DRUG DESIGN.pptx.very important for pharmacy student
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Debriefing.pptx is for the education purpose .
This document defines debriefing as an after-event discussion to promote reflective learning and improve clinical performance. It discusses the goals, process, phases, facilitator role, and approaches to effective debriefing. Debriefing includes reaction, analysis, and summary phases. The reaction phase allows participants to express thoughts and describe the scenario. The analysis phase encourages in-depth reflection on performance. The summary phase identifies takeaways. An effective facilitator guides discussion, asks open-ended questions, and involves all participants to address performance gaps. Common debriefing approaches include time-in/time-out, structured and supported, and Plus/Delta.
ethical issues and delemma.pptx
This document discusses several ethical issues and dilemmas that can arise in healthcare. An ethical issue involves following a specific rule, while an ethical dilemma is a conflict between two morally right actions. Other concepts discussed include conflict of interest, paternalism in healthcare, deception, privacy/confidentiality, and whistleblowing. Paternalism involves making decisions for another's benefit, but can conflict with patient autonomy. Privacy, confidentiality, and trust are intertwined, and confidentiality protects individual privacy. Whistleblowing refers to expressing concerns about improper behavior for the public interest.
ethical decision making.pptx
This document discusses ethical decision making and the role of ethics committees. It begins by explaining that making ethical decisions is difficult and requires a process. This process involves identifying ethical issues, assessing the situation, identifying alternative decisions, choosing a solution, and evaluating the decision. Ethics committees were established to help ensure research and medical procedures are carried out ethically. These committees independently review clinical research, experiments involving human subjects, and patient care from ethical and scientific perspectives. There are two main types of ethics committees - research ethics committees and clinical ethics committees. Their roles include moderating clinical decision making, setting rules and regulations, and overseeing the use of resources in an ethical manner.
SchankarGameDesign.ppt
This document discusses concepts in game design. It defines game design as the process of creating a context through which players can derive meaning from their interactions. Key concepts discussed include meaningful play, semiotics, systems thinking, interactivity, choice, and brainstorming approaches. Successful game design is said to create meaningful play through balancing challenge, social elements, and dynamic experiences.
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Debriefing.pptx is for the education purpose .
This document defines debriefing as an after-event discussion to promote reflective learning and improve clinical performance. It discusses the goals, process, phases, facilitator role, and approaches to effective debriefing. Debriefing includes reaction, analysis, and summary phases. The reaction phase allows participants to express thoughts and describe the scenario. The analysis phase encourages in-depth reflection on performance. The summary phase identifies takeaways. An effective facilitator guides discussion, asks open-ended questions, and involves all participants to address performance gaps. Common debriefing approaches include time-in/time-out, structured and supported, and Plus/Delta.
ethical issues and delemma.pptx
This document discusses several ethical issues and dilemmas that can arise in healthcare. An ethical issue involves following a specific rule, while an ethical dilemma is a conflict between two morally right actions. Other concepts discussed include conflict of interest, paternalism in healthcare, deception, privacy/confidentiality, and whistleblowing. Paternalism involves making decisions for another's benefit, but can conflict with patient autonomy. Privacy, confidentiality, and trust are intertwined, and confidentiality protects individual privacy. Whistleblowing refers to expressing concerns about improper behavior for the public interest.
ethical decision making.pptx
This document discusses ethical decision making and the role of ethics committees. It begins by explaining that making ethical decisions is difficult and requires a process. This process involves identifying ethical issues, assessing the situation, identifying alternative decisions, choosing a solution, and evaluating the decision. Ethics committees were established to help ensure research and medical procedures are carried out ethically. These committees independently review clinical research, experiments involving human subjects, and patient care from ethical and scientific perspectives. There are two main types of ethics committees - research ethics committees and clinical ethics committees. Their roles include moderating clinical decision making, setting rules and regulations, and overseeing the use of resources in an ethical manner.
