Learned behavior refers to actions or responses that an organism acquires through experience and interaction with its environment. It is not genetically inherited but rather developed over time based on past experiences. Learned behaviors can be influenced by various factors such as rewards, punishments, social interactions, and environmental cues. This type of behavior can be modified or changed through training, practice, or exposure to new stimuli.

1. Learnt behavior
Social, cultural and behavioral perspective of corruption (GANC-559)
A TERM PAPER PRESENTED TO THE MASTER DEGREE OF GOVRNANCE AND ANTI-
CORRUPTION
Submitted to:
Dr. Rabin Kumar Acharya
Governance and Anti-Corruption Studies
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University
Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
In the partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Masters of Arts in Governance
and Anti-Corruption Studies
Submitted by:
Pradip Gyawali
Roll no: 10
T.U. Regd. No. 6-2-364-169-2018
GANC- 2nd
Semester
2024

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RECOMMENDATION
This is recommended that the term paper entailed “Learnt Behavior” Mr. Pradip Gyawali has
prepared this term paper writing under my Guidance and supervision. Therefore, I recommend
this term paper writing to evaluation committee for final approval and acceptance as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the course of Master in Governance and Anti-corruption,
Social, cultural and behavioral perspectives of corruption (GANC-559)
…..………………………………….
Dr. Rabin Kumar Acharya
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
2024

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the successful
completion of this term paper on "Learnt Behavior" This endeavor would not have been
possible without the support, guidance, and assistance of numerous individuals and
organizations.
First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Rabin
Kumar Acharya for their unwavering support, valuable insights, and guidance throughout the
research process. Their expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping this term
paper.
I am immensely grateful to the faculty members of Tribhuvan University, Humanities
Department for providing me with a conducive learning environment and equipping me with the
necessary knowledge and skills to undertake this study. Their commitment to academic
excellence and dedication to the field of education have been an inspiration.
Thank you.
Pradip Gyawali
2024

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Table of Content
Learnt behavior.......................................................................................................................................1
RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................3
Table of Content......................................................................................................................................4
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................5
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................6
2. Types of Learned Behaviors .................................................................................................................7
a) Associative Learning: .......................................................................................................................7
b) Imprinting: ......................................................................................................................................7
c) Observational Learning: ...................................................................................................................7
d) Habituation and Sensitization:.........................................................................................................7
3. Theory of Learnt Behavior: ..................................................................................................................8
a) Behaviorism:....................................................................................................................................8
b) Cognitive Theory: ............................................................................................................................8
c) Social Learning Theory: ....................................................................................................................8
d) Constructivism:................................................................................................................................9
e) Biological Theories:..........................................................................................................................9
3. Mechanisms of Learned Behavior ......................................................................................................10
a) Neural Plasticity.............................................................................................................................10
i) Synaptic Changes:...........................................................................................................................10
ii) Formation of Neural Networks:......................................................................................................10
b) Neurotransmitters:........................................................................................................................11
4. Significance of Learned Behavior .......................................................................................................12
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................14
Reference..............................................................................................................................................15

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Abstract
In the realm of biology and psychology, the study of behavior encompasses a wide spectrum of
traits and actions displayed by organisms. One significant distinction within this domain lies
between learned behavior and innate behavior. While innate behaviors are instinctual and
genetically predisposed, learned behaviors emerge as a consequence of experience and
environmental interactions. This paper aims to delve into the intricacies of learned behavior,
exploring its definitions, theories, types, underlying mechanisms, and significance in the
evolutionary context across various species.

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1. Introduction
Behaviors exhibited by organisms are fascinating and varied, contributing significantly to their
survival, adaptation, and interactions within their environments. Among these behaviors, learned
behavior stands out as a product of experience rather than genetic inheritance. Unlike innate
behaviors, which are pre-programmed and instinctual, learned behaviors are acquired through
exposure to stimuli, interaction with the environment, or observation of others.
Learned behavior refers to the modification or development of actions, responses, or skills in an
organism resulting from experience, practice, or observation. This process involves the
acquisition of knowledge or skills that can be adapted or changed based on the organism's
encounters with the environment. These behaviors are not hardcoded into an organism's genetic
makeup but are rather a product of its experiences and interactions.

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2. Types of Learned Behaviors
a) Associative Learning:
Associative learning involves forming associations or connections between stimuli and
responses. This includes classical conditioning, where an organism learns to associate a neutral
stimulus with a significant event, and operant conditioning, where behaviors are shaped by
rewards or punishments.
b) Imprinting:
Imprinting is a type of learning observed in some species, particularly in the early stages of life.
Young organisms develop strong attachments or form behavioral patterns towards a particular
object or organism based on early experiences.
c) Observational Learning:
Also known as social learning or modeling, this type of learning occurs when an organism
imitates or learns from the actions or behaviors of others within its social group.
d) Habituation and Sensitization:
Habituation involves a decrease in response to repeated stimuli that have no consequences,
while sensitization involves an increase in response to a repeated or novel stimulus.

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3. Theory of Learnt Behavior:
There are several theories that seek to explain how learned behaviors are acquired and
manifested in organisms. Here are a few prominent ones:
a) Behaviorism:
Proposed by psychologists like Watson and Skinner, behaviorism emphasizes the role of the
environment in shaping behaviors. It suggests that behaviors are learned through conditioning,
where associations are formed between stimuli and responses. Classical conditioning (Pavlov's
dogs) and operant conditioning (Skinner's experiments) are central to this theory.
b) Cognitive Theory:
This theory focuses on the role of mental processes in learning. It suggests that learning involves
active mental processing, including attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving.
Cognitive theorists emphasize the importance of understanding internal mental states and how
they influence learning and behavior.
c) Social Learning Theory:
Developed by Albert Bandura, social learning theory emphasizes the role of observation and
modeling in learning. It suggests that individuals learn not only through direct experiences but
also by observing and imitating others. This theory highlights the importance of vicarious
learning, where individuals learn from the consequences experienced by others.

