The document provides information on the harvesting and processing of cashew nuts. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Cashew apples are harvested approximately two months after fertilization when the fruits have ripened. The fallen fruits are then collected by hand.
2) After harvesting, the nuts need to be dried properly in the sun for 3-4 days to reduce the moisture content below 9% to prevent fungus growth.
3) The dried nuts then undergo processing which includes shelling, drying of kernels to remove the testa, grading of kernels by size and quality, and packing in airtight containers to extend the shelf life. Proper hygiene and safety measures are followed during each processing step.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a site for a new cashew plantation, including labor availability, infrastructure, and climatic and soil requirements. It also covers best practices for land preparation such as clearing, leveling, drainage and fire barriers. Proper planting techniques like spacing, staking, and irrigation are important for post-planting care of cashew plants to ensure optimal growth and yield during the critical establishment period. High density planting is also discussed as a method to increase productivity through thinning later on.
The document discusses the growth habits and characteristics of cashew plants. It provides details in 3 paragraphs:
1) Cashew plants are evergreen perennial trees that grow 12-15 feet tall. They have leathery oblong or ovate leaves arranged alternately. The bark secretes a resin for defense.
2) Cashew plants flower from dry weather. The flowers are polygamous, bearing male, female, and bisexual flowers. Pollination relies on insects.
3) The fruit is an edible apple enclosing the cashew nut. Both reach maturity in 60-90 days and fall from the tree.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
Soil conditions play a crucial role in successful cashew cultivation. Proper soil management, including maintaining suitable pH and texture, ensures optimal nutrient availability, root development, water retention, and disease resistance for healthy cashew trees and high yields. Soil testing is important to determine soil amendments needed to prepare the soil for cashew planting and ongoing fertility needs. Cashew also requires specific agro-climatic conditions and provides social benefits like employment and income generation in rural communities.
This document discusses two major insect pests that affect cashew plants: the stem and root borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii). The stem and root borer bores into and feeds on the stems and roots of cashew trees, potentially leading to branch and whole tree death. The tea mosquito bug feeds on young leaves, shoots, fruits and flowers, leaving black lesions and potentially causing fruits to drop prematurely. Management strategies for both pests include pruning wounds, applying pesticides, controlling weeds that may harbor the pests, and using biological controls like Weaver Ants for tea mosquito bugs.
Walnut physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS TraineeMr.Allah Dad Khan
Zinc deficiency in pecan trees can cause a condition called rosette where leaves become yellow, mottled, and crinkled starting from the top branches. Eventually twigs and branches will die back from the tips if not treated. Zinc deficiency can be corrected by spraying zinc sulfate on the leaves and soil around the trees. Internal breakdown of almost mature nuts in late summer is a physiological disorder of unknown cause that affects varieties like Moneymaker and Mahan. Spanish moss can sometimes accumulate enough in pecan trees in southeastern coastal areas to increase damage from ice and wind, and can be treated by spraying copper sulfate during dormancy.
This document provides an overview of the cashew industry, including its origins, production, consumption and health benefits. It discusses how cashews originated in South America but are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The top producing countries today are Côte d'Ivoire, India and Cambodia. Global cashew production was over 1 million metric tons in 2022. The document also outlines the nutrient profile and various health benefits of cashews, such as supporting heart health, weight management and bone strength.
For higher studies
Export agricultural crops Vanilla
uses or product of vanilla
cultivation areas
soil and climatic requirements for vanilla
propagation of vanilla
field planting of vanilla
fertilizer application and weed management in vanilla cultivation
pollination of vanilla
harvesting and processing of vanilla
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a site for a new cashew plantation, including labor availability, infrastructure, and climatic and soil requirements. It also covers best practices for land preparation such as clearing, leveling, drainage and fire barriers. Proper planting techniques like spacing, staking, and irrigation are important for post-planting care of cashew plants to ensure optimal growth and yield during the critical establishment period. High density planting is also discussed as a method to increase productivity through thinning later on.
The document discusses the growth habits and characteristics of cashew plants. It provides details in 3 paragraphs:
1) Cashew plants are evergreen perennial trees that grow 12-15 feet tall. They have leathery oblong or ovate leaves arranged alternately. The bark secretes a resin for defense.
2) Cashew plants flower from dry weather. The flowers are polygamous, bearing male, female, and bisexual flowers. Pollination relies on insects.
