GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVER LANDFORMS. Contains: river landforms, across the rivers, v-shapped valleys, waterfalls, formation of the waterfalls, meanders and ox-bow lakes, braiding and deltas, the formation of a delta.
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
The document discusses river channel processes and landforms, including:
1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
Karst topography is a type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It requires water, limestone that is at least 80% calcium carbonate, and a network of joints and fractures for water to flow through. Features include sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams. Sinkholes form where water drains through joints in the limestone, collapsing the surface. Caves form near the water table and contain formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and columns.
Coastal land forms .erosional and depositional landformsselman ulfaris
1) Coastal landforms are shaped by wave erosion and deposition. Waves erode cliffs and deposit sediment to form features like beaches, bars, and spits.
2) Erosional landforms include sea cliffs, arches, stacks, and caves which are carved out of rock by wave action. Depositional landforms are beaches, bars, barriers and hooks built up from sediment deposited by waves and currents.
3) Tides and currents influence coastal landforms by transporting sediment and changing the level and reach of wave energy along the shoreline.
Here are the key points about how isostatic changes have impacted the Irish landscape:
- Isostatic changes refer to vertical movements of the Earth's crust due to adjustments in land masses following the melting of ice sheets during glacial periods.
- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
- This caused rivers to be elevated above their original base levels. Many rivers underwent rejuvenation as they cut downwards, forming features like waterfalls, incised meanders and terraces along their courses as they
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
The document discusses river channel processes and landforms, including:
1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
Karst topography is a type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It requires water, limestone that is at least 80% calcium carbonate, and a network of joints and fractures for water to flow through. Features include sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams. Sinkholes form where water drains through joints in the limestone, collapsing the surface. Caves form near the water table and contain formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and columns.
Coastal land forms .erosional and depositional landformsselman ulfaris
1) Coastal landforms are shaped by wave erosion and deposition. Waves erode cliffs and deposit sediment to form features like beaches, bars, and spits.
2) Erosional landforms include sea cliffs, arches, stacks, and caves which are carved out of rock by wave action. Depositional landforms are beaches, bars, barriers and hooks built up from sediment deposited by waves and currents.
3) Tides and currents influence coastal landforms by transporting sediment and changing the level and reach of wave energy along the shoreline.
Here are the key points about how isostatic changes have impacted the Irish landscape:
- Isostatic changes refer to vertical movements of the Earth's crust due to adjustments in land masses following the melting of ice sheets during glacial periods.
- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
- This caused rivers to be elevated above their original base levels. Many rivers underwent rejuvenation as they cut downwards, forming features like waterfalls, incised meanders and terraces along their courses as they
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL STORMS. It contains: hurricanes, how hurricanes form, preparation and prediction, effects of tropical storms, case study hurricane Katrina 2005, impacts, responses, glossary.
The document discusses the fluvial cycle and geological processes of rivers. It begins by introducing geomorphology and defining the fluvial cycle. It then describes the three stages of river development: youth, mature, and old age. Next, it explains the fluvial cycle and the geological actions of rivers, including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It provides details on various erosion features and processes, methods of transportation, and types of depositional features like deltas and alluvial fans. In concluding, the fluvial cycle represents the complete journey of a river from its initial to old stage through the geological processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition.
This lesson aims to teach students about different types of waves and how they impact coastlines. By the end, students should be able to name two types of waves, describe their differences, and explain how each type changes coastlines. Constructive waves are low in height and length with few occurrences per minute, depositing sediment to build wide, flat beaches. Destructive waves are high, short, and frequent, eroding steep beaches by pulling sediment offshore.
This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
Deltas- types, formation, case studiesNishay Patel
Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS MOVEMENTS. It contain case studies: Italian Mudslides 1998, New Zealand Landslip 1979, European Avalanches 1999.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS. It contains: what are coral reefs, the development of corals, growth rates, polyps and algae, reef formation, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls, threats to coral.
