site and surrounding region. A SWOT analysis evaluates the project's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a building to dilute and remove indoor air contaminants. It can be achieved through natural or mechanical means. Natural ventilation relies on wind and thermal pressure through openings, while mechanical ventilation uses fans. Proper ventilation is important for indoor air quality and occupant health. Standards like ASHRAE 62.2 provide guidelines for whole-building ventilation and local exhaust in high-moisture areas. Energy recovery systems can improve ventilation efficiency. Building pressurization controls air movement. Maintaining pressure differentials between zones can help isolate contaminant spread.
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a building to dilute and remove indoor air contaminants. It can be achieved through natural or mechanical means. Natural ventilation relies on wind and thermal pressure through openings, while mechanical ventilation uses fans. Proper ventilation is important for indoor air quality and occupant health. Standards like ASHRAE 62.2 provide guidelines for whole-building ventilation and local exhaust in high-moisture areas. Energy recovery systems can improve ventilation efficiency. Building pressurization controls air movement. Maintaining pressure differentials between zones can help isolate contaminant spread.
Artificial ventilation involves using mechanical fans and systems to drive stale interior air outside and bring fresh air inside. There are three main types: supply ventilation which pressurizes interior spaces, exhaust ventilation which depressurizes, and balanced ventilation which maintains pressure equilibrium. Balanced ventilation includes heat and energy recovery systems. Artificial ventilation provides controlled air exchange and distribution without introducing outdoor pollutants. However, faulty systems can impact health and quality systems are expensive. A case study of Cundall offices showed how artificial and natural ventilation can be integrated harmoniously in a thermally active building.
Ventilation is important to maintain indoor air quality by allowing oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and fumes. There are several types of energy efficient ventilation systems that can be used in homes, including passive stack ventilation (PSV), single room heat recovery ventilation (SRHRV), mechanical extract ventilation (MEV), and positive input ventilation (PIV). Each system has its own installation process and potential problems such as draughts, noise, or difficulty achieving balanced airflow. Proper installation and ductwork is important for ensuring efficient operation.
The document provides an overview of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It describes the basic components and working principles of HVAC systems, including air return setups, filters, heating/cooling elements, compressors, blowers, coils, ducts, and vents. It also discusses different types of HVAC systems like split, hybrid split, duct-free mini-split, and packaged systems. The document highlights advantages and disadvantages of each type. Finally, it explains the general working of HVAC systems involving air intake, heating/cooling, and distribution through ducts.
This document discusses ventilation systems and strategies. It begins by explaining the need for ventilation in buildings to remove stale air and bring in fresh air. It then describes different types of ventilation systems including natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, exhaust ventilation, supply ventilation, balanced ventilation, and energy recovery systems. The document also discusses air conditioning systems like window units, split units, centralized units, and packaged units. It covers the components and cycles of air conditioning systems. Green roofs are also summarized, including their benefits like reducing temperatures and providing stormwater management. Design standards and factors for green roofs are briefly mentioned.
HVAC systems have three main functions - heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. They work to provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality. HVAC systems use the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to achieve this. They are used in both residential and commercial buildings to control temperature, humidity, and air quality. Common components of HVAC systems include a central heating unit, ventilation to exchange air, and air conditioning using a refrigeration cycle to cool indoor air.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It defines HVAC and explains why these systems are needed, such as to control temperature and humidity for human comfort. It then describes various HVAC terminology like dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature. The document also discusses different types of air conditioning systems like packaged, centralized, split, and window units. It provides diagrams of typical HVAC and refrigeration cycles. Key HVAC components like air handling units, compressors, condensers, and evaporators are also explained.
The document discusses air conditioning systems. It describes how air conditioners work using a refrigerant chemical to transfer heat from inside to outside. There are three main parts: a compressor, condenser, and evaporator. Air conditioning systems can be individual units, unitary packaged systems serving multiple rooms, or central hydronic systems with air handling units, water systems, and a central plant. Properly sizing and installing air conditioners can improve energy efficiency. The goal of AC system design is to have an effective, efficient, and cost-effective system that meets requirements.
The document discusses the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems used at SP Setia Headquarters. It describes the jet fan system used in the basement parking area to ventilate air and extract smoke in a fire. It also discusses the centralized air conditioning system, including the refrigeration cycle, air cooled chillers, cooling towers, and air handling units used to cool and circulate air throughout the building. Variable air volume and underfloor air distribution systems are used for zone control, with floor and ceiling diffusers distributing conditioned air.
The document provides an overview of various building service systems used in public buildings, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses the components, principles, and applications of these different systems. The document also analyzes these systems as applied to a proposed three-story elderly center located in Taman Kanangapuram, Malaysia.
The document provides an overview of various building service systems used in public buildings, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses the components, principles, and applications of these different systems. The document also analyzes these systems as applied to a proposed three-story elderly center located in Taman Kanangapuram, Malaysia.
The document provides an overview of various building service systems used in public buildings, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses the components, principles, and applications of these different systems. The document also analyzes these systems in the context of a proposed three-story elderly center located in Taman Kanangapuram, outlining the building details and intended use.