3) The fruit is an edible apple enclosing the cashew nut. Both reach maturity in 60-90 days and fall from the tree.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
Soil conditions play a crucial role in successful cashew cultivation. Proper soil management, including maintaining suitable pH and texture, ensures optimal nutrient availability, root development, water retention, and disease resistance for healthy cashew trees and high yields. Soil testing is important to determine soil amendments needed to prepare the soil for cashew planting and ongoing fertility needs. Cashew also requires specific agro-climatic conditions and provides social benefits like employment and income generation in rural communities.
This document discusses two major insect pests that affect cashew plants: the stem and root borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii). The stem and root borer bores into and feeds on the stems and roots of cashew trees, potentially leading to branch and whole tree death. The tea mosquito bug feeds on young leaves, shoots, fruits and flowers, leaving black lesions and potentially causing fruits to drop prematurely. Management strategies for both pests include pruning wounds, applying pesticides, controlling weeds that may harbor the pests, and using biological controls like Weaver Ants for tea mosquito bugs.
Walnut physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS TraineeMr.Allah Dad Khan
Zinc deficiency in pecan trees can cause a condition called rosette where leaves become yellow, mottled, and crinkled starting from the top branches. Eventually twigs and branches will die back from the tips if not treated. Zinc deficiency can be corrected by spraying zinc sulfate on the leaves and soil around the trees. Internal breakdown of almost mature nuts in late summer is a physiological disorder of unknown cause that affects varieties like Moneymaker and Mahan. Spanish moss can sometimes accumulate enough in pecan trees in southeastern coastal areas to increase damage from ice and wind, and can be treated by spraying copper sulfate during dormancy.
This document provides an overview of the cashew industry, including its origins, production, consumption and health benefits. It discusses how cashews originated in South America but are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The top producing countries today are Côte d'Ivoire, India and Cambodia. Global cashew production was over 1 million metric tons in 2022. The document also outlines the nutrient profile and various health benefits of cashews, such as supporting heart health, weight management and bone strength.
For higher studies
Export agricultural crops Vanilla
uses or product of vanilla
cultivation areas
soil and climatic requirements for vanilla
propagation of vanilla
field planting of vanilla
fertilizer application and weed management in vanilla cultivation
pollination of vanilla
harvesting and processing of vanilla
The document discusses several commercial varieties of apples grown around the world and in India. It describes the key characteristics of popular varieties such as Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, McIntosh, Fuji, and Ambri. It also covers newer spur varieties, early coloring strains of Delicious, and pollinizers. Recommended varieties for different seasons in states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttaranchal are provided.
This document provides information on the plant Amaranthus, including its botanical name, origin in Central and South America and parts of Asia, and nutritional importance as a source of iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. It describes different Amaranthus species, including those cultivated for their leaves (A. tricolor) and grains (A. cruentus, A. caudatus). The document discusses amaranth varieties, climate needs, soil type, seed rate and transplanting information, irrigation, harvesting, and expected yields of 7,500 kg/ha over 2 months for this crop.
This document provides information on citrus production, including important citrus species, their origin, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting, irrigation, fertilization, training, cropping, fruit drop control, harvesting, and typical yields. It discusses species such as sweet orange, mandarin orange, acid lime, lemon, grapefruit, and pummelo. Key propagation methods include budding and grafting citrus varieties onto rootstock. Proper irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest management are required to maximize fruit production. Citrus trees typically begin bearing fruits after 3-5 years and may produce economically for 5-10 years.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Muskmelon is an important crop grown in India that is eaten fresh or used as a desert fruit. It is a monoecious plant that does not cross with other cucurbits like watermelon or cucumber. The pollen can affect the taste of the fruit and transfer bitterness. Several popular varieties are described that differ in traits like earliness, flavor, and disease resistance. Optimal growing conditions include sandy loam soil, temperatures between 18-24°C, and dry weather during fruit development. Pests and diseases that attack the crop include red pumpkin beetle, aphids, fruit fly, cucumber mosaic virus, and root knot nematode. Control methods include applying insecticides and removing infected plants
Importance of floral biology of some minor fruit crops(like aonla, bael, ber...Sharath A A
The document summarizes the floral biology of several minor fruit crops in India, including aonla, bael, ber, jackfruit, and jamun. It describes key details about each crop such as their origin, uses, and challenges to improvement. For each crop, it provides information on flowering timing and structure, pollination mechanisms, stigma receptivity, fruit set rates, and time from flowering to fruit development. Understanding the floral biology of these crops is important for plant breeders to carry out successful crop improvement programs.
