File sharing has existed for decades but recent technology advances have made it mainstream. There are two main types of file sharing networks: centralized indexing which uses a server to index shared files, and peer-to-peer which connects clients directly without a server. Both have advantages and disadvantages. While file sharing allows for easy access to content, it poses problems for the music industry through lost sales revenue and higher album prices for non-file sharers.

1. File Sharing Essay
FILE SHARING
Ethical Debate with Today's Technology
(INTRO)
You may have illegal content on your computer right now! File sharing has become a very large issue today in society even though it has existed for
decades. It has been the recent advances in our technology that has made it main stream and in the eyes of the general public. File sharing today tests the
limits of technology along with our ethics making it a fuzzy grey area.
When discussing file sharing's effect on society, first you should have a brief understanding about the terminology, technology, and methods that are
used. File sharing in its simplest form is "anything that allows the swapping of files (audio, graphic, animation, etc)...show more content...
A centrally indexed exchange is based on a client server network model. This simply means that the client software logs into the network and tells
the server all the files you are sharing and where you are located. When a search is performed it is the server that is queried and will return the
address of who has the requested files. Some examples of centrally indexed exchanges would be Napster, iMesh, iTunes, and Scour Exchange.
A peer to peer exchange is similar to a centrally indexed exchange because you must use a software client to log into the network. The main
difference is there is not an indexed server. Each client also acts as a server in this type of exchange. When a search is done each client is asked
individually. Some examples of a peer to peer exchange would be KaZaA, Morphius, Overnet, and eMule.
Naturally each technology has both its strengths and weaknesses over the other. In a centrally indexed exchange searches are performed extremely
fast and content can be verified by the server. The down side is security and lack of privacy is low, without a server there is no network, and at high
volumes servers will bottleneck.
In a peer to peer exchange searches are much slower, they are harder to use and configure, and content is not checked. However peer to peer makes up
for these weaknesses by providing content quicker for downloads, more secure and anonymous, and the ability to run without a
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2. Knowledge Sharing Essays
Knowledge sharing:
Knowledge sharing occurs when an individual is genuinely interested to have or to give knowledge to someone then this process is successful and
effective, if a person provided with wrong or vague knowledge that's mean the knowledge sharing process is stuck over there.
Goh (2002) proposes that knowledge sharers should always share the full circumstances of a case, not selected circumstances.
Bornemann and Sammer (2003) say:
Knowledge as a resource of value creation, allows for exceptional marginal rates of productivity. This is due to the major attribute of knowledge:
appreciating value with continuing use and sharing of knowledge instead of depreciating value of tangible products or natural resources (p. 21)....show
more content...
It usually occurs when first, employees quit a job without the transfer of their knowledge; second, existing organizational knowledge is obsolete
(because the company temporarily loses its competitiveness); third, new creative products and services are rendered sub–standard by old know–how or
unprofitable products; fourth, knowledge is incompletely transferred (or selective individual knowledge is shared and/or the sharing practices are only
for some certain individuals); and fifth, organizational knowledge is difficult to access. This has negative impact on organizational performance such
as the decreased level of productivity, the decay of customer satisfaction, unmet delivery commitment, inappropriate managerial decision–making and
mistaken strategic behavior (Argote, 1999). This in turn would lead to disadvantage in organizational effectiveness and competitiveness.
For better understanding of knowledge sharing it is necessary to have looked on Knowledge Management as this term comes before knowledge sharing.
What is knowledge management?
Knowledge is the method of translating information and past experience into meaningful shape that is understood and applied by an individual. And to
manage the knowledge that is in the minds of an employee and used it for the benefit of organization is called knowledge management.
A few listed definitions of knowledge management are: "the capability of a company to create new knowledge,

