1) O documento apresenta notas de aula sobre análise de sistemas elétricos de potência, abordando tópicos como conceitos básicos, representação de sistemas elétricos de potência, estudos de curto-circuito e faltas assimétricas.
2) São descritos os diferentes regimes de operação de um sistema elétrico de potência, entre eles o regime permanente e transitório, e os diferentes tipos de estudos realizados em cada regime.
3) São explicados conceitos fundamentais como representação de tensões e corrent
This document provides instructions for adding an on/off LED indicator to Hakko 936-x temperature-controlled soldering stations. The modification involves drilling a hole in the front panel and PC board to mount a green LED. A resistor is also added to the PC board to limit the LED current. The LED will illuminate whenever power is applied, providing a visual status indicator that was lacking in the original design. The instructions include diagrams of the front panel and PC board layout and provide detailed steps for implementation.
O documento discute fundamentos de antenas para sistemas RFID, incluindo o funcionamento de RFID, tipos de antenas, medições de sinais e aplicações. É apresentado um guia sobre os principais componentes e conceitos relacionados a antenas e transmissão/recepção de ondas eletromagnéticas em sistemas RFID.
Palestra realizada na última terça, dia 25 de outubro, na Faculdade de Engenharia da PUC RS.Foram apresentados conceitos e filosofias dos sistemas de Automação de Subestações, Centros de Operação e Telecontrole, bem como novas tecnologias e metodologias aplicadas no setor elétrico de potência. exibir menos
O documento apresenta uma tabela comparativa entre os padrões métrico brasileiro (ABNT) e americano (AWG/MCM) para condutores de cobre, mostrando equivalências de bitola, diâmetro, seção e resistência linear aproximada. A tabela também fornece a corrente máxima recomendada para cada bitola segundo cada padrão.
This document discusses various methods for testing and locating faults in power cables, including DC hipot (high potential) testing and AC hipot testing. It provides details on the types of cables, their typical designs and insulation faults. DC hipot testing can effectively detect insulation faults but may accelerate deterioration in aged cables. AC hipot testing is commonly used for new cable installation testing but the equipment is large and expensive. Other methods like VLF hipot testing are better for maintenance testing on cables in service. The document compares the advantages and limitations of different cable testing methods.
This document provides installation instructions for heat shrink termination of single core polymeric cables rated between 7.2kV and 36kV. The instructions are as follows:
1. Remove the outer cable sheath to the specified length and remove any fillers.
2. Treat the cable screen by applying mastic tape and removing copper wires or tape to the specified points before attaching an earth braid.
3. Treat the conductive layer by removing it to the specified points using the appropriate tool to avoid damage to the primary insulation.
4. Apply stress relief tape to the specified points before installing stress control tubes and cable lugs using mastic tape. Install anti-track tubes and sheds as required
O documento fornece informações sobre atenuadores, tabelas de filtros passa-alta e passa-baixa de diferentes ordens, frequências de corte típicas para diferentes falantes, e como associar atenuadores com filtros.
1) O documento apresenta notas de aula sobre análise de sistemas elétricos de potência, abordando tópicos como conceitos básicos, representação de sistemas elétricos de potência, estudos de curto-circuito e faltas assimétricas.
2) São descritos os diferentes regimes de operação de um sistema elétrico de potência, entre eles o regime permanente e transitório, e os diferentes tipos de estudos realizados em cada regime.
3) São explicados conceitos fundamentais como representação de tensões e corrent
This document provides instructions for adding an on/off LED indicator to Hakko 936-x temperature-controlled soldering stations. The modification involves drilling a hole in the front panel and PC board to mount a green LED. A resistor is also added to the PC board to limit the LED current. The LED will illuminate whenever power is applied, providing a visual status indicator that was lacking in the original design. The instructions include diagrams of the front panel and PC board layout and provide detailed steps for implementation.
O documento discute fundamentos de antenas para sistemas RFID, incluindo o funcionamento de RFID, tipos de antenas, medições de sinais e aplicações. É apresentado um guia sobre os principais componentes e conceitos relacionados a antenas e transmissão/recepção de ondas eletromagnéticas em sistemas RFID.
