Dividend policy refers to a company's decision to pay dividends to shareholders from its earnings. Several factors influence a company's dividend policy, including the stability of its earnings, its ownership structure, capital needs, business cycles, government regulations, taxation policies, and legal requirements. There are several models that attempt to determine the optimal dividend policy, including Walter's model, Gordon's model, and the Modigliani-Miller model. These models make assumptions about financing, growth rates, and capital markets in analyzing how dividend policy impacts share prices.
The document discusses various models and theories related to dividend decision-making, including:
- Walter's model, which argues that the optimal dividend payout ratio depends on whether the firm's internal rate of return is higher than, equal to, or lower than its cost of capital.
- Gordon's model, which similarly concludes that the optimal payout is 0% for growth firms, 100% for declining firms, and has no optimal ratio for normal firms.
- The bird-in-hand argument, which says that rational investors prefer certain current dividends over uncertain future dividends.
- The Modigliani-Miller model, which contends that dividend policy is irrelevant for shareholder wealth under
This document discusses dividend decision and valuation of firms. It provides an overview of different theories around the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy, including the Miller and Modigliani theory and the residual theory. It also discusses models supporting dividend relevance, including the Walter and Gordon models. Key points covered include the assumptions and criticisms of the Miller and Modigliani theory, how the residual theory views dividends as dependent on investment opportunities, and how the Walter model links dividend policy and investment policy by comparing return on investment and cost of capital.
This document discusses different theories around the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy decisions on firm valuation. It outlines the Walter and Gordon models which argue dividends are relevant, stating there is an optimal payout ratio depending on whether a firm's return on investment is greater than, less than, or equal to its cost of capital. It also describes the Modigliani-Miller model which argues dividends are irrelevant, assuming perfect capital markets. The document then discusses Gordon's modification incorporating risk aversion and the "bird in hand" preference for certain current dividends over uncertain future dividends.
The document discusses dividend policy and models used in Indian corporate sectors. It provides an overview of Walter's model, Gordon's model, and the Modigliani-Miller model. Walter's model shows the relationship between return on investment, cost of equity, and dividend payout ratio. Gordon's model incorporates a growth rate determined by retention ratio and return on investment. The Modigliani-Miller theorem states that dividend policy does not impact firm value if markets are efficient. The document also discusses typical Indian corporate dividend practices and factors affecting dividend policy decisions.
The document discusses dividend policy and its influencing factors. It defines dividends as profits distributed to shareholders. Key factors that influence dividend policy include legal restrictions, earnings trends, shareholder desires, industry nature, company age, future needs, economic conditions, taxation, inflation, control objectives, and institutional investor requirements. The types of dividend policies a company can have and forms of dividend payments are also outlined.
Walter's dividend model supports the relevance of dividends and their impact on share price. The model assumes retained earnings are the only source of financing and the cost of capital and return on investments are constant. It states that if return on investments is greater than cost of capital, the firm should have a zero dividend payout to retain more earnings for profitable investments. If return on investments is less than cost of capital, the firm should have a 100% dividend payout. The model provides a formula to calculate share price based on dividends and earnings. However, it makes unrealistic assumptions about constant costs and risks.
Dividend policy refers to a company's decision to pay dividends to shareholders from its earnings. Several factors influence a company's dividend policy, including the stability of its earnings, its ownership structure, capital needs, business cycles, government regulations, taxation policies, and legal requirements. There are several models that attempt to determine the optimal dividend policy, including Walter's model, Gordon's model, and the Modigliani-Miller model. These models make assumptions about financing, growth rates, and capital markets in analyzing how dividend policy impacts share prices.
The document discusses various models and theories related to dividend decision-making, including:
- Walter's model, which argues that the optimal dividend payout ratio depends on whether the firm's internal rate of return is higher than, equal to, or lower than its cost of capital.
- Gordon's model, which similarly concludes that the optimal payout is 0% for growth firms, 100% for declining firms, and has no optimal ratio for normal firms.
- The bird-in-hand argument, which says that rational investors prefer certain current dividends over uncertain future dividends.
- The Modigliani-Miller model, which contends that dividend policy is irrelevant for shareholder wealth under
This document discusses dividend decision and valuation of firms. It provides an overview of different theories around the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy, including the Miller and Modigliani theory and the residual theory. It also discusses models supporting dividend relevance, including the Walter and Gordon models. Key points covered include the assumptions and criticisms of the Miller and Modigliani theory, how the residual theory views dividends as dependent on investment opportunities, and how the Walter model links dividend policy and investment policy by comparing return on investment and cost of capital.