The document provides an overview of various building service systems used in public buildings, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses the components, principles, and applications of these different systems. The document also analyzes these systems in the context of a proposed three-story elderly center located in Taman Kanangapuram, outlining the building details and intended use.
This document provides an overview of building services and ventilation systems. It discusses the basic systems installed in buildings to provide occupant comfort, including ventilation, air conditioning, water supply, drainage, plumbing and electrification. Ventilation is defined as supplying fresh air from outside and removing used air from inside. Natural ventilation relies on openings for air flow, while mechanical ventilation uses fans or other equipment. Proper ventilation is necessary to remove contaminated air, prevent odors and maintain comfortable temperatures and humidity. The document also covers plumbing systems for water supply and drainage.
This document provides information on ventilation and air conditioning systems for buildings. It discusses the importance of ventilation to remove stale air and introduce fresh air. Natural ventilation relies on wind and stack effects, while mechanical ventilation uses fans. Central air conditioning systems condition air at a central plant and distribute via ducts, while split systems have indoor and outdoor components. Proper selection of heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment requires balancing multiple factors like energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Building services include systems that make occupants comfortable, functional, efficient and safe, such as ventilation, air conditioning, water supply, drainage, plumbing and electrification. Ventilation involves supplying fresh air into a building and removing stale air. It is necessary to remove stale air, prevent concentration of odors and bacteria, and prevent buildup of flammable gases. Ventilation can be natural via openings, or mechanical using fans. Proper plumbing systems include water distribution, drainage, and sanitation to provide potable water and safely remove wastewater. Air conditioning cools, dehumidifies, filters and circulates air to maintain occupant health and comfort.
The document discusses various types of energy efficient ventilation systems including passive stack ventilation, single room heat recovery ventilation, mechanical extract ventilation, positive input ventilation, and whole house mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. For each type, it describes the basic concept, installation process, and potential problems. It also covers management systems, advantages and disadvantages of energy efficient ventilation systems, and future recommendations.
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
2. • Fakhar Abbas
Shahrukh
Hasaan H rehman
Ameer Hamza
Farhan Ahmad
Ali Ramzan
Romaisa
Ahmad Tariq
Malik Ahmad
Hannan
PRESENTED BY:
3. What is MEP
In the construction world, MEP stands for “mechanical,
electrical and plumbing.” MEP engineering is the science
and art of planning, designing and managing the MEP
systems of a building.
MEP systems:
MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) covers the whole range of
building services. Building services are the systems, installed in
buildings that make them comfortable, functional, efficient, and
safe. MEP systems are generally not part of the constructional
elements of a building, but do interfere with the building envelope.
Also, MEP components like piping and ducts can be integrated in
(prefab) building elements
4. MEP Provisions in High rise
In a building construction program MEP execution came
into at a very advanced stage and last till the
final handing over of the building to user.
At the early phases of construction planners and
structural engineers require input from MEP engineers
keep the provisions for the selected MEP system in the
buildings.
5. MEP System
Common requirements of high rise and low rise buildings
Environment
Power & Communication Network
Plumbing Utilities
Fire Alarm and Fire Fighting System
Earthling system and security
Specific requirements of high rise buildings
Means of exists (fire escape)
Vertical transportation and garbage shoots
Utilities distribution and management of MEP services
Equipment placement and provisions for future maintenance and
replacement
Lightening protection
External façade illumination
6. Environment
Temperature, Humidity, Air motion, Air purity or quality, Air
changes per hour, air and water velocity requirements,
local climate, space pressure requirements, capacity
requirements, redundancy, spatial requirements, security
concerns,
7. Plumbing
Water Supply distribution booster system v/s gravity based tank
supply.
Provisions of pressure reducers and Isolation valves
Filling arrangement for overhead tank, provision of buffer tank at
intermediate floor.
Balcony/trace drain, roof drains
Drainage risers to be located strategically with access for regular
maintenance
Transfer floor v/s drainage offset
Centralized drinking water system
8. Fire Fighting
Fire zoning and compartments
Sprinkler system with zone control valves
Fire hose cabinets for occupants
Dry Risers/Fire hose cabinets for fire fighters
Centralized Fire Alarm system in fire rated conduits
Gas based fire fighting system for protection of big ticket
equipment
NFPA/BS Codes must be followed
9. Earthing / Electrical System
System earthling network to be provided at each locations
Body earthling for central equipment
NEC/BS codes must be followed
Security
CCTV
electronic access to various areas to be provided
Parking management system
10. MEP systems with a relation to indoor environment and energy usage. These systems are:
Heating & cooling (with heat pump);
Mechanical ventilation (with heat recovery);
Solar hot water;
LED lighting.
.
Heat pump system:
A heat pump moves heat from the source to the distribution circuit and adds heat through
compression. The working principle is based on the transfer of latent heat and the dependence of the boiler
temperature on fluid pressure. A heat pump is composed of four main components (compressor, expansion valve,
condenser, and evaporator).
