A cruise ship is a passenger used for pleasure voyages.
Cruise ships are destinations in themselves with features and amenities comparable or superior to land-based resorts.
Cruising is remarkably affordable and one can enjoy his/her dream vacations.
This document discusses ship classification and types. It classifies ships by usage into merchant ships, naval and coast guard vessels, recreational vessels, utility tugs, research and environmental ships, and ferries. It further breaks down merchant ships into general cargo vessels, tanker vessels, bulk carriers, and container ships. The document also classifies ships by their support type, such as aerostatic, hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and submarines.
The document discusses various aspects of commercial airline travel, including:
- Types of airline flights such as nonstop, direct, and connecting flights.
- Components of an airplane like the fuselage, wings, engines, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, and control surfaces.
- Types of airline seats and how their size is measured by pitch (legroom between rows) and width (distance between armrests).
- Pros and cons of different seating locations on a plane from the front to the back of coach class.
The document discusses green shipping and sustainability in the shipping industry. It defines green shipping as using resources and energy for transport by ship in a way that reduces environmental impacts. It outlines regulations from the IMO that shipping must comply with to be environmentally friendly. It discusses the environmental impacts of shipping, including its contribution to climate change and carbon emissions. It also summarizes one shipping company's approaches to sustainability in areas like reducing their environmental impact, acting ethically, and contributing to economic development.
Este documento discute os transportes fluviais em Portugal. Apresenta diferentes embarcações como o cacilheiro e o moliceiro e descreve como os rios eram usados para transporte no passado. Também discute as vantagens e desvantagens dos transportes fluviais e como eles são pouco usados atualmente em Portugal.
This document provides an overview of tourism geography across multiple countries in the Middle East. It discusses the cultural features, religions, and languages common to many countries in the region. Specific places of interest are highlighted for Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, and Iran. These include important historical and religious sites, natural landscapes, cities, and the infrastructure and resources that support each country's tourism industry.
A classification society establishes and maintains technical standards for marine vessels and offshore structures. It classifies ships by reviewing designs, inspecting construction, and conducting periodic surveys to verify compliance with standards. Major classification societies form the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) which oversees the application of common technical standards. A ship's class can be suspended or withdrawn if it fails to meet standards during surveys or if the owner declares it will no longer trade.
Port arrastre, logistics and traffic managementGene Almelia
The document provides information on the origin and development of ports including:
1) Ports originated as natural shelters for ships and have since developed facilities for cargo transfer between ship and shore.
2) Ship sizes increased rapidly from the 1950s onward, requiring ports to adapt through deeper waters and larger berths.
3) The rise of containerization and larger ships led to hub-and-spoke systems where large "center ports" connect to smaller feeder ports.
4) Port development is ongoing to meet changing ship and cargo transport needs through new facilities, equipment, locations, and operational changes.
A cruise ship is a passenger used for pleasure voyages.
Cruise ships are destinations in themselves with features and amenities comparable or superior to land-based resorts.
Cruising is remarkably affordable and one can enjoy his/her dream vacations.
This document discusses ship classification and types. It classifies ships by usage into merchant ships, naval and coast guard vessels, recreational vessels, utility tugs, research and environmental ships, and ferries. It further breaks down merchant ships into general cargo vessels, tanker vessels, bulk carriers, and container ships. The document also classifies ships by their support type, such as aerostatic, hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and submarines.
The document discusses various aspects of commercial airline travel, including:
- Types of airline flights such as nonstop, direct, and connecting flights.
- Components of an airplane like the fuselage, wings, engines, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, and control surfaces.
- Types of airline seats and how their size is measured by pitch (legroom between rows) and width (distance between armrests).
- Pros and cons of different seating locations on a plane from the front to the back of coach class.
The document discusses green shipping and sustainability in the shipping industry. It defines green shipping as using resources and energy for transport by ship in a way that reduces environmental impacts. It outlines regulations from the IMO that shipping must comply with to be environmentally friendly. It discusses the environmental impacts of shipping, including its contribution to climate change and carbon emissions. It also summarizes one shipping company's approaches to sustainability in areas like reducing their environmental impact, acting ethically, and contributing to economic development.