Davis Theory -William Morris Davis- Geomophology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
William Davis proposed the geographical cycle model to describe the development of landforms over time. The model outlines three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - through which uplifted land passes as erosion shapes the landscape. In the youth stage, steep valleys form through rapid vertical erosion. In maturity, vertical erosion declines as valleys widen, and by old age erosion is primarily lateral as the landscape develops into a low-relief peneplain. Davis' model was influential as a general theory of landform evolution driven by erosion following crustal uplift.
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE MANAGEMENT OF A TOURIST ...George Dumitrache
Tourism in Jamaica began in the late 19th century when wealthy visitors arrived to escape cold winters in Europe and North America. The natural beauty of Jamaica's beaches and tropical climate proved attractive to tourists. By the early 20th century, the Jamaican government was actively promoting tourism development through initiatives like an international exhibition. Today, tourism is a vital part of Jamaica's economy, contributing nearly $4 billion annually and employing many workers. Jamaica has worked to develop tourism sustainably through policies favoring local communities and protecting the environment in national parks.
The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.3 RI...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the third subchapter (River Channel Processes) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geomorphology. It defines geomorphology as the study of landforms and discusses how landforms are shaped by tectonic and hydrologic processes. Early theories that invoked supernatural causes are contrasted with modern theories of uniformitarianism and plate tectonics. The roles of various controlling factors - including geomorphic agents, surficial materials, tectonic setting, and climate - are examined. Different types of crustal features like continents, mountain belts, shields, and continental shelves are also introduced.
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
This document summarizes aeolian (wind-related) processes and landforms. It describes the three main aeolian processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind. Erosion occurs through deflation, corrasion/abrasion, and attrition. Transportation is by saltation, suspension, and rolling/traction. Deposition results from decreases in wind velocity. Aeolian landforms include erosional features like ventifacts, yardangs, and desert pavements, as well as depositional landforms such as loess, dunes, and ripples that are formed by the accumulation of wind-blown sediments. Different types of dunes like barchan, transverse, and parabolic d
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY: 1.3 RIVER CHANN...George Dumitrache
Subchapter 3 in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: river processes, velocity, flows and Hjulstrom Curve.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - TRADE FLOWS AND TRADING PATT...George Dumitrache
Global trade is worth trillions annually and involves the import and export of goods and services across international borders. Comparative advantage, as developed by David Ricardo, states that countries benefit by specializing in and trading goods and services they can produce relatively more cheaply. However, developing countries often face disadvantages like dependence on primary commodities and unfavorable terms of trade, though regional trade agreements and foreign investment can help increase trade and development.
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVERS AND FLOODING. Contains: river floods, factors to increase flooding, human factors, storm hydrographs, Boscastle 2004, Bangladesh 2007, the red mud in Hungary 2010.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL STORMS. It contains: hurricanes, how hurricanes form, preparation and prediction, effects of tropical storms, case study hurricane Katrina 2005, impacts, responses, glossary.
The document discusses the fluvial cycle and geological processes of rivers. It begins by introducing geomorphology and defining the fluvial cycle. It then describes the three stages of river development: youth, mature, and old age. Next, it explains the fluvial cycle and the geological actions of rivers, including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It provides details on various erosion features and processes, methods of transportation, and types of depositional features like deltas and alluvial fans. In concluding, the fluvial cycle represents the complete journey of a river from its initial to old stage through the geological processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition.
This lesson aims to teach students about different types of waves and how they impact coastlines. By the end, students should be able to name two types of waves, describe their differences, and explain how each type changes coastlines. Constructive waves are low in height and length with few occurrences per minute, depositing sediment to build wide, flat beaches. Destructive waves are high, short, and frequent, eroding steep beaches by pulling sediment offshore.
This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
Deltas- types, formation, case studiesNishay Patel
Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS MOVEMENTS. It contain case studies: Italian Mudslides 1998, New Zealand Landslip 1979, European Avalanches 1999.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS. It contains: what are coral reefs, the development of corals, growth rates, polyps and algae, reef formation, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls, threats to coral.