SchankarGameDesign.ppt
This document discusses concepts in game design. It defines game design as the process of creating a context through which players can derive meaning from their interactions. Key concepts discussed include meaningful play, semiotics, systems thinking, interactivity, choice, and brainstorming approaches. Successful game design is said to create meaningful play through balancing challenge, social elements, and dynamic experiences.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaids)
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that produce prostaglandins. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, while other NSAIDs generally reversibly inhibit the enzymes. This inhibition of prostaglandin production provides the drugs' analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. NSAIDs may also interact with other drugs like diuretics, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants.
DNA replication.pptx
This document summarizes nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer. It discusses the structure of DNA and RNA, DNA replication through the semi-conservative model, transcription, the genetic code, and translation. DNA replication in prokaryotes is described as semi-discontinuous and bidirectional, with continuous synthesis on the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis in fragments on the lagging strand. RNA primers are required for DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. Certain compounds that inhibit DNA and RNA processes are used as anticancer or antibacterial drugs.
oxidation of fatty acids (palmitic acid).pptx
The document summarizes the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It involves three main stages - activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix. Beta-oxidation occurs via four reactions per cycle that sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid. This generates energy in the form of FADH2, NADH, and ATP. Defects in this process can cause diseases like sudden infant death syndrome.
translation-protein synthesis.pptx
Translation is the process by which a ribosome produces a protein using information encoded in mRNA. It occurs in four phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome, mRNA, and initiator tRNA. Elongation adds amino acids one by one to elongate the polypeptide chain based on codon-anticodon interactions. Translocation moves the tRNAs and mRNA within the ribosome. Termination releases the completed polypeptide when a stop codon is reached, with release factors catalyzing ribosome dissociation. Eukaryotes have additional initiation factors and one release factor compared to prokaryotes.
lipid s final.pptx
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids can be classified as simple lipids like fatty acids, fats and oils, or complex lipids containing additional components like proteins, carbohydrates or phosphate groups. Complex lipids include phospholipids that make up cell membranes, sphingolipids and glycolipids containing carbohydrates. Lipids serve important structural and metabolic functions, acting as energy stores, insulating layers, and components of cell membranes and lipoproteins.
organic chemistry unit 1.pptx
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses the classification of organic compounds as acyclic, cyclic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and more. It also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers. Examples are provided to illustrate the nomenclature rules for different functional groups. Structural isomerism in organic compounds is also briefly mentioned.
Nature and sources of drugs.pptx
This document summarizes various sources of drugs, including plants (leaves, flowers, seeds, bark), animals (pancreas, urine, thyroid, liver), minerals (kaolin, borax), and microbiological sources (fungi, bacteria). It provides examples of specific drugs derived from each source, such as morphine from poppy flowers, insulin from the pancreas, penicillin from Penicillium fungi, and streptomycin from Actinobacteria.
Antagonism.pptx
Antagonists stop the effect of another substance by binding to receptors without activating them, while agonists bind to receptors and activate them to produce a functional response. Both antagonists and agonists are molecules that can bind to receptors.
Adverse effect and Toxicity.pptx
Therapeutics refers to the treatment and care of patients to both prevent and fight disease or relieve pain or injury. It comes from the Greek word meaning "inclined to serve." Therapeutics is the branch of medicine focused specifically on treating disease. The therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount needed to treat a medical condition.
self drug calculation.pptx
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including formulas and examples. It discusses calculating dosages based on the amount ordered, amount available, liquid measurements, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates. Common equivalents are also listed such as 1 kg = 2.2 lbs and 1 gm = 1000 mg. Step-by-step examples are provided for calculating tablet dosages, liquid dosages, dosages based on weight, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates.
Principles of theraputics.pptx
The document outlines principles of therapeutics for safe medication administration. Key principles include double checking patient identification, assessing allergies and the appropriateness of medications, ensuring correct dosages by avoiding distractions and calculating dosages accurately, communicating with patients before and after administration, checking expiration dates, clarifying any unclear orders, reporting errors or missed doses, and taking extra caution with high alert medications like anticoagulants and narcotics. The goal is to minimize medication errors and ensure patient safety.