11. Hot source & Cold source (ATES-Aquifer Thermal Energy
Storage):
An aquifer is a permeable layer of sand containing
water. The layer is vertically separated by impermeable layers
that typically consist of clay. The hot and cold source can be
located at different depth in different aquifers or in the same
layer with a certain horizontal distance in order to prevent short-
circuiting. A source consists of a well drilled into the ground,
typically to a depth of 30 m to 150 m. Where a perforated tube
injects or extracts the ground water from the aquifer making use
of a pressure difference inside the well. For this purpose, the well
is closed off at the top. In the summer period, cold ground water
is extracted from the aquifer and used to cool the building. The
heat that is extracted from the building it is transferred to the
water and inserted in the hot source. During heating season, the
hot ground water is extracted from the hot source, when the
heat is transferred to the building the cooled water is in turn
injected in the cold source.
12. Gas fired Boiler:
A gas-fired boiler is often used to
satisfy the peak heating demand. When the heat
pump has to satisfy the peak demand, it will
become very large. The result of a large heat pump
is a decrease in efficiency at periods of low demand
and a high initial investment. The gas-fired boiler
only operates when the heat pump operates at full
capacity. It is important that the return
temperature to the gas fired boiler is sufficiently
low to allow condensation of the exhaust gasses.
Without condensation, the efficiency of the boiler is
strongly reduced. This applies to the distribution
system but also to the temperature regulation
system, mechanisms where heated water is mixed
with the return water should be prevented.
13. Hydraulic system optimization:
This hydronic system optimization tool returns the optimal sizes and settings of the hydronic
system, such as pipes, pumps and valves but also test the control strategies of the installation. These settings
are to be stored in the BIM and serve as self-instruction and reference for self-inspection for the on-site worker
who administers the settings to the component
14. Introduction:
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outside air into
a space or room. It is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting
and displacing indoor pollutants, such as CO2. It can be categorized as
either mechanical ventilation, or natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation
uses fans to drive the flow of outside air into a building and natural
ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outside air into a building
through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural
ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outside air, it
relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or
the stack effect.
There are four recognized ventilation systems that vary from
completely natural ventilation to mixed ventilation and mechanical
ventilation. These systems are often indicated with the letters A to D.
System A: natural air exhaust and air supply;
System B: natural air exhaust and mechanical air supply (rare);
System C: natural air supply and mechanical air exhaust;
System D: mechanical air exhaust and mechanical air supply
(balanced ventilation).
Ventilation system
15. System A: natural air exhaust and air supply:
System A is an installation that does not contain any electrical driven
components. Fresh air is supplied naturally through vents built in the
windows. The air intake of these vents can be adjusted manually.
Polluted air is expelled via vertical ducts in toilets, bathroom and/or
kitchen or also through the vents in the windows. Air flow is caused by
pressure differences between the building and its surrounding.
System B: natural air exhaust and mechanical air supply (rare);
A controlled supply of fresh outside air is forced through the
building using a fan and the outdoor air is transported into the
building by ducts. The air exhaust takes place on a natural way
by ventilation openings, windows, or shafts because of the forced
overpressure in the building. An air filter can be used to clean the
incoming air. Because of the mechanically produced over
pressure in the building, the system is less dependent on the
weather conditions than a completely natural ventilation system.
16. System C: natural air supply and mechanical air exhaust;
The mechanical air exhaust system creates an under-
pressure in the building, through which this system is also, like
system B, less dependent to weather conditions than completely
natural ventilation. The mechanical air exhaust creates a
pressure difference over the ventilation openings, so air is suck
in. A controllable exhaust fan controls the ventilation capacity. In
residential buildings exhaust takes place from at least the
kitchen, the bathroom, and the toilet. In non-residential buildings
suction mostly takes place from the corridor. Exhaust air ducts
are needed.
System D: mechanical air exhaust and mechanical air supply
(balanced ventilation).
In this system, the supply air and the exhaust air are transported
mechanically. In comparison with the other three systems the
advantages of balanced ventilation are the possibility of
extracting heat from the exhaust air and use it to preheat the
fresh air supply (heat recovery). Like system B it is possible to
use preheating, pre-cooling, humidifying and/or an air filter.
By controlling the ventilators, it is possible to control the ventilation capacity of the
system. For proper functioning of the system the building must be sufficiently airtight.
17. Air Handling Units (AHU):
Circulation, filtration, heating,
cooling, heat recovery, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air. The more
functions an air handling unit has, the greater
its influence is on the energy performance and
indoor environmental quality of a building. Air
handlers usually connect to a ductwork
ventilation system that distributes the
conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the air handling unit. Sometimes
air handling units supply and return air directly
to and from the space served without
ductwork, like for example in a packaged
rooftop unit.
18. Fans:
A fan is a rotary bladed machine, used to
maintain a continuous flow of air. The fan is the
heart of the air handling unit and a significant
energy user in a building. Commissioning and re-
commissioning fans and drives is a key factor for
ensuring that a building’s efficiency goals are met
over the life of the building.
Filters:
All ventilation systems employ a filtration
system. These requirements are driven by the need
to maintain indoor air quality (IAQ), protect the
occupants from airborne hazards and
contaminants, or maintain cleanliness in an
occupied zone or production area.
