Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
Contains brief knowledge regarding soils of Odisha and their management practices organically to promote organic farming in odisha
Also mentions about different crop suitable for the particular type of soil
This document is a report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) conducted by Saral Kumar Pandey in Village Munsari, District Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2020-2021. It provides details about the village such as location, population, land use, crops grown, infrastructure and challenges faced by farmers. It also describes the RAWE program objectives, various exposures provided to students, an overview of Bahraich district and common farming systems practiced in the region. The report is certified by Dr. Sunil Kumar and declarations are signed by Saral Kumar Pandey.
National agricultural research system (NARS) & ICAR, government of india - o...Krishnakumar T
Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) – Started in 1973. ICAR is an autonomous apex body that comes under societies act, responsible for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in Agriculture and Horticulture.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
1) Pulses production in India has seen four distinct phases from pre-green revolution to the current post-trade spike period. Government schemes have aimed to boost production but India remains a major importer.
2) Chickpea and pigeonpea are the major pulses crops in India. Analysis found high yield instability and gaps between actual and potential yields for both crops.
3) Determinants of area allocation found pulses compete with cereals and irrigation negatively impacts pulses area. Regional specialization and geographical continuity in production were also observed.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
The document summarizes the different types of soils found in the Chhattisgarh region of India based on agro-climatic zones and their characteristics. In the Chhattisgarh plains, the main soil types are Bhata (lateritic), Matasi (sandy loam), Dorsa (clay loam), and Kanhar (clay). In the Bastar plateau, the main soil types are Marhan (coarse sandy), Tikra (sandy), Mal (sandy loam), and Gabhar (clay-clay loam). The northern hills region contains hilly, Tikra, Goda chwar, and Bahara soils. Each soil type is described in terms of
This document is a report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) conducted by Saral Kumar Pandey in Village Munsari, District Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2020-2021. It provides details about the village such as location, population, land use, crops grown, infrastructure and challenges faced by farmers. It also describes the RAWE program objectives, various exposures provided to students, an overview of Bahraich district and common farming systems practiced in the region. The report is certified by Dr. Sunil Kumar and declarations are signed by Saral Kumar Pandey.
National agricultural research system (NARS) & ICAR, government of india - o...Krishnakumar T
Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) – Started in 1973. ICAR is an autonomous apex body that comes under societies act, responsible for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in Agriculture and Horticulture.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
1) Pulses production in India has seen four distinct phases from pre-green revolution to the current post-trade spike period. Government schemes have aimed to boost production but India remains a major importer.
2) Chickpea and pigeonpea are the major pulses crops in India. Analysis found high yield instability and gaps between actual and potential yields for both crops.
3) Determinants of area allocation found pulses compete with cereals and irrigation negatively impacts pulses area. Regional specialization and geographical continuity in production were also observed.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
The document summarizes the different types of soils found in the Chhattisgarh region of India based on agro-climatic zones and their characteristics. In the Chhattisgarh plains, the main soil types are Bhata (lateritic), Matasi (sandy loam), Dorsa (clay loam), and Kanhar (clay). In the Bastar plateau, the main soil types are Marhan (coarse sandy), Tikra (sandy), Mal (sandy loam), and Gabhar (clay-clay loam). The northern hills region contains hilly, Tikra, Goda chwar, and Bahara soils. Each soil type is described in terms of
The document summarizes the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. It provides an introduction to the RAWE program, including its objectives to provide practical, hands-on experience to agriculture students. It describes the activities students undertake, such as conducting participatory rural appraisals, surveying the socioeconomic conditions of villages, developing farm plans, extension activities, and visits to research stations. The overall goal of the program is to prepare agricultural graduates for careers in agriculture and agribusiness.
The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.
This document discusses precision farming and its benefits. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, sensors, and GIS to precisely vary the application of inputs like water, fertilizer and pesticides based on site-specific needs. This improves yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact. Adopting precision farming techniques could help increase yields by 39-150% for crops like tomatoes, chillies, capsicum, brinjal and bhindi. Precision farming also improves farm incomes and makes agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Widespread adoption will require collaboration between farmers, scientists, engineers and industry to develop the necessary technologies and equipment.