MAIN PPT- ENZYMES.pptx
Enzymes are biological catalysts that are usually proteins and speed up biochemical reactions. They work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. Enzymes are very specific and only catalyze one type of reaction. The active site of an enzyme binds to specific substrates. Enzyme activity is affected by factors like pH, temperature, and substrate/product concentration. There are two main models for enzyme activity - the lock and key model suggests a rigid enzyme structure that substrates fit into, while the induced fit model suggests substrates cause enzyme structures to change shape for binding. Enzymes can be inhibited competitively by substrates that resemble their real substrates or non-competitively by other molecules.
geneticcode.pptx
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genes flows from DNA to RNA and is translated into proteins. It is a universal dictionary that specifies which triplet of nucleotides (codon) corresponds to each amino acid. The genetic code is unambiguous, degenerate, non-overlapping, and universal in all living organisms. It specifies 64 codons, 61 of which encode the 20 standard amino acids. Three codons are stop codons, which terminate protein synthesis. Mutations in the genetic code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the resulting protein.
Thrombosis.pptx
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus or blood clot within blood vessels. It occurs when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is injured, causing an upregulation of procoagulant activity and a downregulation of anticoagulant activity. Alterations in normal blood flow, such as hypercoagulability, can also contribute to thrombosis. Thrombi vary in size, shape, and composition depending on whether they form in arteries or veins. Over time, thrombi can propagate by accumulating more platelets and fibrin, embolize and travel to other sites, dissolve through fibrinolysis, or organize and recanalize the blood vessel.
metabolism of purines and Gout.pptx
This document discusses purine metabolism and disorders related to purine and uric acid levels. It begins by outlining the catabolic pathway of purine nucleotides to uric acid. It then describes hyperuricemia and gout disease, which results from uric acid crystal deposition due to high uric acid levels. The document outlines the causes of primary gout, which is mainly due to overproduction of uric acid, and secondary gout, which can result from increased nucleic acid turnover or reduced uric acid excretion. Treatment options for gout including diet, medications like allopurinol and colchicine, and other disorders related to purine metabolism like Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are also summarized.
Hypercholesterolemia.pptx
Hypercholesterolemia is defined as high levels of cholesterol in the blood (>200mg/dl) and can be caused by conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, obstructive jaundice, and nephrotic syndrome. High cholesterol is associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease due to the deposition of cholesterol in artery walls. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is considered "bad" as it contributes to atherosclerosis, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is "good" as it protects against atherosclerosis. Diet and lifestyle factors like consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids, plant sterols, fiber, and avoiding high carbohydrate diets can help lower cholesterol levels, as can
structure of proteins-.pptx
The document discusses biomolecules and bioenergetics. It covers proteins, including their structure at various levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), amino acids, and how protein structure is determined. It also discusses concepts of free energy, endergonic/exergonic reactions, and energy-rich compounds like ATP. The levels of protein structure - from the amino acid sequence to 3D shape - are explained in detail through primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
bioenergetics.pptx
This document discusses biomolecules and bioenergetics. It defines biomolecules as proteins and amino acids. It then discusses bioenergetics, including the concepts of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions. It explains how ATP is an important energy currency for cells and is regenerated through coupled reactions like substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. These coupled reactions involve the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP being linked to endergonic processes like dehydration through the transfer of a phosphate group.
ketogenesis and utilisation of ketone bodies.pptx
The document discusses ketone bodies, which are produced when fatty acids are broken down in excess. The three major ketone bodies are acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Ketone bodies are an alternative energy source and are produced when glucose availability is limited, such as during starvation or uncontrolled diabetes. They are synthesized in the liver and can be used by tissues like the brain. Conditions that result in excessive ketone body production are called ketosis.
biosynthesis of fatty acids.pptx
De novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It is carried out by a fatty acid synthase complex, which is a multienzyme dimer. Each monomer contains domains for the seven reactions that elongate acetyl-CoA by two carbons each cycle to produce palmitate. Acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA to initiate fatty acid synthesis, while NADPH provides reducing equivalents. The process is regulated by enzymes, metabolites, hormones, and diet.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaids)
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that produce prostaglandins. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, while other NSAIDs generally reversibly inhibit the enzymes. This inhibition of prostaglandin production provides the drugs' analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. NSAIDs may also interact with other drugs like diuretics, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants.
