Everyday memory and Memory Errors
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This document summarizes key aspects of autobiographical memory and memory errors. It discusses how autobiographical memory is influenced by age, with enhanced recall of adolescence and young adulthood in older adults known as the reminiscence bump. Emotional memories are better remembered due to involvement of the amygdala. Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of shocking events. Memory is constructive in nature, influenced by knowledge and expectations which can lead to errors like source misattributions. The misinformation effect describes how misleading post-event information can change event recall. Eyewitness testimony is prone to errors from factors like suggestion. Improving lineup procedures and witness confidence ratings can help reduce eyewitness identification errors. Recovered memories of
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This document summarizes key topics in everyday memory and memory errors from a psychology textbook chapter. It discusses how autobiographical memory works and factors that influence what events people remember from their lives, like the reminiscence bump where memories are stronger from adolescence and early adulthood. It also examines flashbulb memories of significant events, the constructive nature of memory, and how suggestion and misinformation can lead to memory errors or false memories. Eyewitness testimony is discussed as being prone to inaccuracy due to various cognitive and social factors.
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This document summarizes key topics in everyday memory and memory errors from a psychology textbook chapter. It discusses how autobiographical memory works and factors that influence what events people remember from their lives, like the reminiscence bump where memories are stronger from adolescence and early adulthood. It also examines flashbulb memories of significant events, the constructive nature of memory, and how suggestion and misinformation can lead to memory errors or false memories. Eyewitness testimony is discussed as being prone to inaccuracy due to various cognitive and social factors.
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This document summarizes key aspects of memory processes, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It discusses:
1) Encoding can occur visually, acoustically, or semantically. Short-term memory relies primarily on acoustic encoding while long-term memory relies more on semantic encoding.
2) Information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory through rehearsal, organization, the use of mnemonic devices, and distributed practice. Consolidation during sleep also aids long-term storage.
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1) It describes the three stages of memory - sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
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Learning Objectives: By the end of this presentation, you will be able to…
describe Loftus’ studies demonstrating how the power of suggestion plays a role in the misinformation effect and in creating false memories.
describe the history of unintentional memory manipulation in therapy; describe how memories might be intentionally manipulated to change present maladaptive behavior.
describe findings from the innocence project on the nature and rates of errors in eyewitness testimony.
describe cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error and how police procedures inadvertently capitalized on these processes.
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A. To Alter Memories: The Misinformation Effect
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
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C. To Alter Present Maladaptive Behavior: Better Parenting Though Lies
D. Meet the Expert:
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I. The Power of Suggestion
II. Errors in Eyewitness Testimony
A. Demo G. Wells’
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B. nature and rates of error (from
the innocence project)
C. cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error
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I. The Power of Suggestion
II. Errors in Eyewitness Testimony
A. Demo G. Wells’
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B. nature and rates of error (from
the innocence project)
C. cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error
error at perception & attention: weapons focus
error due to source monitoring: “sixpack” fosters familiarity at lineup
errors due to suggestion: assuming the perpetrator is present
errors due to construction: filling-in-the-blanks
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media1.mp4
image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
Learning Objectives: By the end of this presentation, you will be able to…
describe the various sources of information from which memories are constructed; identify the source responsible for constructing memory in Barlett’s “War of the Ghosts” study
explain how source misattribution in Jacoby’s “Famous Overnight Experiment” illustrates that memory is constructed from various sources.
define and describe the relationships among: expectations, schema, script and stereotype; explain how the “Office” and “Rumor” Studies demonstrate the role of expectancies in memory construction.
discuss memory construction in the broader context of challenges the mind must overcome and identify implication for false memories and confidence
Constructing Memories
I. Introduction
A. Createmem Astound Demo
B. A Classic Illustration: Bartlett’s (1932) “War of the Ghosts” Experiment
British participants read a Canadian Indian folktale…
over a period of time (u.
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Unit memory and forgetting
Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main stages of memory: acquisition, storage, and retrieval. Sensory memory stores information briefly through iconic, echoic, and haptic systems. Short-term memory actively stores information for 20-30 seconds through rehearsal, while long-term memory stores information more permanently. Memory researchers study factors like encoding, interference, forgetting curves, and the differences between explicit and implicit memory.