Este documento discute os transportes fluviais em Portugal. Apresenta diferentes embarcações como o cacilheiro e o moliceiro e descreve como os rios eram usados para transporte no passado. Também discute as vantagens e desvantagens dos transportes fluviais e como eles são pouco usados atualmente em Portugal.
This document provides an overview of tourism geography across multiple countries in the Middle East. It discusses the cultural features, religions, and languages common to many countries in the region. Specific places of interest are highlighted for Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, and Iran. These include important historical and religious sites, natural landscapes, cities, and the infrastructure and resources that support each country's tourism industry.
A classification society establishes and maintains technical standards for marine vessels and offshore structures. It classifies ships by reviewing designs, inspecting construction, and conducting periodic surveys to verify compliance with standards. Major classification societies form the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) which oversees the application of common technical standards. A ship's class can be suspended or withdrawn if it fails to meet standards during surveys or if the owner declares it will no longer trade.
Port arrastre, logistics and traffic managementGene Almelia
The document provides information on the origin and development of ports including:
1) Ports originated as natural shelters for ships and have since developed facilities for cargo transfer between ship and shore.
2) Ship sizes increased rapidly from the 1950s onward, requiring ports to adapt through deeper waters and larger berths.
3) The rise of containerization and larger ships led to hub-and-spoke systems where large "center ports" connect to smaller feeder ports.
4) Port development is ongoing to meet changing ship and cargo transport needs through new facilities, equipment, locations, and operational changes.
This document provides an introduction to the UK travel and tourism industry. It defines key terms like travel, tourism, and tourists. It also outlines the different types of tourism including inbound, outbound, and domestic tourism. The document discusses the various types of tourists and organizations involved in the industry, such as airlines, airports, accommodation providers, attractions, tour operators, travel agents, and government/tourist boards. It provides examples of major players in each sector and explains concepts like direct sales, integration, and distribution channels.
The document provides an overview of cruise tourism, including the history and growth of cruising. It discusses the various cruise destinations around the world, types of cruises, cruise ships, and major cruise lines. Specific regions covered include the Mediterranean, with ports in countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. Different types of cruises are defined, such as ocean voyages, river cruises, day cruises, and specialty cruises. Ship sizes are described based on passenger capacity and tonnage. Anatomy of modern cruise ships and some of the largest operators, including Royal Caribbean, Carnival, and Costa, are also summarized.
The document defines different types of journeys including one-way, roundtrip, circle trip, round the world, and open jaw. It also explains concepts like routing types, fare calculations for one-way journeys, and the use of backhaul checks when an indirect routing has a higher fare to an intermediate point than the direct routing to the destination. Key terms for air travel are also defined.
The Teletubbies is a British children's television series that was created in the United Kingdom and aired 365 episodes between 1997 to 2001. The show features four main characters - Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa, and Po - who each have distinct personalities and characteristics, such as Tinky Winky being the oldest and largest while carrying a red bag, Dipsy being stubborn, Laa-Laa liking to sing and dance, and Po being the youngest who blows bubbles.
Cruise tourism has grown due to rising living standards and a desire for new experiences. While traditionally popular in Europe and Southeast Asia, India's natural and cultural heritage could help leverage its position in global tourism if cruise tourism facilities are developed. Cruise tourism involves leisure travel on ships for at least 48 hours, making multiple port stops. It has grown from smaller ships in the 1800s to larger modern ships offering various amenities and activities. India could develop its cruise tourism industry by utilizing its ports and destinations.
Container Strategy, benchmarking and viability Ngqura Container TerminalTransnet Port Terminals
Transnet Port Terminals is considering its container strategy and the viability of Ngqura Container Terminal. The document discusses:
1. TPT's strategy to grow its home operations in South Africa while also expanding globally, including establishing Ngqura as a transhipment hub for sub-Saharan Africa.
2. A benchmarking analysis showing Ngqura's operational efficiency and terminal handling charges are competitive compared to international ports.
3. The potential impacts of privatizing Ngqura container terminal operations, including negative impacts on Transnet's investment and developmental goals versus benefits of potentially increased efficiency from a private operator.