19. Heat Recovery Element (HRE):
A heat recovery device of many types is used in an air handling system
between supply and return airstreams for energy savings. The amount of energy that is
transferred by the heat exchanger is known as its ‘effectiveness’ or ‘efficiency’. If a heat
exchanger were to be able to transfer the entire energy from one medium to another, it
would be rated at 100% efficiency.
Humidifiers: Active humidification systems are complex, expensive to operate,
and maintenance intensive, so these systems are seldom employed unless they
are essential. Eliminating unnecessary humidification systems can yield
substantial benefits. Active humidification is an energy intensive process that can
also create moisture problems if not properly designed, installed, and
implemented. Thus, the commissioning of these systems can be critical to their
success. Methods for humidification include:
Direct or indirect steam injection
Evaporative approaches
Compressed air driven
Ultrasonic
Air washers
Sprayed coils
20. Ventilation Units:
A ‘ventilation unit’ (VU) is an electricity driven appliance
equipped with at least one impeller, one motor and a casing and
intended to replace utilized air by outdoor air in a building or a part of
a building.
There are two different types of VUs:
Unidirectional ventilation units (UVUs):
Ventilation units producing an air flow in one direction only,
either from indoors to outdoors (exhaust) or from outdoors to indoors
(supply), where the mechanically produced air flow is balanced by
natural air supply or exhaust;
Bidirectional ventilation units (BVU):
Ventilation units producing an air flow between indoors and
outdoors and are equipped with both exhaust and supply fans.
21. Duct Systems:
The distribution system (ducts) provides the
path between the outer air, the air handling system and the
terminal equipment that distributes the conditioned air. While
relatively passive, it can often account for a significant portion
of the system’s energy consumption due to the static pressure
requirement it imposes on the fan. Ducts can be constructed
from plate material or plastic on-site, but can also be
integrated in (prefab) construction elements.
Silencers:
A silencer is used for the noise absorption generated
by the ventilation units and spreading via the air ducts of the
ventilation system. In order to select the right silencer, the
design of the ventilation system and its components must be
known. Also, the ‘rule of thumb’ is used too often, causing
noise problems in the building.
22. Dampers and valves:
A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of
air inside a duct, air handling unit or other air handling equipment. A
damper can be used to regulate air flow rate for room-by-room
temperature and climate control. Its operation can be manual or
automatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of
a duct. Automatic dampers are used to regulate airflow constantly and
are operated by electric or pneumatic motors.
Air Terminal Devices (ATDs):
Components of the installation which are designed for
the purpose of achieving the predetermined movement of air into or
from the treated space. The terminal equipment associated with an
HVAC system provides the interface between the HVAC process that
conditions the air and the occupants and processes occurring in the
space.
23. Control system:
The control system or building automation system is
the operator of the ventilation system. It operates the fan,
heating/cooling elements, humidifiers, dampers, valves, and terminal
equipment. The most common functions are the control of space
temperature and indoor air quality and thus cannot be seen
completely separate from the heating/cooling system. In addition to
these functions, ventilation specific function like humidity control and
filtration systems can be employed.
Solar hot water system:
Solar thermal systems are one of the main current
installed HVAC/MEP systems in building with the aim of generation
Domestic Hot Water (DHW). It is the main renewable sources for
generation of this energy. Solar thermal systems use free energy from
the sun (solar radiation) to produce useful heat in a first instance.
24. Solar collectors:
By nature, the collectors are the most visible of all
solar thermal components – they are typically mounted
on the roof of a building, but can also be placed on the
façade, on balconies or mounted on ground structures. All
collector types have in common that solar irradiation is
absorbed by a dark – often black or dark-blue – surface,
which heats up and from which the heat is transferred
directly or indirectly.
Pump:
For pumped systems, the use of electricity for
pumps should be kept as low as possible, and therefore
over dimensioning of the power of the pump should be
avoided.
25. Heat exchanger:
For the transfer of the heat
gained from the sun to the domestic hot
water, a heat exchanger is required in
twin circuit systems. We can
differentiate between internal and
external heat exchangers.
26. LED Lighting Systems:
Lighting systems are
installed to provide a building with
artificial lighting when natural
lighting is insufficient or unavailable.
This can be because a space has no
windows, insufficient windows, or
when the space is to be used at
times when there is insufficient
daylight. Lighting can be provided by
different types of systems, currently
most office buildings are lit using
fluorescent lighting.
27. • As an alternative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices, builders and developers are looking to a newer
technology called Variable Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
• VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe for many years. Yet VRF systems have only
been introduced in the US within the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide.
• The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds numerous smaller air handlers throughout the
space. It’s air-cooled, which eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical treatments to
prevent the growth of bacteria. Here are some of the reasons why more builders are choosing the VRF system for
high rise residential construction projects.
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings
CUSTOM COMFORT: The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped to individual air handlers
(hence the name), which gives VRF technology an unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via
multiple zones within a space. This customization also helps with the issues of varying demand between upper and
lower floors.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption. The system is also
designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be
used for supplemental heating.