This document discusses different theories around the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy decisions on firm valuation. It outlines the Walter and Gordon models which argue dividends are relevant, stating there is an optimal payout ratio depending on whether a firm's return on investment is greater than, less than, or equal to its cost of capital. It also describes the Modigliani-Miller model which argues dividends are irrelevant, assuming perfect capital markets. The document then discusses Gordon's modification incorporating risk aversion and the "bird in hand" preference for certain current dividends over uncertain future dividends.
The document discusses dividend policy and models used in Indian corporate sectors. It provides an overview of Walter's model, Gordon's model, and the Modigliani-Miller model. Walter's model shows the relationship between return on investment, cost of equity, and dividend payout ratio. Gordon's model incorporates a growth rate determined by retention ratio and return on investment. The Modigliani-Miller theorem states that dividend policy does not impact firm value if markets are efficient. The document also discusses typical Indian corporate dividend practices and factors affecting dividend policy decisions.
The document discusses dividend policy and its influencing factors. It defines dividends as profits distributed to shareholders. Key factors that influence dividend policy include legal restrictions, earnings trends, shareholder desires, industry nature, company age, future needs, economic conditions, taxation, inflation, control objectives, and institutional investor requirements. The types of dividend policies a company can have and forms of dividend payments are also outlined.
Walter's dividend model supports the relevance of dividends and their impact on share price. The model assumes retained earnings are the only source of financing and the cost of capital and return on investments are constant. It states that if return on investments is greater than cost of capital, the firm should have a zero dividend payout to retain more earnings for profitable investments. If return on investments is less than cost of capital, the firm should have a 100% dividend payout. The model provides a formula to calculate share price based on dividends and earnings. However, it makes unrealistic assumptions about constant costs and risks.
The document discusses capital structure and dividend policy. It begins by defining capital structure as how a corporation finances its assets through equity, debt, or hybrid securities. It then discusses Modigliani-Miller's theorem which states that in a perfect market, a firm's capital structure does not affect its value. However, in the real world with taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information, capital structure does matter. The document outlines various theories for capital structure including trade-off theory and pecking order theory. It also discusses dividend policy and different theories for how dividends may or may not affect firm value such as Gordon's model and Modigliani-Miller's irrelevance theory.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dividend policy and its impact on market price. It discusses different types of dividends and dividend policies. It summarizes two key models - the Walter model and Gordon model - that show the relationship between dividends, earnings, growth rate, and market price. The document also discusses the scope of the report, which is to study the annual reports of different power sector companies in India, including NTPC Limited, NHPC, TATA Power, Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, and Torrent, to analyze their dividend policies and the impact on their market prices.
This document discusses dividend policy. It begins by defining dividends as the portion of a firm's profits distributed to shareholders. It then discusses factors that affect dividend policy, including earnings stability, financing needs, liquidity, competitive practices, past dividends, debt obligations, growth needs, and legal requirements. It also outlines different types of dividends such as cash, stock, bond, and property dividends. The document concludes by briefly introducing three dividend theories: Walter's model, Gordon's model, and Modigliani and Miller's hypothesis.
This document discusses dividend decision and policy. It defines dividends as profits distributed to shareholders from company earnings. There are several types of dividends including cash, stock, scrip, and bond dividends. Factors that influence a company's dividend policy include future growth needs, business cycles, the age and industry of the company, and shareholder preferences. Dividend theories also impact policy, such as Walter's model stating dividends influence firm value, and the MM irrelevance theory stating dividends do not impact value or shareholder wealth. Overall the document provides an overview of dividends, factors in determining policy, and influential theoretical frameworks.
This document discusses dividend policy decisions and the MM approach. It begins by defining dividends and discussing sources and types of dividends. It then discusses what a dividend policy is and the key determinants of dividend policy such as legal restrictions, earnings trends, and shareholder preferences. The document also summarizes the irrelevance concept of dividends proposed by Modigliani and Miller, which states that dividend policy does not impact firm value under certain assumptions. It provides the formulas used in the MM approach to model how dividend payments do not affect share prices.
This document discusses various theories and considerations around dividend policy. It covers the dividend irrelevance theory proposed by Miller and Modigliani, which argues that dividend policy does not impact share price if assumptions like no taxes or brokerage fees hold. However, their assumptions are unrealistic. The document also discusses the bird-in-hand theory, tax preference theory, signaling theory, clientele effect hypothesis, and sustainable growth rate as additional factors in determining optimal dividend policy.
The document discusses different models and theories of dividend policy, including:
- Walter's theory, which uses a mathematical model to show that a company's dividend policy impacts its valuation. The model relates market price to factors like dividend payout, internal rate of return, and cost of capital.