cultivation of Minor tuber crops by Manikanta RManikantaR17
This document provides information on the cultivation of several minor tuber crops including West Indian arrowroot, giant taro, and Queensland arrowroot. It describes the botany, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, harvesting, yield, and processing of each crop. The key details covered include the botanical name, place of origin, edible parts, optimal growing conditions, planting procedures, pest and disease issues, and average yields for each tuber crop discussed.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
Litchi is native to southern China and has been cultivated there for over 3000 years. It is also grown in other parts of Asia as well as Australia, Africa, and the Caribbean. The fruit is a drupe with a fleshy edible aril that surrounds the seed. Flowering typically occurs in February-April and is influenced by temperature and moisture levels. Individual flowers are self-sterile and require insect pollination. Fruit set ranges from 1-48% depending on variety and conditions. Premature fruit drop is a major issue, occurring within the first 30 days, due to factors like pollination failure and moisture stress. Chemicals and plant growth regulators can help reduce fruit drop.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Ripening is the process by which fruits develop their desirable qualities like flavor, color, and texture. There are two types of ripening - climacteric, which includes fruits like mango and banana, and non-climacteric like orange. Simple technologies are available to farmers for proper ripening, like keeping unripe and ripe fruits together or using smoke to release ethylene and speed up ripening. Ethylene gas or dipping fruits in ethrel solution can also induce ripening within a couple days. While calcium carbide was used to ripen fruits, it is now banned and ethylene is considered the safest method. Optimal conditions for fruit ripening involve temperature, humidity, low ethylene concentration, and
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
Methi, also known as fenugreek, is a native of West Asia and the Mediterranean area. It is produced in many countries including India, China, Korea, Spain, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. There are several varieties including Kasuri, Methi No-47, and Methi No-14. Fenugreek has trifoliate leaves and yellow-white flowers. It is used medicinally for brain, skin, liver, metabolic, respiratory, and digestive issues. Fenugreek production requires seedbed preparation, sowing from October to November using a seed rate of 10-15 kg/ha, spacing of 30 cm between rows and 8-10 cm between plants, fertilization, 4-6 irrigations
Importance of Tuber Crops for Food and Nutritional Security by Arshni S Shand...apaari
This document summarizes the importance of root and tuber crops for food security in Oceania. It discusses how the Pacific Community (SPC) promotes these crops through their Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), which operates a gene bank and conducts research on climate-resilient and nutritious varieties. CePaCT distributes pathogen-tested materials to countries in the region and provides technical support and training. The document also outlines challenges to food security in the Pacific like population growth and cyclones, and opportunities through SPC's assistance to countries in developing policies and strategies.
Roses are a popular ornamental plant grown for their flowers. There are over 30,000 species of rose worldwide, with over 11,000-12,000 found in Pakistan. Roses have cultural and symbolic meanings and have been cultivated for thousands of years. They are used for cut flowers, perfumes, jams, and medicine. Proper growing conditions include well-drained soil, sunlight, watering, mulching, and pruning. Major rose pests and diseases include black spot, powdery mildew, aphids, and thrips. The Netherlands is the world's leading rose exporter.
This document provides information on muskmelon breeding. It discusses the taxonomy and genomic information of muskmelon, describes its center of origin and economic importance, and outlines its genetic diversity and resources. It also covers topics such as breeding objectives, methods, sources of disease resistance, hybrid seed production techniques, and important muskmelon varieties. The document is a comprehensive overview of muskmelon breeding.
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF ORCHIDS – NORTHEAST REGION PERSPECTIVESAndrewChinzah
This document provides information on post-harvest management and marketing of orchids in Northeast India. It discusses key aspects of orchid species distribution, production, and post-harvest techniques to maximize vase life. Orchids require proper handling during harvesting, grading, chemical treatments, storage, and packaging to maintain quality. Proper harvesting and storage temperatures vary by species. Chemicals like silver nitrate, sucrose, and 8-hydroxyquinoline can extend vase life when used in holding solutions. Marketing involves farmers and traders transporting orchids to domestic and international markets.
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Cereal and Legume Technology lecture slides3.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document describes the composition and structure of rice grains. It states that rice grains consist of an outer hull and inner endosperm. The endosperm makes up 90-91% of the grain and is composed mainly of starch. It also discusses rice classification based on grain size and shape. Further, it provides details on cereal storage, including ideal moisture contents and facilities for long-term storage.