QUIET OPERATION: The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations, means quiet for the
homeowner.
LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to house the
units.
MORE DEPENDABLE: Since the compressor runs at a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear and tear, which
results in fewer breakdowns
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE
28. Heat recovery VRF
systems are more
efficient as they
harvest the heat
given off by the
building and recycles
it for better efficiency
and can save the
energy costs upto
33%.
29. • As an alternative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices, builders and developers are looking to a newer
technology called Variable Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
• VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe for many years. Yet VRF systems have only
been introduced in the US within the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide.
• The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds numerous smaller air handlers throughout the
space. It’s air-cooled, which eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical treatments to
prevent the growth of bacteria. Here are some of the reasons why more builders are choosing the VRF system for
high rise residential construction projects.
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings
CUSTOM COMFORT: The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped to individual air handlers
(hence the name), which gives VRF technology an unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via
multiple zones within a space. This customization also helps with the issues of varying demand between upper and
lower floors.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption. The system is also
designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be
used for supplemental heating.
QUIET OPERATION: The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations, means quiet for the
homeowner.
LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to house the
units.
MORE DEPENDABLE: Since the compressor runs at a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear and tear, which
results in fewer breakdowns
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE
30. Multi Zone HVAC
systems can offer
efficient climate control
by offering different
zones for different areas
of any space.
31. • As an alternative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices, builders and developers are looking to a newer
technology called Variable Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
• VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe for many years. Yet VRF systems have only
been introduced in the US within the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide.
• The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds numerous smaller air handlers throughout the
space. It’s air-cooled, which eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical treatments to
prevent the growth of bacteria. Here are some of the reasons why more builders are choosing the VRF system for
high rise residential construction projects.
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings
CUSTOM COMFORT: The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped to individual air handlers
(hence the name), which gives VRF technology an unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via
multiple zones within a space. This customization also helps with the issues of varying demand between upper and
lower floors.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption. The system is also
designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be
used for supplemental heating.
QUIET OPERATION: The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations, means quiet for the
homeowner.
LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to house the
units.
MORE DEPENDABLE: Since the compressor runs at a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear and tear, which
results in fewer breakdowns
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE
32. • As an alternative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices, builders and developers are looking to a newer
technology called Variable Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
• VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe for many years. Yet VRF systems have only
been introduced in the US within the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide.
• The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds numerous smaller air handlers throughout the
space. It’s air-cooled, which eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical treatments to
prevent the growth of bacteria. Here are some of the reasons why more builders are choosing the VRF system for
high rise residential construction projects.
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings
CUSTOM COMFORT: The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped to individual air handlers
(hence the name), which gives VRF technology an unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via
multiple zones within a space. This customization also helps with the issues of varying demand between upper and
lower floors.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption. The system is also
designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be
used for supplemental heating.
QUIET OPERATION: The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations, means quiet for the
homeowner.
LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to house the
units.
MORE DEPENDABLE: Since the compressor runs at a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear and tear, which
results in fewer breakdowns
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE
33. Heat recovery VRF
systems are more
efficient as they
harvest the heat
given off by the
building and recycles
it for better efficiency
and can save the
energy costs upto
33%.
34. Multi Zone VRF HVAC Systems
can provide us with the ability
and flexibility of having multiple
zones with independent heating
and cooling systems and
multiple temperature zones. This
helps keeping the optimum
temperatures for spaces like
food storage or spaces with
items that need specific
temperature
48. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
● FIRE ALARM SYSTEM: number of devices working
together to detect smoke, fire and carbon monoxide
through visual and audio appliances.
● PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM: electronic sound
amplifier and distributer system with a
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers-
addressing the larger crowd.
Fire Alarm Systems
Public address system
50. 1. Conventional Fire Alarm Systems
In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, physical cabling
is used to interconnect several call points and
detectors, the signals from which are wired back to the
main control unit.
Call points and detectors are arranged in “Zones” to
simplify locating the cause of the alarm, this is
important for both the fire brigade and general building
management.
Each zone is indicated at the Fire Alarm Control Panel
either with an indicator lamp, a text display or in some
cases both.
51. 2. Addressable Fire Alarm Systems
The detection circuit is wired as a loop.
It is common for the loop to be fitted with Loop
Isolation Modules so that the loop is sectioned
in order to ensure that a short circuit or single
fault will only cause the loss of a small part of
the system; allowing the rest of the system to
function normally
52. 3. Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems
Intelligent Fire Alarm system, each detector
effectively incorporates its own computer
which evaluates the environment around it
and communicates to the Control Panel
whether there is a fire, fault or the detector
head needs cleaning.
Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems are available in
2, 4, and 8 loop versions which means large
premises can be monitored from one single
panel.
53. 4. Wireless Fire Alarm Systems
Wireless Fire Alarm System.
These are an effective alternative to
traditional wired fire alarm systems for all
applications. They utilize secure, license-
free radio communications to interconnect
the sensors and devices with the
controllers.