- Gordon's theory, another mathematical model that explicitly links market value to dividend policy. It determines value based on perpetual dividends, cost of capital, and growth rate.
- Modigliani-Miller theory, which argues that dividends are "irrelevant" for valuation as investors will value companies based on earnings and investment policy rather than dividend history. Dividends and capital gains are considered equivalent sources of
Some of the major different theories of dividend in financial management are as follows: 1. Walter’s model 2. Gordon’s model 3. Modigliani and Miller’s hypothesis.
On the relationship between dividend and the value of the firm different theories have been advanced.
The document discusses different models and theories of dividend policy, including:
- Walter's theory, which uses a mathematical model to show that a company's dividend policy impacts its valuation. The model relates market price to factors like dividend payout, internal rate of return, and cost of capital.
- Gordon's theory, another mathematical model that explicitly links market value to dividend policy. It determines value based on perpetual dividends, cost of capital, and growth rate.
- Modigliani-Miller theory, which argues that dividends are "irrelevant" for valuation as investors will value a company based on its investment policy and earnings, not its dividend history. Dividends and capital gains are considered
This document provides an overview of dividend theory, including:
- Issues in dividend policy like balancing shareholder desires for dividends vs firm needs for reinvestment.
- Models of dividend relevance like Walter's model and Gordon's model, and the dividend irrelevance hypothesis of Modigliani and Miller.
- Arguments for dividend relevance including the "bird in the hand" preference for certain dividends, and market imperfections.
- Factors that give dividend policy informational content about the firm's future prospects.
The document discusses different views on dividend policy and its impact on share price. Some models, like those proposed by Walter and Gordon, believe regular dividends positively impact share price by reducing uncertainty. Their models show share price is determined by expected dividends and capital gains. However, the Modigliani-Miller approach argues dividend policy is irrelevant, as investors are indifferent between dividends and retained earnings, focusing only on returns. They believe decisions and investments are unaffected by dividends in perfect capital markets with no transaction costs.
Effect of Dividend Policy on Value Creation for Shareholders of Companies Lis...iosrjce
Several theories have been documented on the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy. Many
authors continue to come up with different findings from their studies on the relevance of dividend policy. A
company’s management is dealing with competing interests of various shareholders, the kind of dividend policy
they adopt may have either positive or negative effects on the share prices of the company. The effect of a firm’s
dividend policy on the current price of its shares is a matter of considerable importance, not only to
management, who must set the policy, but also to investors planning portfolios and to economists seeking to
understand and appraise the functioning of the capital market. It is on this basis that the study sought to
establish the effect of dividend policy on value creation for shareholders of companies listed in the Nairobi
Securities Exchange. The objectives of the study were to establish the effect of dividend announcement on value
creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, to establish the effect of dividend
payout on value creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, to determine how
tax incentives influence value creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange and
to identify how free cash flows influence value creation for shareholders of companies listed in theNairobi
Securities Exchange. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the Finance Managers of the public
companies. The data wasanalysed using Regression Analysis, and descriptive statistics through the use of SPSS.
The findings indicated that all the variables contributed positively to value creation of shareholders of
companies listed in the NSE
Traditional and MM approach in capital structureMERIN C
The document discusses traditional and Modigliani-Miller (MM) approaches to capital structure.
The traditional approach argues that a company's value and cost of capital can be optimized through a judicious mix of debt and equity, up to a certain level of debt. Beyond this, increased financial risk from more debt outweighs the benefits of cheaper debt.
The MM approach argues that a company's value depends only on its operating income and risk, not its capital structure. It proposes that markets will equalize any differences in value or cost of capital through arbitrage. The cost of equity rises in line with debt, keeping the weighted average cost of capital constant.
While influential, the MM approach makes
What is Dividend ?
What is Dividend Decision ?
Factors affecting Dividend Decision.
Concepts of Dividend Decision.
The Irrelevance Concept.
The Relevance Concept.
References.
The document discusses Modigliani & Miller's capital structure theory. It states that according to their approach from the 1950s, a firm's valuation is irrelevant to its capital structure. Whether a firm is highly leveraged or has low debt, its market value depends solely on operating profits, not capital structure.
The document then explains arbitrage as the process that justifies this hypothesis. Arbitrage involves buying securities cheaply and selling them where prices are higher, restoring market equilibrium. This implies that identical securities cannot sell at different prices.
