Its a way of synthesis of nanomaterials in the form a thin films. physical metholody of preparing nanomaterials. thin films are the materials which has 1 dinension is in the scale 1 to 100 nanometer remaining 2 dimesions are above 100 nm meter. In this method the target (the required material) is evaporated in a vacuum inert gas chamber and allowed to deposit in the substrate . In this method temperature plays a crucial role then this method comes under physical way of synthesising nanomaterials.

1. Talents come from diligence, and knowledgeis gained by accumulation.
PRESENTED BY:-
S.NITHISH KANNAN
23NSTA14
1ST M.Sc., Nanoscience and
technology
BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY
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2. 01
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION
• PROCESS
• PROCESS PARAMETERS
• APPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES
• LIMITATIONS
• REFERENCE
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Nanomaterials - Nanomaterials can be defined as materials possessing, at
minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm.
(nano = 10^-9)
 Nanomaterials can be synthesis by two different approaches.
1. BOTTOM-UP approach
2. TOP-DOWN approach
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4. 04
INERT GAS CONDENSATION
 Inert gas condensation (IGC) is a bottom-up
approach to synthesizing nanostructured
materials, which involves two basic steps.
 evaporation of materials
 rapid controlled condensation to produce the
required particle size
 This is a physical way of nanomaterial synthesis.

5. 05
DIAGRAM:- STAGES
• EVAPORATION
• INERT GAS COLLISION
• CONDENSATION

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IGC
CLASSIFICATION OF IGC
PHYSICAL VAPOUR
DEPOSITION
CHEMICAL VAPOUR
DEPOSITION
OTHER VARIATIONS
THERMAL
EVAPORATION IGC
SPUTTERING IGC
ARC DISCHARGE
IGC
LASER
ENHANCHED CVD
CHEMICAL VAPOUR
CONDENSATION
LASER INDUCED NANOPARTICLE
SYNTHESIS
GAS PHASE
CONDENSATION

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PROCESS OF IGC
1. Evaporation:
 The starting material is placed in a crucible and heated to a high
temperature (usually above its melting point) using techniques like
electron beam melting, laser melting, or plasma arc melting.
 This high temperature causes the material to vaporize, transforming from
a solid or liquid state to individual atoms or molecules in the gas phase.

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PROCESS OF IGC
2. Inert Gas Collision:
 The vaporized atoms enter a vacuum chamber and collide with atoms of an inert
gas like helium or argon.
 These collisions serve two purposes:
 Cool down the vaporized atoms: The collisions transfer kinetic energy from the hot
atoms to the inert gas atoms, slowing them down significantly.
 Prevent agglomeration: The collisions prevent the vaporized atoms from sticking
together prematurely, forming larger clusters instead of individual nanoparticles.

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PROCESS OF IGC
3. Condensation:
 The cooled-down vaporized atoms are directed towards a cold surface
(usually a collector plate) maintained at a much lower temperature.
 Due to the large temperature difference and reduced energy levels, the
atoms rapidly lose their remaining kinetic energy and condense onto the
collector plate, forming individual nanoparticles

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PROCESS OF IGC
4. Collection and Processing:
 The nanoparticles remain attached to the collector plate.
 Depending on the desired application, the nanoparticles might undergo further
processing steps like:
 Separation: Techniques like sonication or milling can be used to disperse
agglomerated nanoparticles into individual particles.
 Surface modification: Functionalization with various molecules can be applied to
tailor the nanoparticles' properties for specific uses.
 Further processing: The nanoparticles might be integrated into other materials or
used directly depending on their intended application.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING IGC
PARAMETERS (increasing) AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE
INERT GAS PRESSURE INCREASES
INERT GAS TEMPERATURE DECREASES
INERT GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT INCREASES
INERT GAS FLOW RATE DECREASES
CRUCIBLE TEMPERATURE INCREASES
SIZE INCREASES
EVAPORATION RATE INCREASES

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EVAPORATION RATE
• Evaporation rate is the mass evaporated per unit area in unit time .
• The production rate is determined mostly by the evaporation rate .
• High evaporation rate results in larger particles.
• The evaporation rate (Wg) in a gas atmosphere is given by

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ADVANTAGES
High purity:
The use of an inert gas prevents contamination from the
surrounding environment.
Controllable size and morphology:
The process parameters can be fine-tuned to achieve desired
nanoparticle characteristics.
Scalability:
IGC can be scaled up for production of large quantities of
nanoparticles.

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LIMITATIONS
1.COST
 High vacuum equipment: The need for a high vacuum chamber and powerful pumps makes IGC setups expensive and requires significant
maintenance.
 Purity requirements: The starting materials and inert gas must be highly pure, which can add to the cost.
 Parameter control: Precise control of temperature, pressure, and other parameters is crucial for achieving desired nanoparticle properties,
requiring expertise and careful monitoring.
 Agglomeration: The nanoparticles produced by IGC often tend to clump together, requiring additional processing steps like sonication or milling
to disperse them individually.
2.Process complexity:
3.Material limitations:
 High-temperature stability: Materials that decompose or react at the high evaporation temperatures employed in IGC are not suitable for this
technique.
 Limited porosity: IGC generally produces dense nanoparticles, making it unsuitable for creating porous materials.
 Oxidation: Some materials readily oxidize in the presence of even inert gases, requiring additional steps to prevent oxidation or using specialized
environments

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APPLICATION OF IGC
1
ELECTRONICS
IGC-produced nanoparticles are used in
transistors, solar cells, and other electronic
devices.
2
CATALYSIS
Nanoparticles with high surface area and catalytic
activity can be synthesized using IGC.
3
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
IGC nanoparticles are used for drug delivery,
imaging, and other biomedical applications.
4
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
5
COATINGS
IGC can produce nanoparticles with unique
magnetic properties for applications in data
storage and magnetic resonance imaging..
IGC-produced nanoparticles can be used to create
thin films with improved mechanical, electrical,
and optical properties

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1. "Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials by Inert-Gas Condensation Methods" by C.
Suryanarayana and B. Prabhu (Elsevier, 2006)
2. "Inert Gas Condensation on Surfaces: Theory and Applications" by A.G. Fedorov and A.I.
Volodin (Springer, 2013)
3. "Handbook of Thin Film Deposition Processes" by K.L. Chopra (Elsevier, 2010) (Chapter
14: Inert Gas Condensation)
4. "Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology" by Gabor L. Hornyak, Henry F. Lutz,
and Kenneth J. Visher (Wiley, 2008)
REFERENCE

17. THANK YOU
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