This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models, schemas, and instances. There are three categories of data models: high-level conceptual models, low-level physical models, and representational models. Schemas describe the database design while instances represent the actual data. The three schema architecture separates the internal, conceptual, and external schemas. Database languages include DDL for design, DML for manipulation, and others. DBMSs provide various interfaces and operate within a database system environment.
The document discusses using CGI::Application, Template::Toolkit, and DBIx::Class to create simple web applications in Perl. It provides an overview of MVC architecture and how these three modules separate code into the Model, View, and Controller components. It includes sample code for setting up a basic application using these modules, interacting with a database via DBIx::Class, and rendering views with Template::Toolkit.
The document provides an overview of the SQL language. It discusses:
1) The background and history of SQL, including its origins at IBM and the development of standards over time.
2) The basic components and capabilities of SQL, including its use for data definition, query, update, and more.
3) Key SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and SELECT that are used for data manipulation and queries.
The document describes concepts related to entity relationship modeling including:
- Entity types represent real world objects like employees, departments, etc. and have attributes.
- Relationship types define relationships between entity types like works_for between employees and departments.
- An example database schema for a company is presented with entity types for departments, projects, employees, and dependents along with attributes and relationships.
- Additional concepts covered include keys, cardinality, participation constraints, and weak entity types.
Chapter 4 record storage and primary file organizationJafar Nesargi
This document discusses file organization and storage on disk drives. It begins by describing primary and secondary storage, with secondary storage including magnetic disks and tapes. Disks are organized into tracks and sectors to store data blocks. Records can be stored in files as fixed-length or variable-length records. Buffering allows parallel reading and processing of blocks from disk to improve performance.
This document provides an introduction to Java Server Pages (JSP) including its advantages, elements, and lifecycle. JSP uses Java code to dynamically generate web page content while utilizing HTML for presentation. Key elements of a JSP page include static content, directives, expressions, scriptlets, and actions. The JSP lifecycle involves translation, compilation, and execution phases to generate servlets from JSP files and handle requests.
Chapter 6 relational data model and relationalJafar Nesargi
The document discusses the relational data model and relational algebra. It describes key concepts of the relational model including relations, tuples, domains, attributes, and constraints. It defines domains as sets of atomic values, relation schemas made up of relation names and attribute lists, and tuples as ordered lists of values. It discusses characteristics of relations such as ordering, null values, and interpretation. It also covers relational model notation, constraints including domain, key, entity integrity, referential integrity constraints and foreign keys, and update operations such as insert, delete, and modify operations.
The document discusses Java servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP). It provides an introduction to HTTP and web interactions, and describes how servlets and JSPs allow Java code to generate dynamic web content. It explains the request-response cycle between clients and servers, and how servlets fit into this model. It also covers servlet containers, the servlet lifecycle, deployment descriptors, and developing and running servlets.
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models, schemas, and instances. There are three categories of data models: high-level conceptual models, low-level physical models, and representational models. Schemas describe the database design while instances represent the actual data. The three schema architecture separates the internal, conceptual, and external schemas. Database languages include DDL for design, DML for manipulation, and others. DBMSs provide various interfaces and operate within a database system environment.
The document discusses using CGI::Application, Template::Toolkit, and DBIx::Class to create simple web applications in Perl. It provides an overview of MVC architecture and how these three modules separate code into the Model, View, and Controller components. It includes sample code for setting up a basic application using these modules, interacting with a database via DBIx::Class, and rendering views with Template::Toolkit.
The document provides an overview of the SQL language. It discusses:
1) The background and history of SQL, including its origins at IBM and the development of standards over time.
2) The basic components and capabilities of SQL, including its use for data definition, query, update, and more.
3) Key SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and SELECT that are used for data manipulation and queries.
The document describes concepts related to entity relationship modeling including:
- Entity types represent real world objects like employees, departments, etc. and have attributes.
- Relationship types define relationships between entity types like works_for between employees and departments.
- An example database schema for a company is presented with entity types for departments, projects, employees, and dependents along with attributes and relationships.