55. CCTV AND SECURITY SYSTEMS
● An analogue camera is a
traditional camera used in CCTV
systems. It sends video over cable
to VCRs or DVRs.
● IP cameras are all digital
cameras that can send signals
over cable to be stored in the
network. Many security camera
systems today are hybrid systems
incorporating both analogue and
digital components.
56. Building Management system
BMS, connects all the equipment into centralized
mannar. It controls, monitors and optimizes the
MEP equipments using hardware and software
components.
Microprocessor
based controllers,
connecting directly
to these equipments
Data received by the system translate into graphical user interface
58. INTRODUCTION
Sewage:
•Also known as waste water
•The liquid waste obtained from a community.
•Includes discharges from latrines, urinals, & stables
•Discharges from industry & rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage:
a. Sanitary Sewage
b. Industrial Sewage
c. Combined Sewage
a. Sanitary Sewage:
• Also known as Domestics Sewage
• The foul discharges from residential &
commercial area
• It mainly includes discharges from
latrines, urinals, laundry etc
b. Industrial Sewage:
• The foul discharges from
industries
• It includes discharges produced
during the manufacturing of goods
c. Combined Sewage:
• Combination of Sanitary sewage &
Storm water
• Storm water is rain & snow melt that
runs off surfaces such as rooftops,
paved streets, highways & parking lots.
59. Sewerage System:
Sewerage:
• Sewage is produced everyday in towns & cities.
• Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
• Sewage has to be removed as early as possible.
• If not removed, it will cause insanitary condition
• The network of collecting & conveying sewage by water carriage system through under
ground pipes sewers is known as Sewerage.
• Components of sewerage system are :
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
Drain:
Is a plumbing fixture that
provides an exit-point for waste
water or water that is to be re-
circulated
The opening or hole through which a
man can enter the sewer line or other
closed structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps &equipments for
pumping fluids.
Supplies water to remove sewage from
processing site
Man hole: Pumping Station:
60. Sewer:
• Are the underground conduits or drains
• Used for carrying the sewage
• The most common types of sewer are:
I. Sanitary Sewer :
• Is a underground carriage system.
• Used for transporting sewage from houses and commercial
buildings
• Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry Industrial
sewage.
• Sanitary sewage is collected with the help of sanitary sewer
line
• The sanitary sewer is attached to a main sewer.
• The main sewer runs directly to the sewage treatment
plant.
II. Storm Sewer:
• A storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter &
catch basin
• Gutter allow the storm water to drain from the street directly
into the storm sewer.
61. Sewer:
III. Combined Sewer:
• Type of sewer system
• Collects sanitary sewage & storm water run off in a single pipe system.
• Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer overflows
• Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather.
• This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities.
62. Principles Of Sanitation:
Following are the principles for better
living condition:
Waste materials like sewage should be
removed as early as possible
Sewage after collection should be
treated within four hours.
Effluent should be disposed of
immediately
Building should be damp proof
Water supply should be regular &
sufficient so that the lavatories may be
done properly
63. Features Of Sewerage System:
A. Collection & Conveyance :
• Sewage is collected & conveyed through the system of pipe lines
or sewers
• The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system
• Where sewerage system is not provided, sewage is collected in
septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are :
A. Collection B. Conveyance C. Treatment D. Disposal
C. Sewage Treatment:
• Is a process of removing contaminants from sewage
• Objective is to produce an environmentally safe treated effluent
and sludge suitable for disposal or reuse
• Discharge to the environment must be accomplished without
transmitting diseases or endangering aquatic organisms,
64. Sewage Treatment :
There are 2 types of treatment system:
I. Septic & Imhoff Treatment System II. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)
I. A) Septic System:
• Consists of two major parts, the septic tank &
drain field
• The septic tank separates the sewage into three
components : Sludge(solid waste), Scum
(floatables) & Effluent (grey -water)
• Working Of Septic Tank:
1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Gravity pulls the solids to the base.
3. Scum layer is formed on the surface due to anaerobic
biological action.
4. Grey water leaves through the outlet pipe.
5. The effluent flows into a distribution box which then
distributes the effluent equally among the trenches in
the drain field.
65. Sewage Treatment :
Working Of Drain field:
1. The final treatment takes place in drain field.
2. Effluent trickles out of the pipes, through the gravel
layer and passes into the soil
3. The soil filters the wastewater as it passes through
the pore spaces
4. The soil microbes deactivates the disease germs that
remain in the effluent
5. Eventually treated water enters the groundwater
6. These processes work best where the soil is dry,
permeable, and contains plenty of oxygen below
the drain field.
66. Sewage Treatment :
I. B) Imhoff Treatment System:
• Is a 2 storied sludge digestion tank
• Invented by German scientist Mr. Karl Imhoff
• Working Of Imhoff Tank:
1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Settling of solids occurs in the upper compartment.
3. Effluent leaves through the outlet pipe.
4. Sludge falls through the slot to the digestion tank.
5. Anaerobic bacteria decomposes the organic matter.
6. Digestion process generates biogas
7. Biogas escapes through gas vent
8. Digested sludge is removed by the sludge removal
pipe
67. Sewage Treatment Process:
Primary Treatment:
• It is a physical process.