This document summarizes the cashew nut processing unit. It details the various steps involved: drying the raw nuts in sunlight for 2 days; boiling for 20 minutes at 90 degrees Celsius; cooling for 2-3 days; cutting and shelling by hand; drying in a hot chamber at 81 degrees Celsius for 8 hours; peeling, grading, cleaning and passing through a metal detector; weighing and packing. The unit uses raw cashew nuts as input and produces cashew kernels as the final product, with cashew shells as the only solid waste output.
The document discusses several commercial varieties of apples grown around the world and in India. It describes the key characteristics of popular varieties such as Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, McIntosh, Fuji, and Ambri. It also covers newer spur varieties, early coloring strains of Delicious, and pollinizers. Recommended varieties for different seasons in states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttaranchal are provided.
This document provides information on the plant Amaranthus, including its botanical name, origin in Central and South America and parts of Asia, and nutritional importance as a source of iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. It describes different Amaranthus species, including those cultivated for their leaves (A. tricolor) and grains (A. cruentus, A. caudatus). The document discusses amaranth varieties, climate needs, soil type, seed rate and transplanting information, irrigation, harvesting, and expected yields of 7,500 kg/ha over 2 months for this crop.
This document provides information on citrus production, including important citrus species, their origin, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting, irrigation, fertilization, training, cropping, fruit drop control, harvesting, and typical yields. It discusses species such as sweet orange, mandarin orange, acid lime, lemon, grapefruit, and pummelo. Key propagation methods include budding and grafting citrus varieties onto rootstock. Proper irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest management are required to maximize fruit production. Citrus trees typically begin bearing fruits after 3-5 years and may produce economically for 5-10 years.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Muskmelon is an important crop grown in India that is eaten fresh or used as a desert fruit. It is a monoecious plant that does not cross with other cucurbits like watermelon or cucumber. The pollen can affect the taste of the fruit and transfer bitterness. Several popular varieties are described that differ in traits like earliness, flavor, and disease resistance. Optimal growing conditions include sandy loam soil, temperatures between 18-24°C, and dry weather during fruit development. Pests and diseases that attack the crop include red pumpkin beetle, aphids, fruit fly, cucumber mosaic virus, and root knot nematode. Control methods include applying insecticides and removing infected plants
Importance of floral biology of some minor fruit crops(like aonla, bael, ber...Sharath A A
The document summarizes the floral biology of several minor fruit crops in India, including aonla, bael, ber, jackfruit, and jamun. It describes key details about each crop such as their origin, uses, and challenges to improvement. For each crop, it provides information on flowering timing and structure, pollination mechanisms, stigma receptivity, fruit set rates, and time from flowering to fruit development. Understanding the floral biology of these crops is important for plant breeders to carry out successful crop improvement programs.
cultivation of Minor tuber crops by Manikanta RManikantaR17
This document provides information on the cultivation of several minor tuber crops including West Indian arrowroot, giant taro, and Queensland arrowroot. It describes the botany, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, harvesting, yield, and processing of each crop. The key details covered include the botanical name, place of origin, edible parts, optimal growing conditions, planting procedures, pest and disease issues, and average yields for each tuber crop discussed.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
Litchi is native to southern China and has been cultivated there for over 3000 years. It is also grown in other parts of Asia as well as Australia, Africa, and the Caribbean. The fruit is a drupe with a fleshy edible aril that surrounds the seed. Flowering typically occurs in February-April and is influenced by temperature and moisture levels. Individual flowers are self-sterile and require insect pollination. Fruit set ranges from 1-48% depending on variety and conditions. Premature fruit drop is a major issue, occurring within the first 30 days, due to factors like pollination failure and moisture stress. Chemicals and plant growth regulators can help reduce fruit drop.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Ripening is the process by which fruits develop their desirable qualities like flavor, color, and texture. There are two types of ripening - climacteric, which includes fruits like mango and banana, and non-climacteric like orange. Simple technologies are available to farmers for proper ripening, like keeping unripe and ripe fruits together or using smoke to release ethylene and speed up ripening. Ethylene gas or dipping fruits in ethrel solution can also induce ripening within a couple days. While calcium carbide was used to ripen fruits, it is now banned and ethylene is considered the safest method. Optimal conditions for fruit ripening involve temperature, humidity, low ethylene concentration, and
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
Methi, also known as fenugreek, is a native of West Asia and the Mediterranean area. It is produced in many countries including India, China, Korea, Spain, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. There are several varieties including Kasuri, Methi No-47, and Methi No-14. Fenugreek has trifoliate leaves and yellow-white flowers. It is used medicinally for brain, skin, liver, metabolic, respiratory, and digestive issues. Fenugreek production requires seedbed preparation, sowing from October to November using a seed rate of 10-15 kg/ha, spacing of 30 cm between rows and 8-10 cm between plants, fertilization, 4-6 irrigations
Importance of Tuber Crops for Food and Nutritional Security by Arshni S Shand...apaari
This document summarizes the importance of root and tuber crops for food security in Oceania. It discusses how the Pacific Community (SPC) promotes these crops through their Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), which operates a gene bank and conducts research on climate-resilient and nutritious varieties. CePaCT distributes pathogen-tested materials to countries in the region and provides technical support and training. The document also outlines challenges to food security in the Pacific like population growth and cyclones, and opportunities through SPC's assistance to countries in developing policies and strategies.