- Additional concepts covered include keys, cardinality, participation constraints, and weak entity types.
Chapter 4 record storage and primary file organizationJafar Nesargi
This document discusses file organization and storage on disk drives. It begins by describing primary and secondary storage, with secondary storage including magnetic disks and tapes. Disks are organized into tracks and sectors to store data blocks. Records can be stored in files as fixed-length or variable-length records. Buffering allows parallel reading and processing of blocks from disk to improve performance.
This document provides an introduction to Java Server Pages (JSP) including its advantages, elements, and lifecycle. JSP uses Java code to dynamically generate web page content while utilizing HTML for presentation. Key elements of a JSP page include static content, directives, expressions, scriptlets, and actions. The JSP lifecycle involves translation, compilation, and execution phases to generate servlets from JSP files and handle requests.
Chapter 6 relational data model and relationalJafar Nesargi
The document discusses the relational data model and relational algebra. It describes key concepts of the relational model including relations, tuples, domains, attributes, and constraints. It defines domains as sets of atomic values, relation schemas made up of relation names and attribute lists, and tuples as ordered lists of values. It discusses characteristics of relations such as ordering, null values, and interpretation. It also covers relational model notation, constraints including domain, key, entity integrity, referential integrity constraints and foreign keys, and update operations such as insert, delete, and modify operations.
The document discusses Java servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP). It provides an introduction to HTTP and web interactions, and describes how servlets and JSPs allow Java code to generate dynamic web content. It explains the request-response cycle between clients and servers, and how servlets fit into this model. It also covers servlet containers, the servlet lifecycle, deployment descriptors, and developing and running servlets.
This document provides an introduction to networking. It defines a network as a group of connected computers and devices that allows users to share resources. Networks enable collaboration and data sharing between multiple users. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It distinguishes between peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Intranets are also discussed as private networks internal to an organization that use the same protocols as the public Internet but have restricted access.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions of a computer, its components, and the history of computers. It discusses how a computer accepts data as input, processes it, and provides output. The main components are the input, output, and central processing units. It covers the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation aiming for natural language processing. Different types of computers like analog and digital are also defined. The document concludes by identifying the common hardware components of a modern computer like the keyboard, mouse, power supply, motherboard, processor, memory, storage, display, and ports.
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), including a brief history, common uses, syntax, and limitations. CSS allows separation of document content from page layout and formatting. It supports properties for various text, font, background, and other visual styles. CSS rules cascade from broad to specific and can be defined internally, in external style sheets, or inline in elements.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows styling and formatting of HTML documents. CSS rules define how elements are displayed, through properties like colors and fonts. Styles can be defined inline, in internal style sheets within HTML, or in external style sheet files. When multiple conflicting styles apply to an element, the last defined style takes precedence due to cascading.
Session1 gateway to web page developmentJafar Nesargi
This document provides an introduction to developing web pages. It explains that a web site's home page is the first page that opens and can span multiple servers. Web pages allow features like product catalogs and online ordering. The document outlines guidelines for web page design and colors and reviews the evolution of HTML markup language. It then details many common HTML tags for formatting text, images, and layout like headings, paragraphs, fonts, divs, lists and tables. The benefits of HTML are that it provides a simple formatting language to link web pages in a device-independent way, while limitations are a lack of programming capabilities.
This document provides an introduction to Java Server Pages (JSP) including its advantages, elements, and lifecycle. JSP uses Java code to dynamically generate web page content while utilizing HTML for presentation. Key elements of a JSP page include static content, directives, expressions, scriptlets, and actions. The JSP lifecycle involves translation, compilation, and execution phases to convert JSP pages into servlets and generate the final web response.
Servlets are Java programs that run on a web or application server and act as a middle layer between a request coming from a web browser or other HTTP client and databases or applications on the HTTP server. Servlets receive HTTP requests and return HTTP responses by accepting request parameters, generating dynamic content, accessing databases, and performing network communications using Java. Servlets are commonly used to add dynamic content to web pages and to access backend databases. The lifecycle of a servlet involves initialization, servicing client requests, and destruction. Common servlet APIs include classes for handling HTTP requests and responses, reading request parameters, using cookies and sessions.