Palestra realizada na última terça, dia 25 de outubro, na Faculdade de Engenharia da PUC RS.Foram apresentados conceitos e filosofias dos sistemas de Automação de Subestações, Centros de Operação e Telecontrole, bem como novas tecnologias e metodologias aplicadas no setor elétrico de potência. exibir menos
O documento apresenta uma tabela comparativa entre os padrões métrico brasileiro (ABNT) e americano (AWG/MCM) para condutores de cobre, mostrando equivalências de bitola, diâmetro, seção e resistência linear aproximada. A tabela também fornece a corrente máxima recomendada para cada bitola segundo cada padrão.
This document discusses various methods for testing and locating faults in power cables, including DC hipot (high potential) testing and AC hipot testing. It provides details on the types of cables, their typical designs and insulation faults. DC hipot testing can effectively detect insulation faults but may accelerate deterioration in aged cables. AC hipot testing is commonly used for new cable installation testing but the equipment is large and expensive. Other methods like VLF hipot testing are better for maintenance testing on cables in service. The document compares the advantages and limitations of different cable testing methods.
This document provides installation instructions for heat shrink termination of single core polymeric cables rated between 7.2kV and 36kV. The instructions are as follows:
1. Remove the outer cable sheath to the specified length and remove any fillers.
2. Treat the cable screen by applying mastic tape and removing copper wires or tape to the specified points before attaching an earth braid.
3. Treat the conductive layer by removing it to the specified points using the appropriate tool to avoid damage to the primary insulation.
4. Apply stress relief tape to the specified points before installing stress control tubes and cable lugs using mastic tape. Install anti-track tubes and sheds as required
O documento fornece informações sobre atenuadores, tabelas de filtros passa-alta e passa-baixa de diferentes ordens, frequências de corte típicas para diferentes falantes, e como associar atenuadores com filtros.
[1] O documento descreve como calcular a pressão disponível em um ponto de uma tubulação de PVC de 20 mm para um chuveiro elétrico, considerando a perda de carga.
[2] A equação de Bernoulli é aplicada para calcular a perda de carga total de 0,31 mca, fornecendo uma pressão de 1,29 mca, satisfazendo os requisitos.
[3] Para um chuveiro do tipo ducha, a perda de carga seria maior, de 1,20 mca, não atendendo aos requisitos, mas
Este documento é uma folha de testes para painéis MT/AT. Ele lista vários itens para inspeção mecânica e elétrica do equipamento, incluindo limpeza, fixações, isolamento, continuidade elétrica, operação de componentes, simulações e ensaios operacionais. Os resultados dos testes serão registrados neste documento para verificar se o equipamento atende aos padrões técnicos.
Catalogo fischer chumbadores quimicos para concretoMárcio Paixão
O documento descreve os produtos e serviços da empresa fischer para fixação em concreto, incluindo chumbadores químicos e software de dimensionamento de ancoragens. A empresa oferece soluções personalizadas, treinamento, alta taxa de implementação de patentes, presença global e liderança de mercado na Europa.
O documento fornece tabelas com dimensões de roscas métricas, roscas whitworth, roscas unificadas e roscas BSP. As tabelas incluem diâmetros nominais, número de fios por polegada e dimensões-chave de cada tipo de rosca.
O documento fornece informações sobre diferentes tipos de válvulas industriais, descrevendo suas classificações, aplicações típicas, mecanismos de operação e construção. É dividido em seções tratando de válvulas de bloqueio, regulagem, retenção de fluxo e controle de pressão.
Nexans Euromold HV high voltage bushings are suitable for use in oil-insulated high voltage electrical equipment up to 33kV- this includes oil-insulated HV bushings for high voltage transformers, motors, switchgear and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are epoxy insulated in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181. Nexans Euromold plug-in bushings 750S1, 775S1, 775T1 meet the requirements of ANSI/IEEE 386 with 800amp and 1250amp current ratings. Nexans HV bushings are suitable for 5/8" threading systems.
Nexans Euromold Oil-Insulated Epoxy HV High Voltage Bushings
6/10 (12kV)
6.35/11 (12kV)
8.7/15 (17.5kV)
12/20 (24kV)
12.7/22 (24kV)
18/33 (36kV)
1. O documento apresenta tabelas com as dimensões de flanges de acordo com padrões ASME/ANSI, DIN, ABNT, ISO e AWWA.
2. Inclui especificações técnicas de aços usados na fabricação de flanges e exemplos de especificações.
3. As tabelas fornecem as dimensões principais de flanges para diferentes classes de pressão e diâmetros nominais.
This document provides guidelines for interpreting gases generated in oil-immersed transformers. It details procedures for analyzing gas samples from transformers, including calibrating field instruments to detect combustible gases. The document also describes using fixed instruments to determine gas quantities and obtaining samples for laboratory analysis to identify individual gases extracted from transformer oil. It aims to help operators evaluate transformer serviceability based on the gas analysis results. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is also included.