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d) Constructivism:
This theory posits that individuals actively construct their understanding and knowledge of the
world through experiences. Learning is viewed as a process of actively building meaning and
understanding based on prior knowledge and experiences. It emphasizes the role of interaction
between the learner and the environment.
e) Biological Theories:
These theories focus on the biological mechanisms underlying learning and behavior. They
explore how neural processes, genetics, and the brain's structure and function influence the
acquisition and expression of learned behaviors. For instance, research in neurobiology and
neuroscience sheds light on synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter involvement, and brain regions
involved in learning.
Each of these theories offers a distinct perspective on how learned behaviors develop and
manifest in organisms. They provide valuable frameworks for understanding the complexities of
learning processes across different contexts and species. Integrating these theories helps in
gaining a comprehensive understanding of learned behavior and its underlying mechanisms.

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3. Mechanisms of Learned Behavior
The mechanisms underlying learned behaviors are diverse and complex, often involving neural
plasticity and changes in the nervous system. The formation of new neural connections or
synaptic changes allows for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of learned information.
Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, play crucial roles in reinforcing or
modulating these behaviors.
a) Neural Plasticity:
Neural plasticity, also known as brain plasticity or neuroplasticity, refers to the brain's
remarkable ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. It
involves the brain's capacity to adapt and change in response to experiences, learning,
environmental influences, injury, or even aging.
i) Synaptic Changes:
Learning often involves the strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections between
neurons. This is known as synaptic plasticity. When we learn something new, especially through
repeated experiences, the connections between neurons involved in that learning process can
become stronger, making it easier for signals to pass through these pathways in the future.
ii) Formation of Neural Networks:
Learning also involves the creation of new neural networks or pathways. For instance, when we
learn a new skill, such as playing a musical instrument, the brain forms connections between

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regions responsible for motor skills, auditory processing, and memory, creating a network that
facilitates this skill.
b) Neurotransmitters:
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. Several neurotransmitters
play key roles in modulating and reinforcing learned behaviors:
i) Dopamine:
Often associated with reward and motivation, dopamine plays a crucial role in reinforcement
learning. When we experience something rewarding or pleasurable, dopamine is released,
strengthening neural connections associated with that behavior. This reinforcement encourages
the repetition of the behavior.
ii) Serotonin:
This neurotransmitter influences mood, emotion, and learning. It's involved in regulating mood
and can modulate the strength of neural connections related to emotional learning and memory.

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4. Significance of Learned Behavior
Learned behaviors provide organisms with flexibility and adaptability in changing environments.
They allow for the acquisition of new skills, adaptation to novel situations, and the ability to
modify behaviors based on experiences. In evolutionary terms, learned behaviors contribute to
the survival and reproductive success of species by enabling them to adjust to diverse and
dynamic environmental challenges.
The major significance learned behavior is described below:
a) Flexibility and Adaptability:
Organisms face ever-changing environments. Learned behaviors allow them to adjust and thrive
in these dynamic conditions. Unlike innate behaviors that are fixed, learned behaviors can be
modified, refined, or completely changed based on new experiences. This flexibility enables
organisms to adapt to shifts in their surroundings, such as changes in food availability, climate,
or social dynamics.
b) Acquisition of New Skills:
Through learning, organisms can acquire new skills or knowledge that might not be inherently
programmed in their genetic makeup. For instance, a bird learning a new foraging technique or a
primate acquiring social behaviors through observation and imitation demonstrates the
acquisition of novel skills.

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c) Adaptation to Novel Situations:
Learned behaviors equip organisms to cope with novel or unexpected situations. When faced
with a new challenge, individuals can draw upon their learned experiences to devise strategies or
responses that increase their chances of survival. This ability to adapt quickly can be critical in
environments where change is constant.
d) Modification Based on Experiences:
Learning allows organisms to modify their behaviors based on past experiences. For example, an
animal that encounters a dangerous situation and learns to avoid it will modify its behavior to
reduce the risk of harm in the future. This adaptive modification enhances survival prospects.
e) Contributing to Evolutionary Success:
In evolutionary terms, species that possess the ability to learn and adapt have a competitive
advantage. Over time, those with a capacity for learning are more likely to survive and reproduce
in changing environments, passing on their learned behaviors to future generations. This process,
known as cultural transmission in some species, allows for the accumulation and transfer of
knowledge across generations, contributing to the evolutionary success of the species.

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Conclusion
The study of learned behavior elucidates the intricate ways in which organisms adapt and thrive
in their environments. From simple conditioning to complex social learning, the spectrum of
learned behaviors showcases the remarkable plasticity and adaptability of living organisms.
Understanding these behaviors not only sheds light on cognitive processes but also holds
implications for various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and ecology, contributing to
a deeper comprehension of life's complexity.

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Reference
Learning Theory: Definition and Types of Learning Theories. (n.d.). Indeed Career Guide.
https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/learning-theory
Wrenn, J., & Wrenn, B. (2009). Enhancing Learning by Integrating Theory and
Practice. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 21(2), 258–265.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ899313.pdf
Learned behaviors (article) | Ecology. (2023). Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/responses-to-the-
environment/a/learned-behaviors
Learned behaviour | psychology. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/learned-behavior
MBA, P. L., MS. (2022, June 19). 6 Types of Learned Behavior and Why Some Are So Hard to
Change. Parenting for Brain. https://www.parentingforbrain.com/learned-behavior-types/