Pre-breeding involves introducing beneficial genes from exotic or wild plant materials into domestic crops to broaden their genetic base. It captures useful traits and puts them into forms usable for breeding programs. The document discusses pre-breeding strategies like backcrossing, convergent improvement, and bridge crosses. Pre-breeding has enhanced disease resistance and drought tolerance in crops like maize, pearl millet, and sorghum. While it provides long-term benefits, pre-breeding also faces challenges like linkage drag and hybrid sterility. Overall, pre-breeding is important for generating genetic diversity and new traits to develop improved crop varieties.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
This document provides details about the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) of Mr. Sanju Kumar at Taraori village in Karnal district of Haryana. It summarizes key information about the village including its geographical location, demographics, cropping patterns, and major government schemes. It also describes the landholding and livestock details of farmer Vikas Chaudhary who was selected for practical training, including his crop production and economics.
It's helpful for agriculture students. RAWE is one of most activity for agriculture students. In this report we mentioned practical knowledge and Problems of Farmers.
The document summarizes India's Soil Health Card scheme. The scheme aims to provide every farmer with a soil health card every 3 years containing information on soil parameters and fertilizer recommendations. It will strengthen soil testing labs and promote balanced fertilizer use. Key components include distributing soil health cards, training lab technicians, and providing farmers subsidies for applying recommended nutrients. The goal is to improve soil health nationwide and encourage sustainable nutrient management practices.
The document discusses the e-Agriculture Community of Practice, an international initiative led by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. The community aims to promote global cooperation on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support agricultural and rural development. It has over 7,000 members from over 150 countries who share resources virtually and through in-person events. Key topics discussed by the community include the role of mobile telephony and public-private partnerships in rural development.
This document summarizes information collected from a village called Gund Brath in Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. It provides details about the village population, literacy rates, main occupations, agriculture and horticulture practices, livestock, and recommendations provided to farmers. The village adopted has a population of around 1,000 people with the majority engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock rearing. Apple and rice cultivation are the main agricultural activities. Issues and suggestions related to improving crop yields are also discussed.
AGRI-CLINICS AND AGRI-BUSINESS CENTRES (ACABC) SCHEMEDiraviam Jayaraj
This document outlines the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (ACABC) scheme, which aims to provide extension and other services to farmers, support agricultural development, and create self-employment opportunities. Eligible individuals can receive full financial support for training, credit, and back-ended subsidies up to Rs. 20 lakh (Rs. 25 lakh for extremely successful projects) to start agri-clinics or businesses. The scheme provides credit-linked composite subsidies of 36-44% and aims to promote entrepreneurship and commercial agri-ventures. Eligible individuals undergo training and can receive support establishing their ventures through this program.
This document discusses the use of ICTs to help farmers in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It describes a case study of farmer Balram Kumar who used the e-arik platform to access information on climate-smart agriculture practices and market prices. This helped him improve crop productivity and profits by changing cultivation practices based on monsoon patterns. The document then defines ICTs, explains their need in agriculture given issues like lack of education and market access for many farmers, and outlines various ICT initiatives by the government and private sector in India to help farmers. These initiatives utilize technologies like computers, internet, phones, and teleconferencing to provide services like expert advice, weather forecasts, pricing information and more. The
Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Con...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Sasidharan, Associate Professor, Kerala Agricultural University made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Enviroment and Development provides a detailed account of the importance of integration of fish with rice farming
1. India is divided into 15 broad agro-climatic zones based on factors like climate, soil type, cropping patterns and irrigation.
2. The zones vary from the cool and humid Western Himalayan region to the hot and dry Western Dry region in Rajasthan.
3. Major crops and agricultural strategies differ across zones depending on the climate and soil conditions. For example, the Transgangetic Plain in Punjab focuses on wheat, rice and cotton cultivation while the Western Coastal Plains grow spices and plantation crops.
Banaras Hindu Unversity :
The Student READY (Rural Entrepreneurship
Awareness Development Yojana) programme
aims to provide rural entrepreneurship
awareness, practical experience in real-life
situation in rural agriculture and creating
awareness to undergraduate students about
practical agriculture and allied sciences. The
programme will help in building confidence,
skill and acquire Indigenous Technical
Knowledge (ITK) of the locality and thereby,
preparing the pass-out for self-employment.