This document provides an overview of Remote Method Invocation (RMI) in Java. RMI allows objects running in one Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to invoke methods on objects running in another JVM. It describes the RMI process which involves defining a remote interface, compiling the remote object, and making the object accessible over the network. The client locates the remote object and invokes its methods similarly to a local object. The server implements the remote interface and provides the business logic to fulfill client requests.
This document discusses Java beans and Enterprise Java Beans (EJB). It defines a Java bean as a reusable software component that can be visually manipulated in builder tools. The primary goal of Java beans is to be write once and run anywhere (WORA). EJBs are server-side components that enable rapid development of distributed, transactional, and secure applications. EJBs provide features like transaction management, distributed transaction support, and portability. The document outlines the EJB architecture including EJB containers, clients, interfaces, stubs, and the different types of enterprise beans - entity beans, session beans, and message-driven beans.
Sockets identify endpoints in a network and allow a single computer to serve multiple clients simultaneously through the use of ports. Servers listen on ports until clients connect, and must be multithreaded to manage multiple connections. Networking uses protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and HTTP. IP routes packets across networks, TCP reliably strings packets together, and UDP supports fast but unreliable transport. Internet addresses uniquely identify computers and have transitioned from IPv4 to IPv6. Domain names map to IP addresses through DNS for human-friendly access.
J2EE is a platform-independent Java-centric environment for developing, building, and deploying web-based enterprise applications. It consists of services, APIs, and protocols that provide functionality for developing multi-tier, web-based applications. J2EE supports component-based development of multi-tier enterprise applications consisting of client, web, EJB, and EIS tiers. Statements are used to send SQL commands and receive data from databases, with PreparedStatements being useful for queries with parameters and CallableStatements for stored procedures.
Swing was introduced in 1997 as part of Java Foundation Classes to address deficiencies in Java's original Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) GUI subsystem. Swing provides more powerful and flexible GUI components than AWT. Swing components are lightweight, meaning they are written entirely in Java rather than relying on platform-specific peers. This allows Swing to provide a consistent look and feel across platforms and makes the GUI more efficient and flexible. Swing also supports pluggable look and feels, allowing different visual styles to be used.
Record storage and primary file organizationJafar Nesargi
This document discusses record storage and primary file organization in databases. It describes how data is stored physically on storage media like primary storage (RAM) and secondary storage (disks, tapes). Disks allow random access of data blocks through addressing of cylinders, tracks, and blocks, while tapes only allow sequential access. The document discusses buffering of blocks to improve performance of reading and writing multiple blocks from disks. It also describes how records containing fields of data are placed and organized on disk storage.
The document provides an overview of the SQL language. It discusses:
1) The background and history of SQL, including its origins as SEQUEL and the development of SQL standards over time.
2) The basic components and capabilities of SQL, including its use for data definition, query, update, and more.
3) Key SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and SELECT that are used for data manipulation and queries.
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databasesJafar Nesargi
This document discusses guidelines for designing relational databases. It covers four informal measures of quality: semantics of attributes, reducing redundancy, reducing null values, and avoiding spurious tuples. The guidelines are: 1) design relations so their meaning is clear, 2) avoid anomalies like insertion, deletion and modification anomalies, 3) minimize null values in attributes, and 4) design relations to join without generating spurious tuples. The document uses examples to illustrate these concepts and their importance for database design.
This document provides an introduction to transaction processing in database management systems. It discusses key concepts such as transactions, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and desirable transaction properties. The main points covered are:
- A transaction is a logical unit of work that includes database access operations like insert, delete, update, or retrieve.
- Concurrency control is needed to prevent problems that can occur from uncontrolled concurrent execution of transactions, like lost updates or dirty reads.
- Recovery is required to ensure transactions are fully committed or rolled back even after failures, maintaining atomicity and durability.