Roses are a popular ornamental plant grown for their flowers. There are over 30,000 species of rose worldwide, with over 11,000-12,000 found in Pakistan. Roses have cultural and symbolic meanings and have been cultivated for thousands of years. They are used for cut flowers, perfumes, jams, and medicine. Proper growing conditions include well-drained soil, sunlight, watering, mulching, and pruning. Major rose pests and diseases include black spot, powdery mildew, aphids, and thrips. The Netherlands is the world's leading rose exporter.
This document provides information on muskmelon breeding. It discusses the taxonomy and genomic information of muskmelon, describes its center of origin and economic importance, and outlines its genetic diversity and resources. It also covers topics such as breeding objectives, methods, sources of disease resistance, hybrid seed production techniques, and important muskmelon varieties. The document is a comprehensive overview of muskmelon breeding.
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF ORCHIDS – NORTHEAST REGION PERSPECTIVESAndrewChinzah
This document provides information on post-harvest management and marketing of orchids in Northeast India. It discusses key aspects of orchid species distribution, production, and post-harvest techniques to maximize vase life. Orchids require proper handling during harvesting, grading, chemical treatments, storage, and packaging to maintain quality. Proper harvesting and storage temperatures vary by species. Chemicals like silver nitrate, sucrose, and 8-hydroxyquinoline can extend vase life when used in holding solutions. Marketing involves farmers and traders transporting orchids to domestic and international markets.
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Cereal and Legume Technology lecture slides3.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document describes the composition and structure of rice grains. It states that rice grains consist of an outer hull and inner endosperm. The endosperm makes up 90-91% of the grain and is composed mainly of starch. It also discusses rice classification based on grain size and shape. Further, it provides details on cereal storage, including ideal moisture contents and facilities for long-term storage.
This document summarizes the cashew nut processing unit. It details the various steps involved: drying the raw nuts in sunlight for 2 days; boiling for 20 minutes at 90 degrees Celsius; cooling for 2-3 days; cutting and shelling by hand; drying in a hot chamber at 81 degrees Celsius for 8 hours; peeling, grading, cleaning and passing through a metal detector; weighing and packing. The unit uses raw cashew nuts as input and produces cashew kernels as the final product, with cashew shells as the only solid waste output.
POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTMahmudul Hasan
Tempering of parboiled paddy involves storing it for periods of 8 hours between drying passes to allow the moisture content to equalize throughout the grains. This shortens total drying time and helps prevent breakage during milling by minimizing internal stresses from uneven shrinking. Modern rice milling processes involve cleaning, shelling with rubber rollers, polishing, grading, and separation stages to produce milled rice and byproducts like bran and husks while minimizing breakage. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and quality control are important for success.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Drudgery reduction technologies for post harvest agricultureRamabhau Patil
The development of post harvest technologies in place of traditional techniques are presented here which help reduce the drudgery involved in post harvest operations. It is part of bigger picture of making drudgery free agriculture....
Information about cashew processing in indiaLana Chen
India is the largest producer, processor, and exporter of cashews in the world. The key steps in cashew processing in India include: cleaning and soaking raw cashews, roasting to soften the shell, shelling to remove the kernel, drying and peeling the kernel, grading the kernel by size, weighing and packing the kernels, and using byproducts like cashew nut shell liquid and shells. Cashew processing provides important economic opportunities for rural areas in India.