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4. Essay on Happiness Through Sharing
Happiness is Found Through Shared Experiences Every single person in the world will develop at least one human relationship in their lifetime. To
some, these relationships are sacred and to be cherished, for others they are merely convenient affairs and affiliations. In the movie Into the Wild
directed by Sean Penn, and the poem Warren Pryor by Alden Nowlan, there are two different cases involving human relationships, and more
specifically, parent/child relationships. In both texts, the parents are trying to create good, successful lives for their child, which the child perceives as
them trying to accomplish their dreams instead of letting the child follow his own. The relationships between child and parent in both texts are...show
more content...
Chris' interactions with Jan and Rainey give him happiness in the sense of accomplishment as he was able to give Jan a piece of mind as she acted
like a mother to him, and Chris a son to her. This relationship between Jan and Chris created the mother/son bond both of them wanted but did not
have. For most, seeing the result of something you want, and witnessing true love and happiness in other people will bring you a sense of
achievement, as proven true when Chris meets a young Danish couple along a beach on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon West. In Chris' extremely
brief time spent with the couple, he sees himself in them as they are both down to earth, adventurous and non–materialistic people. Chris understands
that the couple has traveled all the way from Denmark to live freely with no cares, nonchalance and each other. The couple finds their merriment in
being together, away from home and experiencing life as a carefree couple. They, like Chris, have shed themselves of their belongings and trappings
of society and are living in pure bliss. They are living the life Chris covets and seeing that brings him extreme happiness and even more desire to
continue his adventure. Chris not only gains happiness through experience, he also helps others find their true contentment. In the movie, Chris meets a
sixteen year old girl, Tracy who is young, and
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5. File Sharing Essay
Author?s Note:
This was originally an informative speech and was some portions were edited for time purposes, so some modifications may be required.If you?re
using this as a speech, it will be around eight minutes long.
Word Count: 1,054
Introduction
Most people have an idea of what file sharing is, but they?re not exactly sure why it?s such a big deal. Some of them may even be aware of the fact that
file sharing is punishable by law and carries a fine of up to and including $20,000. Since the introduction of Napster in 1999, copyrighted music has
been illegally duplicated more than eight trillion times. In recent weeks, the Recording Industry Association of America has filed more than three
hundred lawsuits against American...show more content...
By the end of the year, sales of records, CDs and mini discs had dropped an additional thirty–five percent. Sales of walkmans, stereo CD players and
personal CD players decreased by three percent that year as well. On the other hand, sales of recordable CDs and MP3 players increased by a
staggering one hundred sixty–nine percent in 1999, and the demand for these devices soon overwhelmed the supply.
Why it?s a problem
It may or may not be obvious why illegal file sharing is a problem. Millions of people see nothing wrong with downloading a song or two without
paying for the download. It?s a problem because it causes the price of albums to increase considerably for non–file sharing consumers. The average
music–loving American pays approximately from twenty–two dollars to thirty dollars for each album he or she purchases. This wasn?t the case in the
years prior to Napster?s debut. The average American paid from eighteen to twenty dollars for each album, with the exceptions of anthologies and
double–album sets. It creates a problem for the file sharing user. Most people have morals, or appear to, and constant stealing might compromise those
morals, which ultimately leads to other forms of theft in some cases. It causes a problem for the music industry because 1) the record companies lose
money behind slumping album sales 2) the ?people behind the scenes? at the

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7. Essay On Data Sharing
Further consideration is required where shared data is processed – where data from multiple sources is analyzed or processed to generate or derive new
data. Where that new data is partly derived from other party's data that has been shared, reciprocity considerations will be needed. For example, if a
patient has a smart toothbrush and health monitoring wearables, the data these generate could be analyzed with other aspects of the patient's records,
broader anonymized datasets and other information to provide tailored health related advice or guidance to the patient.
With very large datasets it is very common to partition these into "data marts" consisting of smaller discrete datasets that can be used for specific
purposes without having...show more content...
This can be aligned with data protection requirements likes GDPR to demonstrate ongoing confirmation of the need for data sharing and re–validation
of access.
Shared data that is used for research may be required to be published as part of the research paper. This data then enters the public domain in perpetuity
and as so must be anonymized.
Sharing of anonymized and pseudo–anonymized data is less of a concern from a duration of sharing perspective, although there is always a concern that
future analytical techniques may enable de–anonymization of data.
How do you physically share data?
Sharing Data requires three things to happen:
1.A data sharing agreement needs to be put in place between parties sharing data;
2.The data needs to be made available/shared at an agreed frequency; and
3.There needs to be ongoing oversight and active management of the shared data.
Data sharing agreements can be simple and timebound or they could be more complex agreements relating to the flow of data between clinical
providers, researchers and patients. International, multi–party data sharing agreements can be complex and require specialist expertise. Many standard
or model data sharing agreements exist and guidance is available from Information Governance specialists and in the UK the Information
Commissioners Office (https://ico.org.uk/) supports
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8. Essay On Cost Sharing
However, cost sharing, defined as a cost that individuals must pay prior to receiving specific medical services or treatments covered by their health
insurance plan. Still, most insurance policies require a contribution from the covered individual in the form of a co–payment, deductible, or coinsurance
used in both fee–for–service and prepaid plans. Therefore, co–payments are costs that patients must pay at the time they receive the services, which is a
designated dollar amount. Nevertheless, coinsurance is a type of co–payment that is part of a fee–for–service policy in which the patient pays a
percentage of the cost of the services. Whereas, a distinctive coinsurance portion is 20% paid by the individual, with the remaining 80% paid...show
more content...
However, employers typically require employees to share the cost of the plan premium, usually through employee contributions right from their
paychecks. On the other hand, most insurers require the employer to cover at least half of the premium cost for employees. Thus, employers are free
to require employees to cover some or all the premium cost for dependents, such as a spouse or children. Still, a co–payment is a flat fee that the
patient pays at the time of service. After the patient pays the fee, the plan usually pays 100 percent of the balance on eligible services. Additionally,
eligible services are those services that the plan includes in its coverage. Furthermore, the fee usually ranges between $10 and $40. Therefore,
co–payments are common in HMO products and are often characteristic of PPO plans as well. Under HMOs, these services almost always require a
co–payment for office visits, which consists of a network primary care or specialist doctor, mental health, practitioner or therapist, emergency room, but
the copay waived if the hospital admits the patient from the emergency room and prescription drugs in which the co–payment could range from $10 to
$35 per prescription. Still, many insurers use a formulary to control benefits paid by its plan. Therefore, a formulary made up of generic and the
insurer's list of preferred brand–name drugs; however, generic drugs tend to cost less and
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