- Desirable transaction properties include atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID).
Database system concepts and architectureJafar Nesargi
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models, schemas, and instances. There are three categories of data models: high-level conceptual models, low-level physical models, and representational models. Schemas describe the database design while instances represent the actual data. The three schema architecture separates the internal, conceptual, and external schemas. Database languages include DDL for design, DML for manipulation, and others. DBMSs provide various interfaces and operate within a database system environment.
Data modeling using the entity relationship modelJafar Nesargi
The document describes key concepts in entity relationship modeling including entity types, attributes, relationships, keys, and constraints. It provides an example database application to track employees, departments, and projects within a company. It then defines entity types for departments, projects, employees, and dependents with their attributes. It also describes relationship types, cardinalities, roles, and other modeling constructs used to design the conceptual schema.
This document provides an introduction to networking. It defines a network as a group of connected computers and devices that allows users to share resources. Networks enable collaboration and data sharing between multiple users. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It distinguishes between peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Intranets are also discussed as private networks internal to an organization that use the same protocols as the public Internet but have restricted access.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions of a computer, its components, and the history of computers. It discusses how a computer accepts data as input, processes it, and provides output. The main components are the input, output, and central processing units. It covers the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation aiming for natural language processing. Different types of computers like analog and digital are also defined. The document concludes by identifying the common hardware components of a modern computer like the keyboard, mouse, power supply, motherboard, processor, memory, storage, display, and ports.
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), including a brief history, common uses, syntax, and limitations. CSS allows separation of document content from page layout and formatting. It supports properties for various text, font, background, and other visual styles. CSS rules cascade from broad to specific and can be defined internally, in external style sheets, or inline in elements.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows styling and formatting of HTML documents. CSS rules define how elements are displayed, through properties like colors and fonts. Styles can be defined inline, in internal style sheets within HTML, or in external style sheet files. When multiple conflicting styles apply to an element, the last defined style takes precedence due to cascading.
Session1 gateway to web page developmentJafar Nesargi
This document provides an introduction to developing web pages. It explains that a web site's home page is the first page that opens and can span multiple servers. Web pages allow features like product catalogs and online ordering. The document outlines guidelines for web page design and colors and reviews the evolution of HTML markup language. It then details many common HTML tags for formatting text, images, and layout like headings, paragraphs, fonts, divs, lists and tables. The benefits of HTML are that it provides a simple formatting language to link web pages in a device-independent way, while limitations are a lack of programming capabilities.
This document provides an introduction to Java Server Pages (JSP) including its advantages, elements, and lifecycle. JSP uses Java code to dynamically generate web page content while utilizing HTML for presentation. Key elements of a JSP page include static content, directives, expressions, scriptlets, and actions. The JSP lifecycle involves translation, compilation, and execution phases to convert JSP pages into servlets and generate the final web response.
Servlets are Java programs that run on a web or application server and act as a middle layer between a request coming from a web browser or other HTTP client and databases or applications on the HTTP server. Servlets receive HTTP requests and return HTTP responses by accepting request parameters, generating dynamic content, accessing databases, and performing network communications using Java. Servlets are commonly used to add dynamic content to web pages and to access backend databases. The lifecycle of a servlet involves initialization, servicing client requests, and destruction. Common servlet APIs include classes for handling HTTP requests and responses, reading request parameters, using cookies and sessions.
This document provides an overview of Remote Method Invocation (RMI) in Java. RMI allows objects running in one Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to invoke methods on objects running in another JVM. It describes the RMI process which involves defining a remote interface, compiling the remote object, and making the object accessible over the network. The client locates the remote object and invokes its methods similarly to a local object. The server implements the remote interface and provides the business logic to fulfill client requests.