Davis Theory -William Morris Davis- Geomophology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
William Davis proposed the geographical cycle model to describe the development of landforms over time. The model outlines three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - through which uplifted land passes as erosion shapes the landscape. In the youth stage, steep valleys form through rapid vertical erosion. In maturity, vertical erosion declines as valleys widen, and by old age erosion is primarily lateral as the landscape develops into a low-relief peneplain. Davis' model was influential as a general theory of landform evolution driven by erosion following crustal uplift.
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE MANAGEMENT OF A TOURIST ...George Dumitrache
Tourism in Jamaica began in the late 19th century when wealthy visitors arrived to escape cold winters in Europe and North America. The natural beauty of Jamaica's beaches and tropical climate proved attractive to tourists. By the early 20th century, the Jamaican government was actively promoting tourism development through initiatives like an international exhibition. Today, tourism is a vital part of Jamaica's economy, contributing nearly $4 billion annually and employing many workers. Jamaica has worked to develop tourism sustainably through policies favoring local communities and protecting the environment in national parks.
The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.3 RI...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the third subchapter (River Channel Processes) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geomorphology. It defines geomorphology as the study of landforms and discusses how landforms are shaped by tectonic and hydrologic processes. Early theories that invoked supernatural causes are contrasted with modern theories of uniformitarianism and plate tectonics. The roles of various controlling factors - including geomorphic agents, surficial materials, tectonic setting, and climate - are examined. Different types of crustal features like continents, mountain belts, shields, and continental shelves are also introduced.
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
This document summarizes aeolian (wind-related) processes and landforms. It describes the three main aeolian processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind. Erosion occurs through deflation, corrasion/abrasion, and attrition. Transportation is by saltation, suspension, and rolling/traction. Deposition results from decreases in wind velocity. Aeolian landforms include erosional features like ventifacts, yardangs, and desert pavements, as well as depositional landforms such as loess, dunes, and ripples that are formed by the accumulation of wind-blown sediments. Different types of dunes like barchan, transverse, and parabolic d
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY: 1.3 RIVER CHANN...George Dumitrache
Subchapter 3 in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: river processes, velocity, flows and Hjulstrom Curve.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - TRADE FLOWS AND TRADING PATT...George Dumitrache
Global trade is worth trillions annually and involves the import and export of goods and services across international borders. Comparative advantage, as developed by David Ricardo, states that countries benefit by specializing in and trading goods and services they can produce relatively more cheaply. However, developing countries often face disadvantages like dependence on primary commodities and unfavorable terms of trade, though regional trade agreements and foreign investment can help increase trade and development.
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVERS AND FLOODING. Contains: river floods, factors to increase flooding, human factors, storm hydrographs, Boscastle 2004, Bangladesh 2007, the red mud in Hungary 2010.
Germany had been planning for war since 1897 with the Schlieffen Plan, which envisioned a quick defeat of France by invading through Belgium. The plan failed to account for Russia's ability to mobilize its large army more quickly than expected. When Russia mobilized in 1914, Germany felt compelled to declare war on France to enact its plan. Germany then found itself fighting on two fronts against France and Russia, and matters were made worse when Britain joined the war against Germany. While Germany was initially blamed for causing the war, historians later concluded that German leaders deliberately pursued a "will to war" to expand German power in Europe.
The document provides information about river characteristics and landforms. It describes key features of drainage basins such as tributaries, watersheds and confluences. It explains the changes that occur along a river's long profile from upper to middle to lower course, including differences in gradient, erosion processes and landforms. Specific features of the upper course like interlocking spurs and waterfalls are also outlined. The formation of meanders and oxbow lakes in the middle course through erosion and deposition is detailed.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC DIVIDEGeorge Dumitrache
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC DIVIDE. Definitions, questions for the research project, global/international perspectives, local/national perspectives, family/personal perspectives, useful websites.