The document provides dimensional specifications for various structural steel shapes, including W-shapes and S-shapes, under both US customary and metric units. It lists the designation, depth, web and flange dimensions, and weight for each shape. For example, a W44x335 shape is listed as having a depth of 44.02 inches, a web thickness of 1.02 inches, flange width of 15.95 inches, flange thickness of 1.77 inches, and a weight of 2.5625 pounds per foot. A variety of shapes with differing depths, widths, and thicknesses are specified.
Excelente amplificador estéreo de 60 watts que usa el TDA2050. Tiene incluido un preamplificador con control de tonos y ecualizador de 2 bandas.
Espero sea de gran utilidad.
O documento lista códigos e descrições de itens de rolamentos Eaton, incluindo rolamentos de esferas, rolamentos de agulhas, rolamentos de roletes cilíndricos e conicos, conjuntos de capas e cones, e kits de rolamentos.
This document provides guidance on sizing and protecting dynamic braking resistors for AC drives. It discusses calculating the resistance, wattage, and protection scheme needed. For resistance, the minimum allowable for the drive must be met. Wattage is based on application details like machine type and stopping frequency. Protection can be via a manual motor protector sized based on peak current and a trip time to safeguard the resistor. The drive software can also limit full power braking time and periodic use to prevent overuse. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate the process.
1) O documento apresenta tabelas com informações técnicas sobre parafusos métricos, incluindo classes de resistência, cargas de prova e torques de aperto.
2) São detalhadas as características mecânicas dos parafusos de acordo com a ISO 898-1, com tensões de tração, escoamento e deformação.
3) Há tabelas com cargas de prova para parafusos métricos de roscas normal e fina, assim como torques recomendados para atingir 80% da carga de prova
El documento describe un amplificador de audio clase AB con transistores bipolares, incluyendo un circuito esquemático, respuesta en frecuencia, polarización, oscilogramas, lista de materiales y mediciones. El amplificador tiene una ganancia de 26.6 dB a 1 KHz, frecuencia de corte inferior de 23 Hz y frecuencia de corte superior de 1.13 MHz. Las mediciones muestran una ganancia de 20.23 veces y una sensibilidad de entrada de 354 mV.
Este manual fornece curvas de desempenho para bombas centrífugas de vários tamanhos fabricadas pela KSB, incluindo informações sobre altura manométrica, vazão, potência necessária e outras especificações técnicas. O documento também alerta sobre valores mínimos de NPSH e reduções de eficiência para diferentes configurações de bombas.
O documento apresenta os principais conceitos matemáticos relacionados ao eletromagnetismo, como operador nabla, gradiente, divergência e rotacional. Explica o significado geométrico e físico dessas grandezas vetoriais diferenciais e mostra exemplos de suas aplicações.
The document describes different types of basic retainers used for sealing. It lists the types as B, BA, BAG, BG, BR, BRG, GA, and GR. It provides legends explaining the characteristics of each type, such as the material used for the main seal (rubber or rubber with spring) and whether it has a dust protection, metal diameter, cap, or rubber coating. It also describes the orientation and material of the sealing lip.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview October 2015SappiHouston
The document summarizes economic indicators and forecasts from Europe, the US, and Japan in October 2015. In Europe, GDP growth forecasts remained stable for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016, and industrial confidence increased slightly while consumer confidence declined. In the US, GDP forecasts remained the same for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016. Japan's GDP forecasts declined for both 2015 and 2016, and its credit rating was downgraded. The document also includes charts and data on topics like GDP, inflation, unemployment, and business climate indexes for various countries and regions.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview August 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, inflation rates, unemployment, industrial and consumer confidence indexes, and capacity utilization in the EU. Charts show trends in these indicators. The report also provides data on business climate indexes in Germany and worldwide from IFO and advertising expenditure forecasts from ZenithOptimedia.
[1] O documento descreve como calcular a pressão disponível em um ponto de uma tubulação de PVC de 20 mm para um chuveiro elétrico, considerando a perda de carga.