Post harvest commodity Profile of Cucurbits CropsAwisPant
The postharvest commodities of cucurbits vegetables includes pre and post-harvest practices, their harvesting, handling, packaging, storage, distribution, marketing, etc. Horticulture produce is highly perishable, with postharvest losses ranging from 15 to 35 percent at various points along the supply chain from harvest to marketing. The results revealed that fresh cucumber lost some of its quality attributes as early as
immediately after harvesting. At firmness of 15.68 N, the loss was equivalent to 13.68 units. The marketability and the nutritional value of infected pumpkin are highly reduced and they are usually being thrown away as useless. So, to get well acquainted with post-harvest techniques such as harvesting, storage, handling, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing of cucurbitaceous vegetables this presentation slide will help to obtain some knowledge related to Cucurbits Crops.
In this presentation, mainly focuses on the maturity index, way of harvesting, cleaning, storage, value addition product of various Cucurbits Crops.
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Harvesting, Processing and preservation of cashew-base products
1.
2. Harvesting
• Fruits could be harvested about two months after fertilization of
flowers.
• The ripened fruits usually fall and the fallen fruits can be collected
manually.
• The nuts can be separated from the apple. Harvesting is done by hand
in all cashew producing countries.
• Mechanical harvesting has never been practiced. Since all nuts in a
plant or in an inflorescence do not mature together, mechanical
harvesting is not possible.
3. • Manual harvesting provides employment to a large sector in the area
during the cashew harvesting period.
• Though the general practice is to allow the fruit to fall naturally on to
the ground after ripening, sometimes, the fruits are detached from
the peduncle either manually or mechanically.
• This may provoke the fall of flowers, small and unripe fruits. During
the harvesting period it is important to keep the ground below the
canopy dry, clean and free of weeds.
• This makes collection easy and keeps away pests and diseases which
may lead to post harvest diseases of the fruit
4. • After harvesting, nuts need to be dried properly.
• Drying can be done in the sun for 3 to 4 days.
• Moisture content of the nut should be reduced to about 9% or below.
• Low moisture content further helps to reduce fungus attacks and to
maintain high viability.
• High moisture content in the seed (above 12%) could lead to rapid
reduction of viability which may result in poor germination.
• Therefore, if seeds are stored as planting material care should be taken to
dry the seed properly before storing. Dried seeds should be stored in air
tight bags or containers.
5. According to the Sri Lankan climate
within 3 months harvest can be
obtained
April June
(extended up to July)
Within above 3 months harvest
should be dry and storage .
After falling down cashew apple
with nut, it should be separated within
that day itself and dried within 3 days .
Most suitable drying method -sun
drying.
Sun drying – three Days
Storing time – three months
Separating time (nut from
fruit) - 1days
5
6. At the harvesting,
1. Get the harvest after maturing the Cashew apple
2. Collect within one day
Avoid germination of kernel
Avoid pest attack
6
The nuts are collected from the ground after falling from the trees.
Apples are removed along with other foreign matter
7. Important: completely separate raw nut
from cashew apple
Will help to avoid damages from the pest
Pick up
Plucking
7
The nuts are collected from the ground after falling from the trees.
Apples are removed along with other foreign matter
8. • Completely 3 days
on dried surface ,minimize from pest attack
8
At the Producer Level Raw Cashew Nuts are sun dried for several Days (3-4 days). The
Raw Cashew Nut is stored in either gunny or sisal bags. Passages should be kept in
order to guarantee ventilation.
9. After sun drying
remove un-matured cashew
remove foreign material
remove spoil cashew
sort size of raw cashew Nuts before shelling
Big cashew nut: lower than 168 nuts
per kg
Medium cashew nut:168-200 nuts
per kg
Small Cashew nut: more than 200
nuts per kg
9
10. The quality of the raw cashew is determined by three key
tests before processing: Mainly
• moisture test
• Nut Count test
Nut count: It is the number of raw cashew nuts per kg
170 -excellent
180-190 very good
190-200 good
200-210 middle
210-220 low middle
230 limit acceptable
lower: poor
10
11. • Moisture – lower than 12% - using moisture meter
• Foreign matter- lower than 5%
• Defective nuts: lower than 10%
• Float Rate : 18%max (This is the total number of cashew nuts
that will float when poured into water.)