The document discusses the Butler tourist resort cycle-life model, which has six stages: 1) Exploration, 2) Involvement, 3) Development, 4) Consolidation, 5) Stagnation, and 6) Decline or Rejuvenation. It provides details about each stage, such as tourists being initially attracted to features, locals providing tourist facilities, large companies building complexes, tourism becoming a major local economy, destinations becoming unfashionable, and attempts to modernize or prefer other resorts.
I gave this presentation to the department Technology and Operations Management to explain my thoughts on how sea ports act in global supply chains through organisational, logistics, and information networks.
The document discusses several publications that provide information relevant for the travel industry: OAG (Official Airlines Guide), PAT (Passenger Air Tariff), and TIM (Travel Information Manual). OAG publishes monthly and provides up-to-date flight schedules for 95% of worldwide flights. PAT publishes quarterly and provides up-to-date airfares for 90-95% of worldwide flights. TIM publishes monthly and provides country information and data from airlines and WHO for 95% of the world's countries. These publications are reliable sources of travel information despite not always reflecting the most recent changes, as they receive data directly from airlines.
This document provides information on various aviation-related topics including:
- Geographic regions divided into IATA traffic conference areas
- Definitions of revenue and non-revenue passengers
- Explanations of fares, baggage allowances, excess baggage charges, and types of journeys such as one-way, return, circle trips and open jaws
- Descriptions of checked and unchecked baggage
- Notes on fare types including adult, child, and infant fares as well as normal, special and constructed fares
GDS Software Development |Travel Portal DevelopmentEllenSA2
Travelopro offers a GDS system, GDS software, and travel GDS and GDS API integration for the hotelier, tour operators, and travel companies worldwide.
Travelopro Global Distribution System (GDS) is a computerized network system. it is a large computer network that is integrated with 100s of worldwide airlines and consolidators for enabling transactions between travel agents and travel sites and also used by airlines, hotels, car rentals, railways, and buses.
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is a business forum composed of CEOs from travel and tourism companies. It aims to promote travel and tourism by advocating for policies that support industry growth and jobs. Key priorities include promoting freedom to travel through smarter visa policies, implementing business-friendly growth policies, and ensuring sustainable tourism development. WTTC works with governments and businesses to recognize travel and tourism's economic importance and pursue long-term, shared growth while balancing social and environmental impacts.
The document discusses micro enterprises and microfinance in tourism. It defines micro enterprises based on investment levels for manufacturing and service sectors. Micro enterprises are very small businesses that play an important role in developing economies by creating jobs and income. They often rely on microloans from microfinance institutions. The document also discusses microfinance and its evolution and role in India, where it provides small loans and financial services to low-income individuals and families. Micro enterprises, especially small travel agencies, make up a major part of the tourism industry in many countries.
The document provides information on the various departments and operations of an airline called airBaltic. It discusses the missions and responsibilities of the Ground Operations, In-flight Service, Documentation Office, Flight Dispatch, Flight Support, Crew Planning, Cabin Operations, and Flight Deck Crew departments. It also includes sample reservation forms and IATA airport codes. The document aims to outline the key functions and roles across the different aspects of airBaltic's business.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
Tourism planning involves considering many social, economic, political, and technological factors. Tourism planning in India began in the 1980s with the announcement of India's first tourism policy. Various five-year plans advocated for policies to promote domestic and international tourism, develop tourist areas, restore heritage sites, and encourage private sector participation. Tourism planning occurs at different levels from individual businesses to national governments. The types of tourism planning include spatial, sectoral, integrated, complex, centralized, and decentralized approaches. The tourism planning process involves defining objectives, data gathering, analysis, preliminary planning, approval, final plans, and implementation. Tourism can provide economic benefits like boosting balance of payments, employment, and investment, but also poses risks such as leak
From ancient dugout canoes to modern megaships, maritime vessels have evolved significantly over thousands of years. Early boats included Egyptian reed boats, Khufu's solar boat made of wood and rope, and dhows used in the Red Sea. During medieval times, Viking longships with 60 rowers and massive Chinese junks carrying over 200 people were prominent. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the SS Savannah in 1818. Modern developments include the first iron hulled ocean liner SS Great Britain in 1843, the first oil tanker the Zoroaster in 1870, the ill-fated RMS Titanic in 1912, and now huge passenger, war, and cargo ships.