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Memory works through encoding, storage, and retrieval according to an information processing model. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model proposes that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory and then long-term memory, though more recent models recognize additional processing in working memory and some automatic processing into long-term memory. Memories can be formed through effortful, explicit processing or implicit, automatic processing. Encoding involves strategies like chunking, mnemonics, rehearsal, deep processing, and relating information to oneself. Memories are stored throughout the brain in overlapping neural networks rather than isolated locations. Explicit and implicit memories are processed in different brain areas, and emotions can strengthen memory formation through the amygdala. Retrieval is affected
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This document discusses working memory, including its definition as the processing space in the mind/brain used for computing information. It describes common models of working memory that include multiple subsystems like the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. Examples are given of how working memory explains phenomena like phonological confusions, word length effects, and irrelevant speech effects. The document also discusses that working memory has limits, capacities vary between individuals, and it is crucial for learning due to its role in holding information during effortful tasks.
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Long term memory
1. Long-term memory is a system for permanently storing and retrieving information for later use. It codes information according to meaning, patterns, and other characteristics.
2. Tulving proposed that long-term memory consists of episodic, semantic, and procedural memory. Episodic memory stores autobiographical events, semantic memory stores general world knowledge, and procedural memory stores skills and how to perform actions.
3. Long-term memory is responsible for bringing continuity and meaning to life by storing information relatively permanently based on meaning and importance.
Psych Levels Of Processing Model Of Memory
The document summarizes the levels of processing theory of memory proposed by Craik and Lockhart. The theory claims that memory formation depends on the depth of semantic analysis or elaboration during the initial encoding of information. Deeper levels of analysis that involve relating information to existing knowledge or assigning meaning will lead to stronger memory traces and better retention in long-term memory compared to more shallow perceptual or structural analysis. Later research provided evidence and modifications to the theory but also demonstrated some limitations.
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social learning theory was proposed by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard in 1941. The proposition of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura from 1962 until the present. . Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977, while he refuted the traditional learning theory for understanding learning.
Mod 6 eyewitness testimony
1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information like leading questions and post-event discussion.
2. Researcher Elizabeth Loftus has shown how memory can be changed by later information through experiments on factors like leading questions and post-event discussion.
3. One experiment found that post-event discussion between witnesses affected memory and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think. This chapter outlines the history of cognitive psychology from its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle through approaches like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology. It describes the emergence of cognitive psychology due to challenges to behaviorism from researchers like Chomsky and Turing. The chapter then discusses common research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments, neuroimaging, self-reports, and computer modeling before concluding with key themes such as the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for diverse research methods.
Level of processing
The Levels of Processing Model proposed that the depth of mental processing affects memory retention, such that deeper, semantic processing leads to longer-lasting memories compared to more shallow processing. Deeper processing involves relating information to prior knowledge or analyzing its meaning and importance, while shallow processing focuses only on physical or acoustic characteristics. The model helped shift the view of memory from simple storage to a complex processing system and explains why some information is remembered better than others. However, it does not clearly define "depth" of processing and does not explain the underlying mechanisms.
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This ppt is about the human memory and also tell about the type of human memory. Also give information about level of processing.
Tulving episodic semantic
Endel Tulving introduced two separate memory systems: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory involves mentally re-experiencing past events and autonoetic awareness, while semantic memory involves meaningful associations without recollection of context. Neurological evidence supports the distinction between the two systems, with episodic memory involving both hemispheres and semantic memory localized to the left hemisphere. Recent studies have examined how episodic memories can become semanticized over time through schematization.
Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb memories are highly vivid memories of learning about a shocking or emotional event. Early studies found that people had accurate memories of the context and their reactions to significant events like the JFK assassination. However, later studies found that flashbulb memories lack consistency and accuracy over time, even if confidence in the memories remains high. While emotional events may be more memorable initially, repeated testing has shown that flashbulb memories are reconstructive and details can change substantially within a few years of the event.
Psychology Memory and Learning Power Point
This document provides an overview of memory and learning concepts. It discusses the three stages of memory (encoding, storage, and retrieval). It describes the different types of memory like sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also discusses how learning occurs through classical and operant conditioning, and how cognitive factors like latent learning, cognitive maps, insight, learned helplessness, and observational learning impact the learning process. Key terms and concepts related to memory and different types of learning are defined and explained with examples.
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Memory psychologists believe memory involves three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves transforming information to be stored in memory. Storage holds information in memory until needed. Retrieval locates and retrieves stored information to be used. The document then provides details on each stage, describing encoding as representing information in a form like sounds or images, storage as holding encoded information, and retrieval as locating stored information when needed. It defines memory as the process of coding, storing, and retrieving information.