11
15. • Need to be stored enough quantity for a whole year.
• Before storing all cashews should be in a dry condition
• Using proper packaging technique to store
• Proper Quality Control within the store
Good ventilation
Pest control
Proper seal window and door
Good store management system
Date
Place (harvested area)
Quality 15
At the Producer Level Raw Cashew Nuts are
sun dried for several Days (3-4 days). The Raw
Cashew Nut is stored in either gunny or sisal
bags. Passages should be kept in order to
guarantee ventilation.
17. Steaming the raw cashew nuts – using boiler
Objective :
• taken high percentage of complete cashew kernel (Cashew wholes)
• easy to cut raw cashew at the cashew shelling process
• easy to separate cashew kernel and shell
• minimize the absorption of Cashew nut shell liquid in to the cashew
kernel
Important : controlling correctly time and pressure
Not exceed steaming time
Time: 10-15min
Pressure: 0.5pa
17
20. • remove the shell of a cashew nut- (the first cuts the nuts and the
second person opened them by a pin separating the kernel from the shell)
20
Shelling method
• Traditional method
• mechanized cutting (hand cutting-small scale)
• Automatically cut -Shelling machine
• Automation Cashew processing system
21. 21
Disadvantages of traditional method….
Small quantity/
Employer safety
Low quality
Traditional Method
mechanized cutting
based on two nut-shaped knives. The nuts are
brought to the knives on a chain, each nut
aligned to fit between the knives. The nuts are
pushed between the knives and cut.
Should be fed manually.
22. powered by a 1.5 kW DC motor (1500 rpm), equipped
with a belt and pulley arrangement to transmit power
from the motor to the shaft.
Capacity 15-25kg/h
Whole kernel 90 %
Half split 5 %
Broken 5 %
Machine type: 2 cutter
4 cutter
6 cutter
8 cutter
22
Cutter automatically adjustable as par size Best result for all size cashew no need for
Extra settings.
Automatically push raw cashew one by one in Cutting blade
23. 23
At the cashew shelling from 1 machine, can manage 2 persons for working
After shelling should separate quickly because shell oil can be absorb to
the kernel.
At the separate cashew sells, kernel labor should wear glows .
If it is followed correct step easily get quality cashew kernel
After shelling, shell pieces and
kernels are separated, and the
unshelled nuts are returned to the
shelling operation
24. CNSL OIL
Moisture: 7%-9% 24
Shelled Cashew mixture
Cashew kernel shell Spoil cashew Unshelled cashew
Separate different type of part after shelling as above
Whole Nut
Splits (half)
Pieces
25. Shelling machine should control properly -cleaning, avoid put foreign
material, not more than working 8hours per day.
Replace blade in the machine after 1 months
At the removing kernel from shell
not mixed spoil kernel
separation –complete kernel and pieces
For 8 hours
160kg
25
They wear protective gloves and head gear to protect their hands and maintain
hygiene. The oil from the cut shell can damage the skin if handled without protective
gear.
26. • raw kernels are put in aluminum perforate trays and then put in an electric
drying machine for 3hours and a constant temperature of 80 deg.C)
• Moisture content of the raw kernel is reduced from 9% to 3%
• Prevent natural deterioration
Temperature: 80 Celsius
Time: 3.5 hours
Moisture : 7% 3%
Critical Control Point
26
Evaporate moisture from cashew kernel
• remove excess moisture and facilitate easy removal of testa (pink skin) and
improve keeping quality.
• The shelled kernel is covered with the testa, the removal of which is
facilitated by drying the shelled kernel, to produce the Dehydrated
kernel.
27. 27
Cashew Oven
• The dryer contains a series of mesh-bottom trays that are slotted into the drying
cabinet
• Hot air circulates over the trays
• The heat source can either be a gas or electric powered heater
• Probably use electric heaters
28. 2 Layers
28
Drying programmes are generally organized so that the
kernels from one day's shelling go directly into the oven
1 Tray
29. 29
After shelling, should be drying within 2 days – absorb cnsl oil in to kernal
It is essential that the kernels are carefully handled in order to
minimize damage.
A uniform temperature throughout the drier is essential to avoid under-
drying or scorching.
Drying also protects the kernel from pest and fungal attack at this
vulnerable stage.
Testa to be easily removed either mechanically, or by hand with a
knife
30. Remove testa from kernel mechanically, or by hand with a
knife.