This document provides an introduction to the UK travel and tourism industry. It defines key terms like travel, tourism, and tourists. It also outlines the different types of tourism including inbound, outbound, and domestic tourism. The document discusses the various types of tourists and organizations involved in the industry, such as airlines, airports, accommodation providers, attractions, tour operators, travel agents, and government/tourist boards. It provides examples of major players in each sector and explains concepts like direct sales, integration, and distribution channels.
The document provides an overview of cruise tourism, including the history and growth of cruising. It discusses the various cruise destinations around the world, types of cruises, cruise ships, and major cruise lines. Specific regions covered include the Mediterranean, with ports in countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. Different types of cruises are defined, such as ocean voyages, river cruises, day cruises, and specialty cruises. Ship sizes are described based on passenger capacity and tonnage. Anatomy of modern cruise ships and some of the largest operators, including Royal Caribbean, Carnival, and Costa, are also summarized.
The document defines different types of journeys including one-way, roundtrip, circle trip, round the world, and open jaw. It also explains concepts like routing types, fare calculations for one-way journeys, and the use of backhaul checks when an indirect routing has a higher fare to an intermediate point than the direct routing to the destination. Key terms for air travel are also defined.
The Teletubbies is a British children's television series that was created in the United Kingdom and aired 365 episodes between 1997 to 2001. The show features four main characters - Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa, and Po - who each have distinct personalities and characteristics, such as Tinky Winky being the oldest and largest while carrying a red bag, Dipsy being stubborn, Laa-Laa liking to sing and dance, and Po being the youngest who blows bubbles.
Cruise tourism has grown due to rising living standards and a desire for new experiences. While traditionally popular in Europe and Southeast Asia, India's natural and cultural heritage could help leverage its position in global tourism if cruise tourism facilities are developed. Cruise tourism involves leisure travel on ships for at least 48 hours, making multiple port stops. It has grown from smaller ships in the 1800s to larger modern ships offering various amenities and activities. India could develop its cruise tourism industry by utilizing its ports and destinations.
Container Strategy, benchmarking and viability Ngqura Container TerminalTransnet Port Terminals
Transnet Port Terminals is considering its container strategy and the viability of Ngqura Container Terminal. The document discusses:
1. TPT's strategy to grow its home operations in South Africa while also expanding globally, including establishing Ngqura as a transhipment hub for sub-Saharan Africa.
2. A benchmarking analysis showing Ngqura's operational efficiency and terminal handling charges are competitive compared to international ports.
3. The potential impacts of privatizing Ngqura container terminal operations, including negative impacts on Transnet's investment and developmental goals versus benefits of potentially increased efficiency from a private operator.
The document discusses the Butler tourist resort cycle-life model, which has six stages: 1) Exploration, 2) Involvement, 3) Development, 4) Consolidation, 5) Stagnation, and 6) Decline or Rejuvenation. It provides details about each stage, such as tourists being initially attracted to features, locals providing tourist facilities, large companies building complexes, tourism becoming a major local economy, destinations becoming unfashionable, and attempts to modernize or prefer other resorts.
I gave this presentation to the department Technology and Operations Management to explain my thoughts on how sea ports act in global supply chains through organisational, logistics, and information networks.
The document discusses several publications that provide information relevant for the travel industry: OAG (Official Airlines Guide), PAT (Passenger Air Tariff), and TIM (Travel Information Manual). OAG publishes monthly and provides up-to-date flight schedules for 95% of worldwide flights. PAT publishes quarterly and provides up-to-date airfares for 90-95% of worldwide flights. TIM publishes monthly and provides country information and data from airlines and WHO for 95% of the world's countries. These publications are reliable sources of travel information despite not always reflecting the most recent changes, as they receive data directly from airlines.