This document discusses Java beans and Enterprise Java Beans (EJB). It defines a Java bean as a reusable software component that can be visually manipulated in builder tools. The primary goal of Java beans is to be write once and run anywhere (WORA). EJBs are server-side components that enable rapid development of distributed, transactional, and secure applications. EJBs provide features like transaction management, distributed transaction support, and portability. The document outlines the EJB architecture including EJB containers, clients, interfaces, stubs, and the different types of enterprise beans - entity beans, session beans, and message-driven beans.
Sockets identify endpoints in a network and allow a single computer to serve multiple clients simultaneously through the use of ports. Servers listen on ports until clients connect, and must be multithreaded to manage multiple connections. Networking uses protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and HTTP. IP routes packets across networks, TCP reliably strings packets together, and UDP supports fast but unreliable transport. Internet addresses uniquely identify computers and have transitioned from IPv4 to IPv6. Domain names map to IP addresses through DNS for human-friendly access.
J2EE is a platform-independent Java-centric environment for developing, building, and deploying web-based enterprise applications. It consists of services, APIs, and protocols that provide functionality for developing multi-tier, web-based applications. J2EE supports component-based development of multi-tier enterprise applications consisting of client, web, EJB, and EIS tiers. Statements are used to send SQL commands and receive data from databases, with PreparedStatements being useful for queries with parameters and CallableStatements for stored procedures.
Swing was introduced in 1997 as part of Java Foundation Classes to address deficiencies in Java's original Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) GUI subsystem. Swing provides more powerful and flexible GUI components than AWT. Swing components are lightweight, meaning they are written entirely in Java rather than relying on platform-specific peers. This allows Swing to provide a consistent look and feel across platforms and makes the GUI more efficient and flexible. Swing also supports pluggable look and feels, allowing different visual styles to be used.
Record storage and primary file organizationJafar Nesargi
This document discusses record storage and primary file organization in databases. It describes how data is stored physically on storage media like primary storage (RAM) and secondary storage (disks, tapes). Disks allow random access of data blocks through addressing of cylinders, tracks, and blocks, while tapes only allow sequential access. The document discusses buffering of blocks to improve performance of reading and writing multiple blocks from disks. It also describes how records containing fields of data are placed and organized on disk storage.
The document provides an overview of the SQL language. It discusses:
1) The background and history of SQL, including its origins as SEQUEL and the development of SQL standards over time.
2) The basic components and capabilities of SQL, including its use for data definition, query, update, and more.
3) Key SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and SELECT that are used for data manipulation and queries.
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databasesJafar Nesargi
This document discusses guidelines for designing relational databases. It covers four informal measures of quality: semantics of attributes, reducing redundancy, reducing null values, and avoiding spurious tuples. The guidelines are: 1) design relations so their meaning is clear, 2) avoid anomalies like insertion, deletion and modification anomalies, 3) minimize null values in attributes, and 4) design relations to join without generating spurious tuples. The document uses examples to illustrate these concepts and their importance for database design.
This document provides an introduction to transaction processing in database management systems. It discusses key concepts such as transactions, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and desirable transaction properties. The main points covered are:
- A transaction is a logical unit of work that includes database access operations like insert, delete, update, or retrieve.
- Concurrency control is needed to prevent problems that can occur from uncontrolled concurrent execution of transactions, like lost updates or dirty reads.
- Recovery is required to ensure transactions are fully committed or rolled back even after failures, maintaining atomicity and durability.
- Desirable transaction properties include atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID).
Database system concepts and architectureJafar Nesargi
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models, schemas, and instances. There are three categories of data models: high-level conceptual models, low-level physical models, and representational models. Schemas describe the database design while instances represent the actual data. The three schema architecture separates the internal, conceptual, and external schemas. Database languages include DDL for design, DML for manipulation, and others. DBMSs provide various interfaces and operate within a database system environment.
Data modeling using the entity relationship modelJafar Nesargi
The document describes key concepts in entity relationship modeling including entity types, attributes, relationships, keys, and constraints. It provides an example database application to track employees, departments, and projects within a company. It then defines entity types for departments, projects, employees, and dependents with their attributes. It also describes relationship types, cardinalities, roles, and other modeling constructs used to design the conceptual schema.