• Also known as sedimentation stage
• Sewage flow is slowed down
• Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
• The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
• Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank.
• Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment.
68. Features Of Sewerage System:
Sewage Disposal :
• Is an action or a process of throwing away or getting rid
of sewage.
• Purpose of Sewage disposal:
To conserve water resources.
To prevent contamination of drinking supplies.
To help promote health & comfortable living
To prevent the contamination of surface water use for
bathing and other resourceful uses.
• Various way of disposing sewage are:
1) Dumping of treated effluent into underground
2) Incineration : Dumping of effluent into seas.
3) Agriculture: Using treated sludge as manure
4) Reuse of reclaimed water
69. Reuse Of Effluent
Reuse of treated effluent or grey water can be done in following ways :
Flushing
Fire Fighting System Irrigation
Car wash Road wash
Industries
71. Booster System
Water main supply pressures of 8–12 metres (25–40 feet) can easily
supply a typical two - story building.
But for High-rise structures you need water booster system to supply
the water.
Also authorities must insure that, is the present and future public
water supply pressure would be sufficient to serve the building? Water Pressure Booster System
Water pressure boosting systems generally consist of one or
more pumps which are installed in a booster system to increase
the pressure in a system to a certain point independent of flow
and inlet pressure.
72. Booster System
Booster system is divided into two parts:
1- UP- FED system
2- Down – FED system
1- UP-FED: This system usually originate from a pressure booster
pump set or hydro-pneumatic tank in the basement of the building.
2-DOWN-FED: This systems usually originate from a rooftop gravity
tank.
The supply system is split into several zones supplying a maximum of
12 floors each. This ensures adequate water pressure on all floors
without using pressure relief valves. The minimum pressure on the
upper floor in each zone is kept at 1.5 - 2 bar. The maximum pressure
on the lowest floor in each zone does not exceed 4 - 4.5 bar.
73. Booster System
Advantages of these pressurized system includes:
1- Less demand of space than roof top tank.
2- Lower life cycle costs
3- Lower maintenance costs
Disadvantages are: it requires much amount of electricity.
Advantages of roof top water tank includes:
1- consistence water supply required.
2- Small power supply required.
Disadvantages are:
1- Greater structure required.
2- High operating costs.
3- High costs for piping, valves and tanks.
4- Lack of pressure control.
5- High maintenance required.
74. Drainage System
Drainage system for a multi-story building - the drains from the
plumbing fixtures are connected to vertical drain stacks that convey
the waste and sewage to below the lowest floor of the building.
Sanitary drainage system from a building should discharge to the
public sewer by gravity.
You also need to think for an alternate way to implant an approved
vacuum drainage system.
75. VACCUM Drainage System
In a vacuum drainage system, the differential pressure between the
atmosphere and the vacuum becomes the driving force that
propels the waste water towards the vacuum station.
Vacuum drainage systems should be considered when one or more
of the following conditions exist:
1- Water shortage.
2- Limited sewerage capacity.
3- Where separation of black water and grey water* is desired.
4- Where drainage by gravity becomes impractical.
Black water is waste water from toilets, while grey water is waste
water from sinks, dishwashers, bathtubs, and washing machines.
76. HOT WATER AND OTHER DUAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Controlling the delivery of hot water from a hot water vessel may require
tempered or thermostatically controlled water in all ablution areas, aged
person homes, hospitals or in health care area and other public places.
Use of thermostatically controlled mixing valves is encouraged where
practicable.
Multiple dwellings and multi-story buildings may have fire protection
systems such as sprinkler variety systems or high-pressure mains and
hydrants.
So the supply of water must be designed for every aspect, for example -
used water must be treated and then thrown into the dedicated space
recognized by authorities.
77. HOT WATER AND OTHER DUAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Drinking-water supply systems should be designed, installed and
maintained so as to prevent contaminants from being introduced into the
drinking-water supply system.
Combined tanks storing potable water alongside water for other purposes
should have a double partition wall installed internally to separate the two
supplies.
Separate water storage vessels are an integral part of many dual supply
systems.
78. HOT WATER AND OTHER DUAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Water storage tanks are appropriate for use in the following
circumstances:
1- Sanitary flushing.
2- Supply of drinking-water.
3- Firefighting .
4- Air-conditioning.
5- Refrigeration.
6- Ablutions.
7- Prevention of cross-connections.
79. LABELLING OF NON-DRINKABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Where the alternative supply is a non-potable drinking-water supply, it needs to
be clearly and permanently labelled “Caution – not for drinking” at every outlet.
Exposed piping must be identified by color coding (lilac) and permanent markings
or labelling.
Use of the lilac (light purple) color on pipes and outlet points has been adopted in
some countries to warn that the contents being conveyed within are not for
drinking purposes.
80. FIXTURE UNIT CALCULATIONS
The fixture unit concept is a method of calculating drinking-water supply and
drainage piping requirements within large buildings.
81. Case Study: Burj Khalifa
● Supplying water to Burj Khalifa
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of
pipes. An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air
conditioning system.