Finally, the document outlines the assumptions of M&M's original proposition that capital structure does not affect valuation, and how relaxing those assumptions in proposition two introduces factors like
This document discusses lease financing and compares it to debt financing. It provides examples of different types of leases, such as operating leases and sale-leasebacks. It also covers the accounting treatment and tax implications of leases. The document then uses a numerical example to compare the present value of cash outflows from leasing a machine versus purchasing it. By calculating the annual lease payments required to pay off a $74,000 machine over 7 years at 11% interest, and comparing it to the cash flows from debt financing the purchase, it determines which option has a lower cost.
This document discusses dividend policy and theories related to dividends. It begins by explaining the concept of ploughing back profits or retaining earnings for reinvestment purposes. It then discusses different forms of dividends and factors that affect dividend policy decisions. Several theories of dividends are presented, including the irrelevance approach of Miller and Modigliani, the residual theory, Walter's model, and Gordon's model. The document provides illustrations and discusses management views on maintaining consistent dividends.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The document discusses capital structure and dividend policy. It begins by defining capital structure as how a corporation finances its assets through equity, debt, or hybrid securities. It then discusses Modigliani-Miller's theorem which states that in a perfect market, a firm's capital structure does not affect its value. However, in the real world with taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information, capital structure does matter. The document outlines various theories for capital structure including trade-off theory and pecking order theory. It also discusses dividend policy and different theories for how dividends may or may not affect firm value such as Gordon's model and Modigliani-Miller's irrelevance theory.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dividend policy and its impact on market price. It discusses different types of dividends and dividend policies. It summarizes two key models - the Walter model and Gordon model - that show the relationship between dividends, earnings, growth rate, and market price. The document also discusses the scope of the report, which is to study the annual reports of different power sector companies in India, including NTPC Limited, NHPC, TATA Power, Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, and Torrent, to analyze their dividend policies and the impact on their market prices.
This document discusses dividend policy. It begins by defining dividends as the portion of a firm's profits distributed to shareholders. It then discusses factors that affect dividend policy, including earnings stability, financing needs, liquidity, competitive practices, past dividends, debt obligations, growth needs, and legal requirements. It also outlines different types of dividends such as cash, stock, bond, and property dividends. The document concludes by briefly introducing three dividend theories: Walter's model, Gordon's model, and Modigliani and Miller's hypothesis.
This document discusses dividend decision and policy. It defines dividends as profits distributed to shareholders from company earnings. There are several types of dividends including cash, stock, scrip, and bond dividends. Factors that influence a company's dividend policy include future growth needs, business cycles, the age and industry of the company, and shareholder preferences. Dividend theories also impact policy, such as Walter's model stating dividends influence firm value, and the MM irrelevance theory stating dividends do not impact value or shareholder wealth. Overall the document provides an overview of dividends, factors in determining policy, and influential theoretical frameworks.
This document discusses dividend policy decisions and the MM approach. It begins by defining dividends and discussing sources and types of dividends. It then discusses what a dividend policy is and the key determinants of dividend policy such as legal restrictions, earnings trends, and shareholder preferences. The document also summarizes the irrelevance concept of dividends proposed by Modigliani and Miller, which states that dividend policy does not impact firm value under certain assumptions. It provides the formulas used in the MM approach to model how dividend payments do not affect share prices.
This document discusses various theories and considerations around dividend policy. It covers the dividend irrelevance theory proposed by Miller and Modigliani, which argues that dividend policy does not impact share price if assumptions like no taxes or brokerage fees hold. However, their assumptions are unrealistic. The document also discusses the bird-in-hand theory, tax preference theory, signaling theory, clientele effect hypothesis, and sustainable growth rate as additional factors in determining optimal dividend policy.
The document discusses different models and theories of dividend policy, including:
- Walter's theory, which uses a mathematical model to show that a company's dividend policy impacts its valuation. The model relates market price to factors like dividend payout, internal rate of return, and cost of capital.
- Gordon's theory, another mathematical model that explicitly links market value to dividend policy. It determines value based on perpetual dividends, cost of capital, and growth rate.
- Modigliani-Miller theory, which argues that dividends are "irrelevant" for valuation as investors will value companies based on earnings and investment policy rather than dividend history. Dividends and capital gains are considered equivalent sources of
Some of the major different theories of dividend in financial management are as follows: 1. Walter’s model 2. Gordon’s model 3. Modigliani and Miller’s hypothesis.
On the relationship between dividend and the value of the firm different theories have been advanced.
The document discusses different models and theories of dividend policy, including:
- Walter's theory, which uses a mathematical model to show that a company's dividend policy impacts its valuation. The model relates market price to factors like dividend payout, internal rate of return, and cost of capital.
- Gordon's theory, another mathematical model that explicitly links market value to dividend policy. It determines value based on perpetual dividends, cost of capital, and growth rate.