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Memory, Forgetting,Psychology, 3 Phases of Memory, Division and sub categories of memory, four general stages of memory, sequential category levels of memory, two types of memory recollection, physical structure of memory, basic factors affecting memory, forgetting, the ebbinghaus forgetting curve, reasons for forgetting information, memorization technique
Goldstein chapter 1
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This presentation gives you an insight about the contribution of E.B. Titchener in the field of psychology
1. Atkinson- Shiffrin model of memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model proposes that human memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information through iconic, echoic, and haptic memory. Short-term memory then stores about 7 chunks of information that can be rehearsed for around 18-20 seconds. Long-term memory permanently stores meaningful information through elaborative rehearsal and associations with existing knowledge.
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This document discusses consciousness and altered states of consciousness. It defines consciousness as awareness of oneself and one's environment. It describes stages of consciousness including controlled processes, automatic processes, daydreaming, the unconscious, unconsciousness, and altered states. Altered states can result from meditation, hypnosis, or psychoactive drugs. The document also discusses Freud's model of consciousness, defense mechanisms, sleep architecture, dreams, pain, chronic pain, psychological factors influencing pain like locus of control and catastrophizing cognitions, and the biopsychosocial model of pain.
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Learning Objectives By the end of this presentation, you will b.docx
Learning Objectives: By the end of this presentation, you will be able to…
describe Loftus’ studies demonstrating how the power of suggestion plays a role in the misinformation effect and in creating false memories.
describe the history of unintentional memory manipulation in therapy; describe how memories might be intentionally manipulated to change present maladaptive behavior.
describe findings from the innocence project on the nature and rates of errors in eyewitness testimony.
describe cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error and how police procedures inadvertently capitalized on these processes.
Our Fallible Memories
I. The Power of Suggestion
A. To Alter Memories: The Misinformation Effect
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
B. To Create Memories: False Memories
Lost in the Shopping Mall
False Memories of Traumatic Events
C. To Alter Present Maladaptive Behavior: Better Parenting Though Lies
D. Meet the Expert:
Elizabeth Loftus
Our Fallible Memories
I. The Power of Suggestion
II. Errors in Eyewitness Testimony
A. Demo G. Wells’
Bomber On the Roof
B. nature and rates of error (from
the innocence project)
C. cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error
error at perception & attention: weapons focus
Our Fallible Memories
Weapons Focus (Stanny & Johnson, 2000)
I. The Power of Suggestion
II. Errors in Eyewitness Testimony
A. Demo G. Wells’
Bomber On the Roof
B. nature and rates of error (from
the innocence project)
C. cognitive processes that contribute to eyewitness error
error at perception & attention: weapons focus
error due to source monitoring: “sixpack” fosters familiarity at lineup
errors due to suggestion: assuming the perpetrator is present
errors due to construction: filling-in-the-blanks
D. Meet the Expert:
Scott Fraser
Our Fallible Memories
media1.mp4
image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
Learning Objectives: By the end of this presentation, you will be able to…
describe the various sources of information from which memories are constructed; identify the source responsible for constructing memory in Barlett’s “War of the Ghosts” study
explain how source misattribution in Jacoby’s “Famous Overnight Experiment” illustrates that memory is constructed from various sources.
define and describe the relationships among: expectations, schema, script and stereotype; explain how the “Office” and “Rumor” Studies demonstrate the role of expectancies in memory construction.
discuss memory construction in the broader context of challenges the mind must overcome and identify implication for false memories and confidence
Constructing Memories
I. Introduction
A. Createmem Astound Demo
B. A Classic Illustration: Bartlett’s (1932) “War of the Ghosts” Experiment
British participants read a Canadian Indian folktale…
over a period of time (u.
CP Wk 8
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"Blackfish" National 4/5 Media Documentaries Unit
The documentary "Blackfish" examines the dangers of keeping killer whales in captivity. It follows the controversial death of a SeaWorld trainer, Dawn Brancheau, who was killed by the whale Tilikum in 2010. The filmmaker was initially puzzled by this incident but sought to understand it through research and interviews. Over two years of production, she uncovered shocking facts about the impacts of captivity on whales and trainers. The documentary aims to reveal the realities behind the carefully crafted public image of places like SeaWorld.
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U3A Benalla: Demystifying Psychology Zoom Discussion Group - 3 June, 2020 'The Forensic Interview' Tutor: Jane R.
Essay On Gm Foods. Online assignment writing service.
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The True Value Of College Education Essay Example
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The Story of My Life - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Amazing My Purpose In Life Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Life | Life Essay for Students and Children in English - A .... 008 My Purpose In Life Essay Example On How To Write An Examples 73 .... A Story Of My Life Narrative And Personal Speech Example - 200, 300 Words. 002 Essay For Students My Life Story Example Sca Paper ~ Thatsnotus. 005 Life Essays My Ambition In Goals Soundtrack Of Story Having Own .... College Essay: Examples of essay about life. 001 Essay Example Story Of My Life Examples Cover Letter Favour .... Sensational My Life Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Term paper: Essay on my life. My life - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. 13 Awards Winning Essays on My Life [ 2023 ]. Essay about life by Reynalyn Coja - Issuu.