This document summarizes channel and valley landforms, processes, and concepts. It describes characteristics of upper, middle, and lower course valleys including V-shaped valleys with interlocking spurs in the upper course. Middle courses have wider valleys and floodplains with the first signs of meanders. Lower courses have well-developed meanders and wide floodplains. Specific landforms like waterfalls, rapids, potholes, and braided channels are also summarized. Concepts discussed include regimes, capacity, competence, hydraulic radius, long profiles, rejuvenation, base level, thalwegs, and meander migration.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: WEATHERING. Contains: the definition of weathering, physical or mechanical weathering, freeze-thaw action, onion-skin action, chemical weathering.
Rocks are classified into three main types - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground or on the surface. Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat and pressure altering other rock types. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments over millions of years at the bottoms of bodies of water. Each rock type has distinguishing features and examples.
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1. It contains: Sarajevo assassination, big battles, USA entering the war, the threat of Germany, Germany vs Britain, the Balkans, the system of alliances, 5 phases of WW1, the war of movement, the race to the sea, stalemate 1915, the war of attrition 1916-1918, the war of attrition blockades, the end of the war, the consequences of war, homework.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ROME-BERLIN AXIS. Contains: the speech in Milan, Hitler and Mussolini isolated, Realpolitik alliance, historian options, Hitler as an ally, Count Ciano, using each other, united for the ideology, 1938.
1) A salt wedge occurs in estuaries where freshwater from rivers meets denser saltwater from the ocean, causing the freshwater to ride up over the saltwater like a wedge. 2) The position of the salt wedge changes with the tides, extending further upstream during flood tides and retreating during ebb tides. 3) Estuaries have muddier bottoms than rivers or oceans due to their slower currents, which allow suspended sediments from rivers to sink to the bottom.
This is an introduction to our Hydrology unit at International School Manila. It looks at how much water there is on our planet and tries to explain the astronomical figures in terms that the students (and teachers for that matter) understand.
HISTORY YEAR 10: RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL INTOLERANCE IN AMERICAGeorge Dumitrache
Religious fundamentalism. What was the 'Monkey Trial'? Attitudes towards Black Americans and racial minorities. Who were the KKK? The response of the black people.
This document summarizes immigration to the United States from 1910-1929. Millions of immigrants arrived during this period, especially from Europe, creating a diverse melting pot but also social challenges. In response, the US government passed several laws restricting immigration, including literacy tests and quotas that targeted southern and eastern Europeans. Additionally, the Red Scare period involved raids and deportations of immigrants suspected of harboring communist sympathies. Finally, the document discusses the controversial trial and execution of Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti, which illustrated the prejudice some faced as immigrants during this era of increased restriction.
The document defines quadrilaterals and their properties. It states that a quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides and 4 angles, and discusses different types of quadrilaterals. It also explains that the sum of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is always 360 degrees, which is demonstrated through an experiment.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE PACT OF STEEL. Contains: general overview, opposition, different agendas, pact of steel, humiliation for Mussolini, military deficient Italy, Germany's vision.
This document discusses river profiles, fluvial landforms, and river capture/stream piracy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are processes of river transportation, river profiles (long and cross), fluvial landforms, and river abstraction/stream piracy. It then provides details on longitudinal and cross river profiles, including typical shapes and features. A number of fluvial landforms are described, such as meanders, waterfalls, levees, and deltas. The document concludes by explaining river capture/stream piracy, how watershed boundaries can shift due to unequal erosion rates on either side of a drainage divide.
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and other materials caused by contact with the atmosphere, water, and living things. There are three main types of weathering: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical weathering breaks rocks through temperature changes and frost action without changing the chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks through reactions with water and acids. Biological weathering involves acids released by plants and microbes interacting with minerals.
The document discusses key concepts related to fluvial landforms and their formation by erosion and depositional processes. It focuses on students understanding the relationship between landforms and the fluvial processes that shape them, including the formation of waterfalls, meanders, flood plains, braided channels, levees, and deltas. Key concepts are erosion, deposition, slope erosion, stream erosion, and how these shape features like channels, banks, and overall fluvial landscapes over time.