DNA replication.pptx
This document summarizes nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer. It discusses the structure of DNA and RNA, DNA replication through the semi-conservative model, transcription, the genetic code, and translation. DNA replication in prokaryotes is described as semi-discontinuous and bidirectional, with continuous synthesis on the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis in fragments on the lagging strand. RNA primers are required for DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. Certain compounds that inhibit DNA and RNA processes are used as anticancer or antibacterial drugs.
oxidation of fatty acids (palmitic acid).pptx
The document summarizes the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It involves three main stages - activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix. Beta-oxidation occurs via four reactions per cycle that sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid. This generates energy in the form of FADH2, NADH, and ATP. Defects in this process can cause diseases like sudden infant death syndrome.
translation-protein synthesis.pptx
Translation is the process by which a ribosome produces a protein using information encoded in mRNA. It occurs in four phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome, mRNA, and initiator tRNA. Elongation adds amino acids one by one to elongate the polypeptide chain based on codon-anticodon interactions. Translocation moves the tRNAs and mRNA within the ribosome. Termination releases the completed polypeptide when a stop codon is reached, with release factors catalyzing ribosome dissociation. Eukaryotes have additional initiation factors and one release factor compared to prokaryotes.
lipid s final.pptx
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids can be classified as simple lipids like fatty acids, fats and oils, or complex lipids containing additional components like proteins, carbohydrates or phosphate groups. Complex lipids include phospholipids that make up cell membranes, sphingolipids and glycolipids containing carbohydrates. Lipids serve important structural and metabolic functions, acting as energy stores, insulating layers, and components of cell membranes and lipoproteins.
organic chemistry unit 1.pptx
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses the classification of organic compounds as acyclic, cyclic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and more. It also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers. Examples are provided to illustrate the nomenclature rules for different functional groups. Structural isomerism in organic compounds is also briefly mentioned.
Nature and sources of drugs.pptx
This document summarizes various sources of drugs, including plants (leaves, flowers, seeds, bark), animals (pancreas, urine, thyroid, liver), minerals (kaolin, borax), and microbiological sources (fungi, bacteria). It provides examples of specific drugs derived from each source, such as morphine from poppy flowers, insulin from the pancreas, penicillin from Penicillium fungi, and streptomycin from Actinobacteria.
Antagonism.pptx
Antagonists stop the effect of another substance by binding to receptors without activating them, while agonists bind to receptors and activate them to produce a functional response. Both antagonists and agonists are molecules that can bind to receptors.
Adverse effect and Toxicity.pptx
Therapeutics refers to the treatment and care of patients to both prevent and fight disease or relieve pain or injury. It comes from the Greek word meaning "inclined to serve." Therapeutics is the branch of medicine focused specifically on treating disease. The therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount needed to treat a medical condition.
self drug calculation.pptx
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including formulas and examples. It discusses calculating dosages based on the amount ordered, amount available, liquid measurements, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates. Common equivalents are also listed such as 1 kg = 2.2 lbs and 1 gm = 1000 mg. Step-by-step examples are provided for calculating tablet dosages, liquid dosages, dosages based on weight, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates.
Principles of theraputics.pptx
The document outlines principles of therapeutics for safe medication administration. Key principles include double checking patient identification, assessing allergies and the appropriateness of medications, ensuring correct dosages by avoiding distractions and calculating dosages accurately, communicating with patients before and after administration, checking expiration dates, clarifying any unclear orders, reporting errors or missed doses, and taking extra caution with high alert medications like anticoagulants and narcotics. The goal is to minimize medication errors and ensure patient safety.