Mod 6 anxiety1
This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that:
- Anxiety experienced during an event can negatively impact how well and accurately details are encoded and stored in memory. Important details like a person's appearance may not be remembered.
- When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies.
- While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance.
- Field research on eyewitness
Anxiety in young adults
Here are 3 potential interview questions for young adults who suffer from anxiety based on the references:
1. How has increased access to information through technology and social media impacted your anxiety? Some research suggests constant online connectivity can exacerbate anxious feelings.
2. Do you feel societal pressures of individualism and consumerism have contributed to your anxiety? Some experts argue neoliberal ideologies have increased loneliness and stress.
3. How has anxiety affected your ability to manage daily responsibilities like university studies? Statistics show a rise in mental health issues among youth - has this been your experience?
Free The Cat In The Hat Writing Paper. For Educati
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the client can choose based on qualifications.
4. The client will receive the paper and can request revisions if needed.
5. HelpWriting.net offers refunds if papers are plagiarized and guarantees customer satisfaction.
Memory 2
1. A retrieval cue is a stimulus that allows us to more easily recall long-term memories. Recognition involves identifying a stimulus from a list of alternatives, while recall requires retrieving specific information with few context clues.
2. The level of processing theory states that memories are better retained when information is more deeply processed by analyzing its meaning and forming connections, rather than through simple memorization.
3. Autobiographical memories of our own experiences are always distorted based on our limited perception and interpretation of events, tendency to distort unpleasant memories over time, and clearer recollection of significant life periods and transitions.
The role of memory in "A Grain of Wheat" and "The Sense of an Ending".
This document summarizes and compares the use of memory in the novels "A Grain of Wheat" by Ngugi wa Thiong'o and "The Sense of an Ending" by Julian Barnes. It discusses how both novels use multiple narrators and flashback techniques to depict personal and historical memories from the present day. However, the document argues that memory can be unreliable, as what is remembered may not match actual experiences. It questions how much we can truly rely on the memories of the narrators in both novels and suggests memory is reconstructed over time rather than perfectly stored.
Expository Essay Examples For High. Online assignment writing service.
The summary discusses an article about Michael Vick's dog fighting accusations and compares the media coverage to Ben Roethlisberger's sexual assault accusations. It notes that a previous study analyzed how their local newspapers (Atlanta Journal Constitution and Pittsburgh Post Gazette) framed the stories pre-charges. The study found the black quarterback Vick received more negative coverage with accusatory quotes, while the white quarterback Roethlisberger received a more positive tone emphasizing his career. The summary analyzes the different ways positive and negative frames are established in news articles.
30 Space Themed Papers- Handwriting For PreK-K By
The document discusses the process of creating an account and requesting a paper writing service from the website HelpWriting.net. It involves 5 steps: 1) Creating an account with an email and password. 2) Completing an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one. 4) Ensuring the paper meets expectations and authorizing payment. 5) Requesting revisions until satisfied with the final product. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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Learning Objectives By the end of this presentation, you will b.docx
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Dmystifying Psychology Discussion Group - The Forensic Interview
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Essay On Gm Foods. Online assignment writing service.
Essay On Gm Foods. Online assignment writing service.
Accuracy and Inaccuracy in memory and cognition.pptx
Accuracy and Inaccuracy in memory and cognition.pptx
Free The Cat In The Hat Writing Paper. For Educati
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The role of memory in "A Grain of Wheat" and "The Sense of an Ending".
The role of memory in "A Grain of Wheat" and "The Sense of an Ending".
Expository Essay Examples For High. Online assignment writing service.
Expository Essay Examples For High. Online assignment writing service.
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Social Perception and Social Cognition across Cultures
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Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural Psychology
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
Job description & job specification for I/O Psychologist
The job description is for an I/O psychologist who will be responsible for evaluating employee behavior, productivity, and attitudes at a company. The person will provide training and guidance to leadership and employees. They will also collaborate with corporate leadership to evaluate workplace behavior, create policies, direct training sessions, and develop company strategy.