It also aims to provide opportunities to acquire
hands-on-experience and entrepreneurial
skills. To reorient graduates of agriculture and
allied subjects for ensuring and assuring
employability and develop entrepreneurs for
emerging knowledge intensive agriculture, it
was felt necessary to introduce this program
in all the AU’s as an essential prerequisite for
the award of degree to ensure hands on
experience and practical training
This include the visit of farm and agricultural departments in the locality
India has been divided into 15 agro-climatic regions based on differences in terrain, climate, rainfall and soils. Some of the key regions include the Northern Mountainous region characterized by low temperatures and snowfall hindering agriculture. The Northeastern region includes seven states and is suitable for rice cultivation. The Gangetic plain spans multiple states and is highly productive for crops like rice, wheat and sugarcane due to fertile alluvial soils and favorable climate. The Western Coast receives high rainfall and is suitable for crops like rice and coconut. India's agro-climatic regions show great diversity in crops based on differences in geography and climate.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
Introduction: The advanced communication technology has reached to the remote nodal parts of our country and today, Smart Phones are commonly available even in distant villages. But unfortunately the real benefits of Smart Phones have not reached to the villagers especially to the farmer community who forms the backbone of our country’s economy. This is because, most of the mobile applications for Smart Phone have been developed only for urban life. But now or latter, the focus of mobile app development has to be redefined and some useful app has to be developed for the rural people especially for the farmers which not only provide them better livelihood, it will also strengthen our country’s economy. Proposed project will focus itself on agricultural information providing mobile app development for the nodal Indian farmers.
Problem Definitions: Even though our country has achieved phenomenal technological progress, still today, our Agricultural yield vastly depends on soil quality and climatic condition. Thus, the ever-increasing need for food to support the growing population in our country demands a systematic appraisal of its soil and climate resources in order to perform effective cultivation. The Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI), has dedicated many years in conducting Soil Survey and they have prepared Soil Fertility database area wise with details. With the Soil Fertility database, area wise, they have enlisted several vital soil parameters useful for cultivations e.g.; Soil pH, Electrical Conductance, Organic Matter, Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation, Exchangeable bases, Water Holding Capacity, Particle Density, Bulk Density, Percent Pore Space, Particle Size Distribution, Moisture Equivalent etc. Similarly, India Meteorological Department is also providing information about agriculture related weather parameters for coming months and years. But till now impact of such valuable information has not reached to the end users “the farmers” in effective manner. That’s way, every year before cultivating any crop/vegetable, still our farmers want to know;
“If they cultivate this crop/vegetable this year, will they get sufficient yield or not?”
This valuable question can be answered by effectively analyzing available soil and weather data which will help the farmer to make valuable decision. Proposed AGRI APP will be designed to answer such questions and will also provide helpful suggestions to the framers, instantly, even at the remote part of our India.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
India has various types of soil formed by weathering of rocks under different climates and deposition by denudation agents. The six main types are alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert, and mountainous soils. Alluvial soil covers over 7.7 million square km in areas like Uttar Pradesh and covers the most extensive areas. Black soil is best for cotton and found in states like Maharashtra. Red soil covers over 5.18 lakh km2 across central and southern India. Soil erosion due to deforestation, overgrazing, and unscientific farming methods affects soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Conservation methods like terracing, afforestation, check dams, and planned grazing help
The document summarizes the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. It provides an introduction to the RAWE program, including its objectives to provide practical, hands-on experience to agriculture students. It describes the activities students undertake, such as conducting participatory rural appraisals, surveying the socioeconomic conditions of villages, developing farm plans, extension activities, and visits to research stations. The overall goal of the program is to prepare agricultural graduates for careers in agriculture and agribusiness.
The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.
This document discusses precision farming and its benefits. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, sensors, and GIS to precisely vary the application of inputs like water, fertilizer and pesticides based on site-specific needs. This improves yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact. Adopting precision farming techniques could help increase yields by 39-150% for crops like tomatoes, chillies, capsicum, brinjal and bhindi. Precision farming also improves farm incomes and makes agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Widespread adoption will require collaboration between farmers, scientists, engineers and industry to develop the necessary technologies and equipment.
Pre-breeding involves introducing beneficial genes from exotic or wild plant materials into domestic crops to broaden their genetic base. It captures useful traits and puts them into forms usable for breeding programs. The document discusses pre-breeding strategies like backcrossing, convergent improvement, and bridge crosses. Pre-breeding has enhanced disease resistance and drought tolerance in crops like maize, pearl millet, and sorghum. While it provides long-term benefits, pre-breeding also faces challenges like linkage drag and hybrid sterility. Overall, pre-breeding is important for generating genetic diversity and new traits to develop improved crop varieties.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
This document provides details about the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) of Mr. Sanju Kumar at Taraori village in Karnal district of Haryana. It summarizes key information about the village including its geographical location, demographics, cropping patterns, and major government schemes. It also describes the landholding and livestock details of farmer Vikas Chaudhary who was selected for practical training, including his crop production and economics.
It's helpful for agriculture students. RAWE is one of most activity for agriculture students. In this report we mentioned practical knowledge and Problems of Farmers.