MAIN PPT- ENZYMES.pptx
Enzymes are biological catalysts that are usually proteins and speed up biochemical reactions. They work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. Enzymes are very specific and only catalyze one type of reaction. The active site of an enzyme binds to specific substrates. Enzyme activity is affected by factors like pH, temperature, and substrate/product concentration. There are two main models for enzyme activity - the lock and key model suggests a rigid enzyme structure that substrates fit into, while the induced fit model suggests substrates cause enzyme structures to change shape for binding. Enzymes can be inhibited competitively by substrates that resemble their real substrates or non-competitively by other molecules.
geneticcode.pptx
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genes flows from DNA to RNA and is translated into proteins. It is a universal dictionary that specifies which triplet of nucleotides (codon) corresponds to each amino acid. The genetic code is unambiguous, degenerate, non-overlapping, and universal in all living organisms. It specifies 64 codons, 61 of which encode the 20 standard amino acids. Three codons are stop codons, which terminate protein synthesis. Mutations in the genetic code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the resulting protein.
Thrombosis.pptx
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus or blood clot within blood vessels. It occurs when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is injured, causing an upregulation of procoagulant activity and a downregulation of anticoagulant activity. Alterations in normal blood flow, such as hypercoagulability, can also contribute to thrombosis. Thrombi vary in size, shape, and composition depending on whether they form in arteries or veins. Over time, thrombi can propagate by accumulating more platelets and fibrin, embolize and travel to other sites, dissolve through fibrinolysis, or organize and recanalize the blood vessel.
metabolism of purines and Gout.pptx
This document discusses purine metabolism and disorders related to purine and uric acid levels. It begins by outlining the catabolic pathway of purine nucleotides to uric acid. It then describes hyperuricemia and gout disease, which results from uric acid crystal deposition due to high uric acid levels. The document outlines the causes of primary gout, which is mainly due to overproduction of uric acid, and secondary gout, which can result from increased nucleic acid turnover or reduced uric acid excretion. Treatment options for gout including diet, medications like allopurinol and colchicine, and other disorders related to purine metabolism like Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are also summarized.
Hypercholesterolemia.pptx
Hypercholesterolemia is defined as high levels of cholesterol in the blood (>200mg/dl) and can be caused by conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, obstructive jaundice, and nephrotic syndrome. High cholesterol is associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease due to the deposition of cholesterol in artery walls. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is considered "bad" as it contributes to atherosclerosis, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is "good" as it protects against atherosclerosis. Diet and lifestyle factors like consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids, plant sterols, fiber, and avoiding high carbohydrate diets can help lower cholesterol levels, as can
structure of proteins-.pptx
The document discusses biomolecules and bioenergetics. It covers proteins, including their structure at various levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), amino acids, and how protein structure is determined. It also discusses concepts of free energy, endergonic/exergonic reactions, and energy-rich compounds like ATP. The levels of protein structure - from the amino acid sequence to 3D shape - are explained in detail through primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
bioenergetics.pptx
This document discusses biomolecules and bioenergetics. It defines biomolecules as proteins and amino acids. It then discusses bioenergetics, including the concepts of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions. It explains how ATP is an important energy currency for cells and is regenerated through coupled reactions like substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. These coupled reactions involve the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP being linked to endergonic processes like dehydration through the transfer of a phosphate group.
ketogenesis and utilisation of ketone bodies.pptx
The document discusses ketone bodies, which are produced when fatty acids are broken down in excess. The three major ketone bodies are acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Ketone bodies are an alternative energy source and are produced when glucose availability is limited, such as during starvation or uncontrolled diabetes. They are synthesized in the liver and can be used by tissues like the brain. Conditions that result in excessive ketone body production are called ketosis.
biosynthesis of fatty acids.pptx
De novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It is carried out by a fatty acid synthase complex, which is a multienzyme dimer. Each monomer contains domains for the seven reactions that elongate acetyl-CoA by two carbons each cycle to produce palmitate. Acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA to initiate fatty acid synthesis, while NADPH provides reducing equivalents. The process is regulated by enzymes, metabolites, hormones, and diet.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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