[2] A equação de Bernoulli é aplicada para calcular a perda de carga total de 0,31 mca, fornecendo uma pressão de 1,29 mca, satisfazendo os requisitos.
[3] Para um chuveiro do tipo ducha, a perda de carga seria maior, de 1,20 mca, não atendendo aos requisitos, mas
Este documento é uma folha de testes para painéis MT/AT. Ele lista vários itens para inspeção mecânica e elétrica do equipamento, incluindo limpeza, fixações, isolamento, continuidade elétrica, operação de componentes, simulações e ensaios operacionais. Os resultados dos testes serão registrados neste documento para verificar se o equipamento atende aos padrões técnicos.
Catalogo fischer chumbadores quimicos para concretoMárcio Paixão
O documento descreve os produtos e serviços da empresa fischer para fixação em concreto, incluindo chumbadores químicos e software de dimensionamento de ancoragens. A empresa oferece soluções personalizadas, treinamento, alta taxa de implementação de patentes, presença global e liderança de mercado na Europa.
O documento fornece tabelas com dimensões de roscas métricas, roscas whitworth, roscas unificadas e roscas BSP. As tabelas incluem diâmetros nominais, número de fios por polegada e dimensões-chave de cada tipo de rosca.
O documento fornece informações sobre diferentes tipos de válvulas industriais, descrevendo suas classificações, aplicações típicas, mecanismos de operação e construção. É dividido em seções tratando de válvulas de bloqueio, regulagem, retenção de fluxo e controle de pressão.
Nexans Euromold HV high voltage bushings are suitable for use in oil-insulated high voltage electrical equipment up to 33kV- this includes oil-insulated HV bushings for high voltage transformers, motors, switchgear and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are epoxy insulated in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181. Nexans Euromold plug-in bushings 750S1, 775S1, 775T1 meet the requirements of ANSI/IEEE 386 with 800amp and 1250amp current ratings. Nexans HV bushings are suitable for 5/8" threading systems.
Nexans Euromold Oil-Insulated Epoxy HV High Voltage Bushings
6/10 (12kV)
6.35/11 (12kV)
8.7/15 (17.5kV)
12/20 (24kV)
12.7/22 (24kV)
18/33 (36kV)
1. O documento apresenta tabelas com as dimensões de flanges de acordo com padrões ASME/ANSI, DIN, ABNT, ISO e AWWA.
2. Inclui especificações técnicas de aços usados na fabricação de flanges e exemplos de especificações.
3. As tabelas fornecem as dimensões principais de flanges para diferentes classes de pressão e diâmetros nominais.
This document provides guidelines for interpreting gases generated in oil-immersed transformers. It details procedures for analyzing gas samples from transformers, including calibrating field instruments to detect combustible gases. The document also describes using fixed instruments to determine gas quantities and obtaining samples for laboratory analysis to identify individual gases extracted from transformer oil. It aims to help operators evaluate transformer serviceability based on the gas analysis results. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is also included.
The document provides dimensional specifications for various structural steel shapes, including W-shapes and S-shapes, under both US customary and metric units. It lists the designation, depth, web and flange dimensions, and weight for each shape. For example, a W44x335 shape is listed as having a depth of 44.02 inches, a web thickness of 1.02 inches, flange width of 15.95 inches, flange thickness of 1.77 inches, and a weight of 2.5625 pounds per foot. A variety of shapes with differing depths, widths, and thicknesses are specified.
Excelente amplificador estéreo de 60 watts que usa el TDA2050. Tiene incluido un preamplificador con control de tonos y ecualizador de 2 bandas.
Espero sea de gran utilidad.
O documento lista códigos e descrições de itens de rolamentos Eaton, incluindo rolamentos de esferas, rolamentos de agulhas, rolamentos de roletes cilíndricos e conicos, conjuntos de capas e cones, e kits de rolamentos.
This document provides guidance on sizing and protecting dynamic braking resistors for AC drives. It discusses calculating the resistance, wattage, and protection scheme needed. For resistance, the minimum allowable for the drive must be met. Wattage is based on application details like machine type and stopping frequency. Protection can be via a manual motor protector sized based on peak current and a trip time to safeguard the resistor. The drive software can also limit full power braking time and periodic use to prevent overuse. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate the process.
1) O documento apresenta tabelas com informações técnicas sobre parafusos métricos, incluindo classes de resistência, cargas de prova e torques de aperto.
2) São detalhadas as características mecânicas dos parafusos de acordo com a ISO 898-1, com tensões de tração, escoamento e deformação.