The document describes various processes involved in river erosion and deposition. It discusses seven transport processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution, traction, saltation, and suspension - that erode and shape the river channel. It also describes deposition occurring when river energy decreases, forming features like deltas and levees. The document contrasts erosion and deposition patterns in the upper, middle, and lower course and discusses landforms formed through vertical erosion like gorges and waterfalls. River channel management techniques are also outlined.
The document discusses features formed by rivers in different parts of their courses. It describes how waterfalls are formed in the upper course when a harder rock overlays a softer rock, causing the softer rock to erode away and form a ledge and plunge pool. In the middle course, features like meanders and slip-off slopes can form as the river energy decreases and causes deposition along banks into bends.
This document provides an overview of various types of water erosion and movement. It discusses factors that influence runoff and how rills and gullies are formed through water erosion over time. It also summarizes different stages of stream development from young to mature to old streams and how river systems are formed. Groundwater movement and the formation of wells, springs, caves, sinkholes and geysers are also summarized briefly.
In the upper course, the river channel is narrow and steep as it cuts downwards through the landscape. In the middle course, the river widens and deepens its channel through lateral erosion, forming meander loops that can become cut off to create oxbow lakes. In the lower course, the river slows and widens its floodplain, where deposition builds up rich alluvial soil and landforms like natural levees and deltas can form at the river's mouth.
Rivers carve distinctive landforms as they flow across the landscape. A V-shaped valley forms as water erodes downward through resistant rock. Waterfalls occur where the river flows over resistant bedrock and erodes more quickly downstream. Gorges are deep ravines carved by rivers through plateaus over long periods of erosion. Rivers meander back and forth across their floodplains over time, eventually cutting off tight bends and forming oxbow lakes.
1) Surface water runoff from rainfall can erode soil particles and transport sediment, forming streams that can merge into rivers.
2) As rivers flow, they erode soft rock layers like sandstone and may change course, eroding harder rocks like granite over long periods.
3) Sediment is deposited when water slows, such as when flowing into basins or encountering obstacles, gradually accumulating to form sedimentary rock.
This document summarizes the key landforms found in the upper, middle, and lower courses of a river. In the upper course, steep valleys and gorges form due to erosion. Meanders and oxbow lakes develop in the middle course as the gradient decreases. The lower course features wide floodplains and deltas, where deposition exceeds erosion at the river's mouth.
Waterfalls form where a band of hard rock lies next to soft rock in the upper course of a river. As the river passes over the hard rock, the soft rock below erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard rock. Eventually the hard rock collapses, enlarging the plunge pool beneath through abrasion. As the waterfall retreats upstream through erosion, it forms a steep-walled gorge.
Meanders form as the river's gradient evens out. On the outer bend of a meander, faster flow causes greater erosion and deepening of the channel. On the inner bend, deposition occurs, building up a shallow area called a slip-off slope.
When a river floods and over
Weathering and erosion shape landforms through natural processes. Running water, ice, wind, and gravity cause weathering that breaks down rocks. Erosion then transports eroded material. This degradation and deposition forms many landforms along rivers, including headwaters, valleys, canyons, rapids, waterfalls, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, natural levees, river mouths, and deltas.
Rivers shape the surrounding land through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as they flow from their source to their mouth. Erosion involves the wearing away of river beds and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Rivers pick up and carry material in suspension, saltation, and traction. The energy levels of rivers determine what materials can be transported, with higher energy near sources allowing larger objects and lower energy at mouths resulting in deposition. Deposition occurs when a river's energy decreases, such as when entering shallow water or after floods, often building up deltas at river mouths.
Rivers shape the surrounding land through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as they flow from their source to their mouth. Erosion involves the wearing away of river beds and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Rivers pick up and carry materials through processes like suspension, saltation, and traction. The energy levels of rivers determine what materials can be transported, with higher energy near sources allowing larger objects and lower energy at mouths resulting in deposition. Deposition occurs when rivers enter shallow water or experience decreased volume, such as after floods or in drought, commonly forming deltas at river mouths.
The document discusses various topics related to river drainage basins and processes:
1. It defines a drainage basin as an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, with watersheds separating adjacent basins.