This document provides information on various aviation-related topics including:
- Geographic regions divided into IATA traffic conference areas
- Definitions of revenue and non-revenue passengers
- Explanations of fares, baggage allowances, excess baggage charges, and types of journeys such as one-way, return, circle trips and open jaws
- Descriptions of checked and unchecked baggage
- Notes on fare types including adult, child, and infant fares as well as normal, special and constructed fares
GDS Software Development |Travel Portal DevelopmentEllenSA2
Travelopro offers a GDS system, GDS software, and travel GDS and GDS API integration for the hotelier, tour operators, and travel companies worldwide.
Travelopro Global Distribution System (GDS) is a computerized network system. it is a large computer network that is integrated with 100s of worldwide airlines and consolidators for enabling transactions between travel agents and travel sites and also used by airlines, hotels, car rentals, railways, and buses.
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is a business forum composed of CEOs from travel and tourism companies. It aims to promote travel and tourism by advocating for policies that support industry growth and jobs. Key priorities include promoting freedom to travel through smarter visa policies, implementing business-friendly growth policies, and ensuring sustainable tourism development. WTTC works with governments and businesses to recognize travel and tourism's economic importance and pursue long-term, shared growth while balancing social and environmental impacts.
The document discusses micro enterprises and microfinance in tourism. It defines micro enterprises based on investment levels for manufacturing and service sectors. Micro enterprises are very small businesses that play an important role in developing economies by creating jobs and income. They often rely on microloans from microfinance institutions. The document also discusses microfinance and its evolution and role in India, where it provides small loans and financial services to low-income individuals and families. Micro enterprises, especially small travel agencies, make up a major part of the tourism industry in many countries.
The document provides information on the various departments and operations of an airline called airBaltic. It discusses the missions and responsibilities of the Ground Operations, In-flight Service, Documentation Office, Flight Dispatch, Flight Support, Crew Planning, Cabin Operations, and Flight Deck Crew departments. It also includes sample reservation forms and IATA airport codes. The document aims to outline the key functions and roles across the different aspects of airBaltic's business.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
Tourism planning involves considering many social, economic, political, and technological factors. Tourism planning in India began in the 1980s with the announcement of India's first tourism policy. Various five-year plans advocated for policies to promote domestic and international tourism, develop tourist areas, restore heritage sites, and encourage private sector participation. Tourism planning occurs at different levels from individual businesses to national governments. The types of tourism planning include spatial, sectoral, integrated, complex, centralized, and decentralized approaches. The tourism planning process involves defining objectives, data gathering, analysis, preliminary planning, approval, final plans, and implementation. Tourism can provide economic benefits like boosting balance of payments, employment, and investment, but also poses risks such as leak
From ancient dugout canoes to modern megaships, maritime vessels have evolved significantly over thousands of years. Early boats included Egyptian reed boats, Khufu's solar boat made of wood and rope, and dhows used in the Red Sea. During medieval times, Viking longships with 60 rowers and massive Chinese junks carrying over 200 people were prominent. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the SS Savannah in 1818. Modern developments include the first iron hulled ocean liner SS Great Britain in 1843, the first oil tanker the Zoroaster in 1870, the ill-fated RMS Titanic in 1912, and now huge passenger, war, and cargo ships.
2. PRÄSENTATİON IM ENTWURF
• Einführung
• Weltkreuzfahrtziele
• Das Mittelmeer
• Arten von Kreuzfahrten
• Kreuzfahrtshiffe und Linien
3. EINFUHRUNG
• Ein Kreuzfahrtshiff ist ein Passagierfahrten zum Vergnügen
verwendet.
• Kreuzfahrtschiffe sind die Ziele an sich mit Funktionen und
Annehmlichkeiten vergleichbar oder besser land-based-
Resorts.
• Cruising ist bemerkenswert günstig
4. GESCHICHTE
• Kreuzfahrttourismus machte seinen kleinen Anfängen im Jahr
1839 als Teil des vierzehntägig Kreuzung Mail-Dienst zwischen
Liverpool und Boston.
• Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert konkurrieren zunehmend
größeren und schnelleren Fahrgastschiffe.
5. PRODUKTE UND DIENSTLEISTUNGEN
Cruising is a unique tourism product, a blend of
the 5A’s
5 A’s of Cruising
• Attractions
• Activities
• Access
• Accommodation
• Amenities.