• Manual – manual peeling is done by gentle rubbing with fingers or by
use of special peeling knife
30
testa is loosely
attached to the kernel
few kernels may have
already lost the testa
during prior
operations
One person peel 10-12kg
dryed cashew kernel per day
(8hours)
31. Shelled Cashew mixture
Splits Pieces spoil
wholes
Testa
31
• peeled kernels can be separated into different grades by the peeler.
• At the most basic level, the kernels are separated into wholes, splits,
pieces, spoil and testa.
wholes
Approximately 10-12 kg of kernels can be peeled by one individual per day.
Splits/Pieces
white wholes,
scorched wholes
white pieces,
scorched pieces
32. 32
• Peeling of all testa in kernel
• Strict cleanliness in the peeling operation is essential
• All workers must follow basic codes of hygiene
Peeling knife
• cuts down on handling of the brittle kernels.
33. feeding
• Peeling rate: 90-95%
• Automatic
• Using air pressure
Again manually peeling
33
They include air-blasting,
suction, a freezing
operation and a system
of rubber rollers.
The level of breakage can
be as 10 percent.
With small amount of
testa kernel can be 10%
The mechanized processes of peeling vary widely.
34. Stage 01
34
Kernels are categorized on the basis of color and condition.
Primary grading – remove unwanted material
small amount of testa
Black spot
Spoil parts
Primary grading is done by hand. Graders sit on high stools or stand at
tables that are covered in blankets to provide a soft surface and reduce
breakage
With testa
37. 37
1. Wholes: characteristic shape
The presence of a small hole at the proximal end of the
kernel or a central split or crack is not considered a
defect.
Definition
Grading stage 1 for wholes -White wholes
-scorched wholes (yellow wholes) - a whole kernel that
is discolored.
-dessert wholes - a whole kernel with a black spot or
comparably more scorched
38. 38
Grading wholes according to sizing
whole kernels are graded according to their size on the basis
of the number of kernels per pound.
Standard Kernel per 1kg Kernel per pound
W 180 395 Between 120 and 180 kernels
W 210 440-465 Between 200 and 210
W 240 485-530 Between 230 and 240 kernels
W 320 660-705 Between 300 and 320 kernels
W 450 880-990 Between 300 and 320 kernels
W-180 W-240 W-320 W-450
39. 39
W-180 W-210 W-320
39
W-240
The price on the international market generally refers to the most important quality,
the “W 320”, this means 320 undamaged cashew nuts per pound, or 454 g
41. 41
2. Broken: Kernels where one eighth or more of the original kernel
is broken off.
Butts: Kernels of not less than 3/8th of a whole kernel
which have been broken crosswise but the
cotyledons are still naturally attached.
Splits: Kernels split lengthwise naturally.
Pieces: Kernels which have broken into more than two
pieces .
Designations of broken as follows
42. 42
Pieces can be divided 5 types
1. LWP - Large White pieces: not passing through a sieve of aperture 4.75mm
2. SWP - Small White pieces:passing through a sieve of aperture 4.75mm but not
passing through a sieve of aperture 2.80mm
3. Baby Bits - passing through a sieve of aperture 2.80mm but not passing through
a sieve of aperture 1.70mm.
4. Tiny Baby bits
5. Powder
44. 44
The normal packaging used for the export of kernels is air-tight cans
of 11.34 kg weight capacity.
Packing is vary essential in order to preserve cashews
Packing should be vary attractive to gain customer
attention
Shelf life – 6months/09months/1year (according to
packing type)
The final process prevents the product deterioration and extends the storage
/ shelf life of the kernel.
Important
45. • Manually
• Semi automatically
• Fully automatically
Packing system
1. Vacuum packing
air is drawn out of the package prior to sealing but no other gases
are introduced.
45
46. i. Carbon dioxide reacts with water in the product to form carbonic
acid which lowers the pH of the food. It also inhibits the growth of
certain microorganisms, mainly moulds and some aerobic bacteria.
Process :
This consists of removing all the air from the pack and substituting it with
carbon dioxide (CO2). The advantages of packing cashew kernels in carbon
dioxide are two-fold. Firstly, carbon dioxide will not support life so any
infestation.
Secondly, carbon dioxide is soluble in cashew oil and goes into solution as
soon as the can is sealed.
i. Nitrogen has no direct effect on microorganisms or foods, other
than to replace oxygen, which can inhibit the oxidation of fats.
46