2. River patterns like dendritic, trellis, and radial are described as related to the underlying rock types.
3. Factors like river velocity, volume, and energy are discussed in relation to gradient, channel roughness, shape, basin size, vegetation, and climate.
Revision pack 2014 - GCSE Geography OCR BMrs Coles
This document provides information for GCSE Geography revision including key exam dates and resources for revision. It outlines the exam structure from limited understanding (F) to independent investigation (A). Sections cover rivers and coasts revision including landforms, processes and case studies. There are exercises on matching key terms and explanations of river landforms and flooding.
This document provides information about rivers and flooding, including:
1) It discusses the hydrological cycle and river landforms like meanders, ox-bow lakes, and deltas. Biological, freeze-thaw, and chemical weathering are explained.
2) Methods for managing flooding are examined, including both "hard" options like building flood defenses, and "softer" options like restoring floodplains.
3) Practice questions are provided about river features and processes like waterfall formation. Diagrams and explanations of answers are given.
This document provides information about rivers and flooding, including:
1) It discusses various river landforms and processes like meanders, floodplains, estuaries, and deltas. It also explains how v-shaped valleys and waterfalls are formed.
2) It covers causes of flooding like rainfall, soil permeability, and human impacts such as deforestation, farming, and urbanization.
3) It introduces hard and soft flood management options and provides examples like flood defenses and restoring natural floodplains. Practice questions are included about these topics.
Stream capture, also known as river capture or stream piracy, is the process where a river or stream redirects its flow and starts flowing into another river's drainage basin instead of continuing into its own basin. This can occur where two drainage basins are separated by an erosion-resistant divide that is breached by headward erosion of one of the streams. Once the divide is breached, the stream will capture the tributaries of the neighboring basin and divert its entire flow into the new course. Stream capture events can result in changes to drainage patterns over time.
Ähnlich wie GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVER LANDFORMS (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. The processes of erosion and deposition create different
river landforms.
River landscapes change as you go downstream from the
source to the mouth.
In the upper course of a river, steep gradients lead to rapid-
flowing rivers.
In the middle course, the river meanders through gentle
gradients.
In the lower course, the river braids over flat land.
3.
4. When a river is near its source, it often develops a V-shaped
valley as the river erodes down (this is called vertical
erosion).
At the same time, weathering breaks up material on the
valley slopes.
Weathered material from the valley sides gets deposited in
the river.
This material is carried by the river and erodes the riverbed
through abrasion.
5. Waterfalls often form in the upper stages of a river where it
flows over different bands of rock.
It erodes soft rock more quickly than hard rock and this may
lead to the creation of a waterfall.
6. The soft rock erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard
rock.
The hard rock is left overhanging and because it isn’t
supported, it eventually collapses.
The fallen rocks crash into the plunge pool. They swirl
around, causing more erosion.
Over time, this process is repeated and the waterfall moves
upstream.
A steep-sided gorge is formed as the waterfall retreats.
7.
8. A meander is a bend in the river.
Meanders usually occur in the middle or lower course, and
are formed by erosion and deposition.
As the river flows around a meander, centrifugal forces cause
the water to flow fastest around the outside of the bend.
This creates erosion on the outside and deposition on the
inside of the bend, which means that the meander slowly
moves. If the meander moves so much that the bend
becomes very large, the course of the river may change.
The meander may be cut off and deposition fills the section
that no longer flows. This forms an ox-bow lake.
9.
10. As a river reaches the mouth, it may lose energy.
If this occurs, sediment is deposited and builds up to choke
the main channel.
This makes the river split and is known as braiding.
11. A delta forms if the waves and the tide cannot carry all of the
material away.
Formation of a delta:
A river carrying sediment reaches the sea or a lake.
It loses energy and deposits material.
The sediment may be sorted as the heaviest material is
deposited first.
Over time, more and more sediment is added.
If the tides are strong enough the sediment will be washed
away. If not, it will build up a land mass (delta) at the mouth
of the river.