6. PROFIL DER KREUZ REISENDER
• Es gibt eine Reihe von Motiven oder Gründe,
warum Menschen es vorziehen,
Kreuzfahrten…
7. WARUM MENSCHEN ES VORZIEHEN
KREUZFAHRTSCHIFFE ?
• Eine Kreuzfahrt ist eine "stressfreien" Urlaub
• Eine Kreuzfahrt ist etwas "Neues" und "Modisch
• Kreuzfahrten bieten eine Vielzahl von Veranstaltungen, Aktivitäten und
Mahlzeiten
• Es ist einfach, Leute zu treffen und neue Freunde auf einer Kreuzfahrt
• Es ist eine gute Möglichkeit, einen besonderen Anlass oder Ereignis zu
feiern
8. WELT KREUZFAHRHT DESTINATIONEN
• Australian/Neuseeland;
• Bahamas, Bermuda;
• Ostsee;
• Karibik;
• Mittelamerica;
• Europa (Nordeuropa);
• Florida;
• Hawaii;
• Das Mittelmeer;
• Südamerika;
• Süden pasific;
• USA.
• Neu destinationen:
• China, Dubai, Mauritius
(Costa) etc…
9. DAS MITTELMEER
• Mittelmeergebiet können in zwei Gruppen
unterteilt werden:
10. DAS MITTELMEER
Östliches Mittelmeer:
• Kroatien (Dubrovnik, Split, Pola, Zadar, Rovinj , Kotor…)
• Griechenland und seine Inseln (Mykonos, Santorini, Rhodes, Corfu, Crete,
Katakolon, Piraeus…)
• Turkei, (Istanbul, Kusadasi, Izmir…) Zypern (Limassol),
• Malta (La Valletta),
• Ägypten (Alexandria) und neu destinationen.
• Libyen (Tripolis).
11. DAS MITTELMEER
• Westliches Mittelmeer:
• Spanien (Barcelona, Almeria, Malaga, Alicante)
• Frankreich (Marseille,Nizza, St. Tropez, Cannes)
• Italien (Genua, Savona, Rom (Civitavecchia), Neapel, Venedig, Livorno,
Bari, Palermo, Messina)
• Tunesien (La Goulette -Tunis)
• Algerien (Algier)
12. ARTEN VON KREUZFAHRTEN
• Seereisen: Ein One-Way-Durchgang von einem Punkt zum anderen über
einen größeren Körper von Wasser.
• Standard Kreuzfahrten: Eine Kreuzfahrt offenen Wasser kann Einweg-oder
Hin-und Rück mit mehreren Häfen sein.
• Fluss/Kanal Kreuzfahrten: Fluss und Kanalrundfahrten sind eng mit der
Kultur und Geschichte des Landes verknüpft ist getourt.
• Ziel / Expedition Kreuzfahrten: Basierend auf der Ziel, die besucht
werden.
13. ARTEN VON KREUZFAHRTEN
• Tag Kreuzfahrten: Kreuzfahrten sind in der Regel Tag ein Kreuzfahrterlebnis
von 15 Stunden oder weniger.
• Moderne Kreuzfahrten: Diese Kreuzfahrtlinien haben in der Regel im Resort-
Stil Einrichtungen mit Schwerpunkt auf Schiffsbordaktivitäten .
• Luxus Kreuzfahrten: Mit hoher Stil Luxus mit Betonung auf Ziele und
Schiffsbordausstattung.
• Spezialität Kreuzfahrten: Abenteuer-Stil Kreuzfahrt mit einem Schwerpunkt
auf Ziel, Bildung, und aus Schiff-Aktivitäten.
19. KREUZFAHRT LINIEN
• Costa Cruise Linien
• Holland America Linie
• MSC Cruises
• Royal Caribbean International
• Star Cruises
• Norwegian Cruise Linie
• Seabourn Cruise Linie
• AMA Waterways
• American Cruise Linie
• Carnival Cruise Linien
• Das größte Kreuzfahrtschiff in der Welt
• Royal Caribbean International
• Oasis of the Seas