- Modigliani-Miller theory, which argues that dividends are "irrelevant" for valuation as investors will value a company based on its investment policy and earnings, not its dividend history. Dividends and capital gains are considered
This document provides an overview of dividend theory, including:
- Issues in dividend policy like balancing shareholder desires for dividends vs firm needs for reinvestment.
- Models of dividend relevance like Walter's model and Gordon's model, and the dividend irrelevance hypothesis of Modigliani and Miller.
- Arguments for dividend relevance including the "bird in the hand" preference for certain dividends, and market imperfections.
- Factors that give dividend policy informational content about the firm's future prospects.
The document discusses different views on dividend policy and its impact on share price. Some models, like those proposed by Walter and Gordon, believe regular dividends positively impact share price by reducing uncertainty. Their models show share price is determined by expected dividends and capital gains. However, the Modigliani-Miller approach argues dividend policy is irrelevant, as investors are indifferent between dividends and retained earnings, focusing only on returns. They believe decisions and investments are unaffected by dividends in perfect capital markets with no transaction costs.
Effect of Dividend Policy on Value Creation for Shareholders of Companies Lis...iosrjce
Several theories have been documented on the relevance and irrelevance of dividend policy. Many
authors continue to come up with different findings from their studies on the relevance of dividend policy. A
company’s management is dealing with competing interests of various shareholders, the kind of dividend policy
they adopt may have either positive or negative effects on the share prices of the company. The effect of a firm’s
dividend policy on the current price of its shares is a matter of considerable importance, not only to
management, who must set the policy, but also to investors planning portfolios and to economists seeking to
understand and appraise the functioning of the capital market. It is on this basis that the study sought to
establish the effect of dividend policy on value creation for shareholders of companies listed in the Nairobi
Securities Exchange. The objectives of the study were to establish the effect of dividend announcement on value
creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, to establish the effect of dividend
payout on value creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, to determine how
tax incentives influence value creation for shareholders of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange and
to identify how free cash flows influence value creation for shareholders of companies listed in theNairobi
Securities Exchange. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the Finance Managers of the public
companies. The data wasanalysed using Regression Analysis, and descriptive statistics through the use of SPSS.
The findings indicated that all the variables contributed positively to value creation of shareholders of
companies listed in the NSE
Traditional and MM approach in capital structureMERIN C
The document discusses traditional and Modigliani-Miller (MM) approaches to capital structure.
The traditional approach argues that a company's value and cost of capital can be optimized through a judicious mix of debt and equity, up to a certain level of debt. Beyond this, increased financial risk from more debt outweighs the benefits of cheaper debt.
The MM approach argues that a company's value depends only on its operating income and risk, not its capital structure. It proposes that markets will equalize any differences in value or cost of capital through arbitrage. The cost of equity rises in line with debt, keeping the weighted average cost of capital constant.
While influential, the MM approach makes
What is Dividend ?
What is Dividend Decision ?
Factors affecting Dividend Decision.
Concepts of Dividend Decision.
The Irrelevance Concept.
The Relevance Concept.
References.
The document discusses Modigliani & Miller's capital structure theory. It states that according to their approach from the 1950s, a firm's valuation is irrelevant to its capital structure. Whether a firm is highly leveraged or has low debt, its market value depends solely on operating profits, not capital structure.
The document then explains arbitrage as the process that justifies this hypothesis. Arbitrage involves buying securities cheaply and selling them where prices are higher, restoring market equilibrium. This implies that identical securities cannot sell at different prices.
Finally, the document outlines the assumptions of M&M's original proposition that capital structure does not affect valuation, and how relaxing those assumptions in proposition two introduces factors like
This document discusses lease financing and compares it to debt financing. It provides examples of different types of leases, such as operating leases and sale-leasebacks. It also covers the accounting treatment and tax implications of leases. The document then uses a numerical example to compare the present value of cash outflows from leasing a machine versus purchasing it. By calculating the annual lease payments required to pay off a $74,000 machine over 7 years at 11% interest, and comparing it to the cash flows from debt financing the purchase, it determines which option has a lower cost.
This document discusses dividend policy and theories related to dividends. It begins by explaining the concept of ploughing back profits or retaining earnings for reinvestment purposes. It then discusses different forms of dividends and factors that affect dividend policy decisions. Several theories of dividends are presented, including the irrelevance approach of Miller and Modigliani, the residual theory, Walter's model, and Gordon's model. The document provides illustrations and discusses management views on maintaining consistent dividends.
Ähnlich wie Full pptx of dividend policynbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb (20)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.