One of the many challenges in constructing the building was finding a way to deliver water all the way to the top floor. The building
engineers found their solution in Xylem’s Lowara pumps. The Burj Khalifa’s water supply is equipped with six water transfer sets and
seven pressure booster sets. The water booster sets, which are used to boost water pressure, are fitted with Hydrovar variable
speed drives. It supplies 1,000 cubic meters every day. The pumps are located both at the basement level and on two other technical
floors placed one-third of the way up the total height of the tower. They serve all domestic water outlets in the building. The pumps
have the pressures of 30 bar.
● Drainage system of Burj Khalifa:
You’d think that the world’s tallest building – a structure that requires amazingly complex engineering and technology to reach its
heights – would have an equally impressive sewage system. Unfortunately, that’s not the case because it isn’t hooked up to a
municipal wastewater treatment system –the waste water of Burj Khalifa is actually trucked out of the city. One of the world’s most
advanced buildings relies on an arcane method to transport wastewater to a treatment facility outside of town. The Burj Khalifa uses
a single-stack drainage system. A single-stack drainage system doesn’t separate wastewater. The drainage pipes are nearly 2 feet in
diameter. As Gizmodo calculated, a full building with 35,000 people would produce up to 15 tons per day of wastewater. The
inefficiency of such a system is mind-boggling and raises the issue of how architecture is more than just designing a great building.
Architects must also consider the impact of their building on the rest of the city and how it will interact with it. It’s all fine and good to
build the world’s tallest building, but if you have to remove the waste via inefficient and costly trucks, then you’ve failed.
82. ● Water Temperature:
The incoming water can reach as high as 104 degrees F in the summer and 68 F in the winter. Pre-cooling of the water is required in
the summer. The tower is cooled via a specially designed district cooling plant, which houses three individual plants and supplies
chilled water to Burj Khalifa. The central water plant uses a massive ice reservoir as a thermal storage system. Ice slurry is created in
off-peak hours and then used to reduce power consumption during the day.
Large 75cm pipes bring water with a temperature of 3.3˚C from the central water plant to the basement control centre in the tower,
where heat exchangers act to separate the incoming water from the higher pressure water in the tall tower. From the tower
basement the water is distributed up into the tower in 60cm pipes that gradually diminish in diameter as the water moves upward
through the various sections of the building.
85. •Semiconductor-based sensors: Placed on an integrated
circuit, these identical diodes use temperature sensitive
voltage compared with current conditions, allowing them to
record changes in temperature.
•Thermocouple: As the name suggests, this consists of two
wires – these are made from different metals and placed a
different points, with the change in voltage between the two
points showing change in temperature.
•Resistance Temperature Detector: A film or wire is
wrapped around a ceramic or glass core, with temperature
measured from the resistance between the element with
temperature. These tend to be the most accurate type of
sensor, but can also be the most expensive.
•Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor: Providing
high resistance at low temperatures, as temperature
increases resistance quickly drops – reflecting changes
quickly and accurately.
Smart Sensors In High Rise Buildings
86. There are three common types of humidity
sensor:
•Capacitive: With a porous dielectric
substance at the center, surrounded by two
electrodes, the sensor uses water vapor to
monitor humidity – when the vapor reaches
the electrodes it creates a voltage change.
•Resistive: Less sensitive than capacitive, they
operate on a similar basis, using electrical
change to measure relative humidity.
However, they use ions in salts to measure this
change to resistance on the electrodes.
•Thermal: Two matched thermal sensors
conduct electricity based on humidity of the
air surrounding them. One is coated in dry
nitrogen, the other measures ambient air –
with the difference between them measuring
the humidity reading.
87. • Desk occupancy sensors:
• Table occupancy sensors:
• Room occupancy sensors
• Cubicle occupancy sensors:
• Time-of-flight sensors
People-flow sensors:
• Infrared array sensors
• People counter and movement
sensors
• Contact sensors
• Gas / air-quality sensors
• Electrical current monitoring
sensors
Motion sensors or passive infra-red (PIR)
These sensors work by detecting heat emitted by people.
88. •Optical sensors measures electromagnetic energy including electricity and light. They’re used in industries such as
healthcare, energy and communications to monitor variables including light, radiation, electric and magnetic field and
temperature.
•Proximity sensors, much like motion sensors, detect the presence of an object and measure how close it is. One of the most
familiar uses is reverse parking sensors in cars.
•Pressure sensors detect pressure and alert the system administrator of any deviation from the standard pressure range –
similar to machine monitoring.
•Water-quality sensors are used in environmental management to measure chemicals, ions, organic elements, suspended
solids and pH levels in water.
•Chemical sensors detect the presence of chemicals in water or air.
•Smoke sensors detect levels of airborne particulates and gases. While they’ve been around for a while, the development of
IoT means they’re now able to notify users of problems immediately.
•Level sensors determine the level of fluids, liquids or other substances in an open or closed system. Image sensors can be
found in digital cameras, medical imaging and night vision equipment and biometric devices
•Accelerometer sensors detect vibration, tilting and acceleration in an object
•Gyroscope sensors are used together with accelerometers and measure angular velocity.