3) Há tabelas com cargas de prova para parafusos métricos de roscas normal e fina, assim como torques recomendados para atingir 80% da carga de prova
El documento describe un amplificador de audio clase AB con transistores bipolares, incluyendo un circuito esquemático, respuesta en frecuencia, polarización, oscilogramas, lista de materiales y mediciones. El amplificador tiene una ganancia de 26.6 dB a 1 KHz, frecuencia de corte inferior de 23 Hz y frecuencia de corte superior de 1.13 MHz. Las mediciones muestran una ganancia de 20.23 veces y una sensibilidad de entrada de 354 mV.
Este manual fornece curvas de desempenho para bombas centrífugas de vários tamanhos fabricadas pela KSB, incluindo informações sobre altura manométrica, vazão, potência necessária e outras especificações técnicas. O documento também alerta sobre valores mínimos de NPSH e reduções de eficiência para diferentes configurações de bombas.
O documento apresenta os principais conceitos matemáticos relacionados ao eletromagnetismo, como operador nabla, gradiente, divergência e rotacional. Explica o significado geométrico e físico dessas grandezas vetoriais diferenciais e mostra exemplos de suas aplicações.
The document describes different types of basic retainers used for sealing. It lists the types as B, BA, BAG, BG, BR, BRG, GA, and GR. It provides legends explaining the characteristics of each type, such as the material used for the main seal (rubber or rubber with spring) and whether it has a dust protection, metal diameter, cap, or rubber coating. It also describes the orientation and material of the sealing lip.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview October 2015SappiHouston
The document summarizes economic indicators and forecasts from Europe, the US, and Japan in October 2015. In Europe, GDP growth forecasts remained stable for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016, and industrial confidence increased slightly while consumer confidence declined. In the US, GDP forecasts remained the same for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016. Japan's GDP forecasts declined for both 2015 and 2016, and its credit rating was downgraded. The document also includes charts and data on topics like GDP, inflation, unemployment, and business climate indexes for various countries and regions.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview August 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, inflation rates, unemployment, industrial and consumer confidence indexes, and capacity utilization in the EU. Charts show trends in these indicators. The report also provides data on business climate indexes in Germany and worldwide from IFO and advertising expenditure forecasts from ZenithOptimedia.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview June 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth in the EU remained stable in 2015 but declined in the US due to harsh weather and a strong dollar. Industrial confidence in the EU improved slightly while consumer confidence declined. The German economy remains on track with recent data showing accelerated growth, though the IFO Business Climate Index edged downward.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview April 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and globally. Key points include:
- GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Germany improved slightly, while forecasts declined for the US and Japan.
- Industrial confidence in the Eurozone rose again in March, and consumer confidence continued to improve significantly.
- Unemployment rates and inflation rates in the Eurozone are trending downward.
- The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany reached its highest level since July 2014, indicating continued economic expansion.
Economic indicators and Monthly Overview January 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an economic outlook for January 2015. It summarizes forecasts for GDP growth in Europe, the US, and Japan in 2015 and 2016. GDP growth is expected to be 1.5% in Europe in 2015 and 1.8% in 2016. In the US, GDP growth is forecast to be 3.2% in 2015 and 2.8% in 2016. Japan's GDP growth is projected to be 1.2% in 2015 and 1.5% in 2016. The document also reviews recent economic indicator data for the EU, Germany, and other regions.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Japan were lowered for 2014 but raised slightly for Japan in 2015. Industrial and consumer confidence in the EU improved slightly in October, breaking prior downward trends. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany continued to fall, indicating a deteriorating outlook for the German economy.
This document provides an economic overview and indicators for Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany from October 2014. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts were lowered slightly for Europe and Japan, while the US forecast improved slightly. Industrial confidence and consumer confidence in Europe continued to decline in September. The German IFO Business Climate Index fell again, indicating the German economy is slowing. Charts show trends in GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicators for various regions.