Assessment In Sports Psychology
The document outlines various assessments used in sports psychology to measure athletes' mental states and performance. It discusses tools to measure attention, attentional style, anxiety, mood, stress, burnout, and imagery training. Tests mentioned include questionnaires like the Profile of Mood States and Maslach Burnout Inventory, as well as techniques like reaction time probes and physiological monitoring to assess concepts like attention, anxiety, and stress. The assessments are designed to help sport psychologists evaluate athletes' mental strengths and weaknesses.
Educational Impact of Islamic Culture & Traditions.
Islam places a strong emphasis on education, making the pursuit of knowledge compulsory for all men and women from an early age. It was the first religion to provide free education to everyone regardless of social status. As Islam spread, it established educational institutes like mosques which nurtured scientific experimentation and invention. Merit was preferred over nepotism, and education was seen as important for creating social order and progress. Overall, Islam has had a significant impact on promoting education throughout the world.
MCQS on Brief History of Cinical Psychology.
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This document provides a summary of the psychological thriller film Fight Club, directed by David Fincher. It discusses the main characters played by Edward Norton, Brad Pitt and Helena Bonham Carter. The plot involves an unnamed narrator who suffers from insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder and finds relief in support groups until he meets Marla Singer. He later meets Tyler Durden and they start an underground fighting club that grows increasingly destructive. The document outlines several psychological disorders portrayed in the film like insomnia, borderline personality disorder, paranoid psychosis and dissociative identity disorder. It provides analysis of how the narrator's psychological issues led to wider societal impacts and discusses treatments like psychotherapy and medication.
Data base
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
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formation of complex
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
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Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Everyday memory and Memory Errors
- 1. Everyday Memory and Memory Errors By: Bilal Anwaar Roll no, 191065
- 2. Autobiographical memory (definition): • The memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components is called autobiographical memory. • For example, an autobiographical memory of a childhood birthday party might include images of the cake, people at the party, (episodic memory); it might also include when the party occurred, (semantic memory). • It is multidimensional in nature.
- 3. Autobiographical memory (Role of age): • Autobiographical memory can be influenced by age. • The enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 is called the reminiscence bump. • This phenomenon can be explained by: 1. self-image hypothesis. 2. the cognitive hypothesis. 3. the cultural life script hypothesis.
- 4. Figure: Memories from different ages recalled by a 55-year- old, showing the reminiscence bump, which occurs for events experienced between about 10 and 30 years of age (dashed lines).
- 5. Autobiographical memory (Role of age): 1. The self-image hypothesis proposes that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed. 2. the cognitive hypothesis, proposes that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories. 3. the cultural life script hypothesis distinguishes between a person’s life story, which is all of the events that have occurred in a person’s life, and a cultural life script, which is the culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the life span.
- 6. Emotions & Memory: • Emotions are often associated with events that are easily remembered. The amygdala is a key structure for emotional memories, and emotion has been linked to improve memory consolidation.
- 7. Flashbulb Memories: • The term flashbulb memory to refer to a person’s memory for the circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged events. • Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed, like photographs. • Roger Brown and James Kulik coined the term flashbulb memory.
- 8. The Constructive Nature of Memory: • People report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as the person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations. • This is caused by following the factors: 1. Source monitoring error, misidentifying the source of a memory. 2. Source misattributions, because the memory is attributed to the wrong source. 3. Cryptomnesia, unconscious plagiarism of the work of others.
- 9. The Constructive Nature of Memory: • According to the constructive approach to memory, proposed by Bartlett based on his “War of the Ghosts” experiment, what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as the person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
- 10. The Misinformation Effect: • Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later is called the misinformation effect. • This misleading information is referred to as misleading postevent information (MPI).
- 11. Errors in Eyewitness Testimony: • Testimony by someone who has witnessed a crime is called eyewitness testimony. • Errors is eyewitness testimony can occur due to following factors: 1. Errors of Eyewitness Identification. 2. Errors Associated with Perception and Attention. 3. Misidentifications Due to Familiarity. 4. Errors Due to Suggestion.
- 12. How to Improve Eyewitness Testimony? • Recommendation 1: When asking a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the particular lineup he or she is viewing. • Recommendation 2: When constructing a lineup, use “fillers” who are similar to the suspect, like a tape of a crime scene. • Recommendation 3: Use a “blind” lineup administrator, someone who doesn’t know who the suspect is. • Recommendation 4: Have witnesses rate their confidence immediately, as they are making their identification.
- 13. The Recovered/False Memory: • Victims of abuse can and/or do repress memories of incidents of abuse, retrieving these so-called recovered memories. • Later in therapy, or whether instead some therapists, inadvertently prompt their clients to create false memories. • False memories are the memory of the things that never really happened.
- 14. Thanks