Economic Indicators and Montly Overview September SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes data on GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, business and consumer confidence indexes. GDP growth forecasts for Europe in 2014 were lowered slightly due to stagnation in the Eurozone recovery. US GDP growth forecasts remained unchanged, while Japan's forecasts saw a small decrease and increase for 2014 and 2015 respectively. Several indexes tracking European industrial and consumer confidence declined further in August.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, business and consumer confidence indexes, unemployment and inflation rates. GDP growth is expected to be modest in Europe and the US in 2014, while forecasts for Japan remain stable. Several indexes for Germany fell slightly in June due to concerns about the impact of crises in Ukraine and Iraq. Advertising growth forecasts from Zenith also are included, with global growth expected to be 4.7% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. Key points include: the GDP growth forecast for the EU remained stable at 1.5% for 2014 but decreased for the US; the ECB cut interest rates to stimulate lending; consumer confidence in the EU continued to improve while Germany's business climate index fell slightly; and global advertising growth is projected to increase by 4.9% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and global advertising trends. It summarizes GDP forecasts, economic confidence indexes, inflation rates, and unemployment in key regions. Recent data points to positive but uneven growth returning to the Eurozone. The ECB is expected to cut interest rates further to boost low inflation. The US economy showed mixed results in Q1 2014 due to weather impacts. Japanese consumer spending increased sharply ahead of a sales tax hike. Global advertising is forecast to grow 5.1% in 2014 led by digital media, especially in emerging markets.
Economic indicators april 2014 houstonSappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts which remained positive for Europe and the US but fell slightly for Japan. It also reviews recent economic data on industrial confidence, unemployment, inflation and other indicators, which were mostly stable or improving. However, the IFO Business Climate index for Germany fell in March due to concerns about emerging markets and events in Crimea.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP growth forecasts which were improved slightly for Europe but decreased for the US and Japan. Unemployment and industrial confidence indicators for Europe are also discussed. Key points about advertising growth forecasts from Zenith are presented.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, inflation rates, unemployment, consumer confidence indexes and other metrics. According to the document, GDP growth is expected to improve in the US and Eurozone in 2014, while Japan's GDP forecast was lowered slightly. Inflation remains a concern in the Eurozone. The German economy started 2014 promisingly with rising business sentiment indicators.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators and forecasts from various sources. It summarizes that consensus GDP forecasts for major economies remained largely unchanged, while industrial confidence in the EU improved and consumer confidence declined slightly. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany rose significantly on improved current business assessments and expectations. Zenith data showed global advertising expenditures are forecast to grow 4.9% in 2013 and 5.1% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators and forecasts from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany in October 2013. Key points include:
- The Eurozone GDP growth forecast remained flat at 0.0% for 2013 and 1.3% for 2014, while the ECB unexpectedly cut interest rates to 0.25% due to deflation concerns.
- US GDP growth was revised up to 1.7% for 2013 and remained at 2.6% for 2014 following stronger than expected third quarter growth.
- Japan's GDP forecast remained unchanged at 1.9% for 2013 but declined slightly to 1.6% for 2014, despite other improving economic parameters.
- The IFO Business Climate Index
This document provides contact information for specialists at Sappi who can assist with technical issues in various languages and regions. It lists representatives for different countries and language groups in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the United Kingdom, along with their names and email addresses. It encourages contacting Sappi for any needed assistance and directs to their website for additional paper and printing knowledge.
The document provides an economic outlook overview for October 2013. It summarizes consensus GDP forecasts for Europe, the US, and Japan. For Europe, it notes improving industrial and consumer confidence in the EU, while the ECB kept interest rates unchanged. In the US, recovery has been hurt by the government shutdown. Japan took a small step to reduce debt by raising sales tax. Charts show historical GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicator trends in the EU. The report also summarizes IFO and Zenith economic indicator forecasts.
ContiVision - Web Break Analysis SystemSappiHouston
ContiVision is a system that automatically analyzes web breaks during the printing process. It determines the time, location, process circumstances, and most probable cause of each web break. This allows printers to optimize their process, prevent recurring breaks, and claim breaks caused by paper faults. The system collects data from sensors and cameras to analyze each break and produce a report with evidence to determine the root cause.
The document provides an economic outlook overview for September 2013. Key points include:
- GDP growth forecasts improved slightly for the Eurozone, US, and Japan. Recent data also indicates the Eurozone recovery is being maintained.
- Several economic indicators show improvements, such as industrial confidence and consumer confidence rising in the Eurozone. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany also continued to climb.
- Global ad expenditure is forecast to grow at a slower 3.5% in 2013 due to issues in Europe and South Korea, but a rebound is expected in 2014-2015, led by rising markets. Internet and mobile advertising are outpacing other media in growth.
1. The digital universe of paper and printing knowledge
11/03/13 ● www.sappi.com/houston
Was tun bei elektrostatischer
Aufladung von Papier?
Problem
Elektrostatische Aufladung von Papier kann u.U. verschiedene Störungen an der Druckmaschine
verursachen wie z.B. Doppelbogeneinzug, schräg einlaufende Bogen auf dem Anlagetisch, eine schlechte
Bogenauslage usw.
Schon die Beachtung weniger Kleinigkeiten vor und während des Drucks sind oftmals ausreichend, um
auftretende Laufprobleme in den Griff zu bekommen.
Beschreibung – Was ist statische Elektrizität ?
• Gleiche Ladungen stoßen sich ab, ungleiche ziehen sich an!!!
Papier hat eine andere Ladung als der Bogenanleger.
• Statische Elektrizität entsteht durch Ladungstrennung. Zu trockene Luft oder zu trockenes Papier
bremsen die Entladungsgeschwindigkeit des Papiers, der Bogen bleibt hängen, es gibt Stopper.
• Papier ist ein Isolator, und damit in der Reihe der Nichtleiter zu finden (Kondensatorpapier) Der
Oberflächenwiderstand von Naturpapieren bewegt sich z.B. in der Höhe von 1010 Ohm.
• Bei der Bogentrennung werden Ladungen getrennt, Ladungstrennung bewirkt eine hohe
Feldstärkenaufladung.
• Ladungen können ganz unterschiedlich sein (gleiche oder ungleiche Ladungen).Bei deren
Beseitigung durch Hilfsmittel muß dies berücksichtigt werden.
• Die Aufladung von Papier hängt also wesentlich von der Papierfeuchte, den klimatischen
Umgebungsbedingungen als auch von der Laufgeschwindigkeit und den elektrischen Eigenschaften
des Papiers ab.
• Je trockener ein Papier ist, umso besser isoliert es. Das bedeutet der Oberflächenwiderstand wird
höher. Je höher der Oberflächenwiderstand desto weniger Ladung kann abfliesen.
• Im Falle einer statischen Aufladung des Papiers ist eine Entladung des Papiers bei langsam
laufender Maschine eher möglich, weil die Entladungsgeschwindigkeit geringer ist und somit
Ladungen besser abfließen können.
• Ein weitere wichtige Rolle spielt auch die Glätte und Steifigkeit des Papiers .Die Glätte hat
Auswirkungen auf die Anzahl der Berührungspunkte bei der Reibung mit anderen Materialien z.B.
Anlagetisch oder dem Folgebogen.
• Höhere Glätte = mehr Berührungspunkte .
Mit abnehmenden Flächengewicht des Papiers nimmt auch dessen Steifigkeit ab.
Das bedeutet in der Regel weniger Widerstand bei auftretenden elektrostatischen
Kräften als bei einem Papier mit hohem Flächengewicht .
Höheres Flächengewicht = mehr Steifigkeit .
2. The digital universe of paper and printing knowledge
11/03/13 ● www.sappi.com/houston
Wichtig zu wissen ?
Papierstapel werden nach dem Schneiden von oben nach unten mit hohem Druck gepresst, (2-3 to) damit
die Luft zwischen den Bögen entweichen kann.
Das erklärt eine gewisse Haftung zum nächsten Bogen im Stapel, weil kein Luftpolster zwischen den Bögen
ist. Irrtümlich wird dieser Effekt oft mit statischer Aufladung des Papiers verwechselt.
Um dem Verarbeiter helfen zu können bieten sich folgende
Lösungen an:
1. Gleichgewichtsfeuchte an den Papierstapeln messen (Papier soll zwischen 48% u. 55% liegen).
2. Hinterfragen ob der Drucker mit IR-Trockner gearbeitet hat (mögl. Feuchteverlust des Papiers durch IR-
Wärme).
3. Raumklima muß 50%-55% rel. Luftfeuchte bei 23°c betragen.
4. Luftfeuchtigkeit im Raum z.B. durch Wasservernebler erhöhen.
5. Die Außenkanten des Papierstapels mit Bestäubungspuder einpudern ( Puder wird durch die Vorbläser
des Anlegers zwischen die Bogen geblasen (Abstandshaltereffekt).
6. Papierstapel mind. 24 Std. im verpackten Zustand der Raumtemperatur anpassen.
7. Wasser auf den Fußboden schütten, damit die Luftfeuchtigkeit im Umfeld Maschine steigt.