The document summarizes India's Soil Health Card scheme. The scheme aims to provide every farmer with a soil health card every 3 years containing information on soil parameters and fertilizer recommendations. It will strengthen soil testing labs and promote balanced fertilizer use. Key components include distributing soil health cards, training lab technicians, and providing farmers subsidies for applying recommended nutrients. The goal is to improve soil health nationwide and encourage sustainable nutrient management practices.
The document discusses the e-Agriculture Community of Practice, an international initiative led by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. The community aims to promote global cooperation on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support agricultural and rural development. It has over 7,000 members from over 150 countries who share resources virtually and through in-person events. Key topics discussed by the community include the role of mobile telephony and public-private partnerships in rural development.
This document summarizes information collected from a village called Gund Brath in Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. It provides details about the village population, literacy rates, main occupations, agriculture and horticulture practices, livestock, and recommendations provided to farmers. The village adopted has a population of around 1,000 people with the majority engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock rearing. Apple and rice cultivation are the main agricultural activities. Issues and suggestions related to improving crop yields are also discussed.
AGRI-CLINICS AND AGRI-BUSINESS CENTRES (ACABC) SCHEMEDiraviam Jayaraj
This document outlines the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (ACABC) scheme, which aims to provide extension and other services to farmers, support agricultural development, and create self-employment opportunities. Eligible individuals can receive full financial support for training, credit, and back-ended subsidies up to Rs. 20 lakh (Rs. 25 lakh for extremely successful projects) to start agri-clinics or businesses. The scheme provides credit-linked composite subsidies of 36-44% and aims to promote entrepreneurship and commercial agri-ventures. Eligible individuals undergo training and can receive support establishing their ventures through this program.
This document discusses the use of ICTs to help farmers in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It describes a case study of farmer Balram Kumar who used the e-arik platform to access information on climate-smart agriculture practices and market prices. This helped him improve crop productivity and profits by changing cultivation practices based on monsoon patterns. The document then defines ICTs, explains their need in agriculture given issues like lack of education and market access for many farmers, and outlines various ICT initiatives by the government and private sector in India to help farmers. These initiatives utilize technologies like computers, internet, phones, and teleconferencing to provide services like expert advice, weather forecasts, pricing information and more. The
Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Con...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Sasidharan, Associate Professor, Kerala Agricultural University made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Enviroment and Development provides a detailed account of the importance of integration of fish with rice farming
1. India is divided into 15 broad agro-climatic zones based on factors like climate, soil type, cropping patterns and irrigation.
2. The zones vary from the cool and humid Western Himalayan region to the hot and dry Western Dry region in Rajasthan.
3. Major crops and agricultural strategies differ across zones depending on the climate and soil conditions. For example, the Transgangetic Plain in Punjab focuses on wheat, rice and cotton cultivation while the Western Coastal Plains grow spices and plantation crops.
Banaras Hindu Unversity :
The Student READY (Rural Entrepreneurship
Awareness Development Yojana) programme
aims to provide rural entrepreneurship
awareness, practical experience in real-life
situation in rural agriculture and creating
awareness to undergraduate students about
practical agriculture and allied sciences. The
programme will help in building confidence,
skill and acquire Indigenous Technical
Knowledge (ITK) of the locality and thereby,
preparing the pass-out for self-employment.
It also aims to provide opportunities to acquire
hands-on-experience and entrepreneurial
skills. To reorient graduates of agriculture and
allied subjects for ensuring and assuring
employability and develop entrepreneurs for
emerging knowledge intensive agriculture, it
was felt necessary to introduce this program
in all the AU’s as an essential prerequisite for
the award of degree to ensure hands on
experience and practical training
This include the visit of farm and agricultural departments in the locality
India has been divided into 15 agro-climatic regions based on differences in terrain, climate, rainfall and soils. Some of the key regions include the Northern Mountainous region characterized by low temperatures and snowfall hindering agriculture. The Northeastern region includes seven states and is suitable for rice cultivation. The Gangetic plain spans multiple states and is highly productive for crops like rice, wheat and sugarcane due to fertile alluvial soils and favorable climate. The Western Coast receives high rainfall and is suitable for crops like rice and coconut. India's agro-climatic regions show great diversity in crops based on differences in geography and climate.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
Introduction: The advanced communication technology has reached to the remote nodal parts of our country and today, Smart Phones are commonly available even in distant villages. But unfortunately the real benefits of Smart Phones have not reached to the villagers especially to the farmer community who forms the backbone of our country’s economy. This is because, most of the mobile applications for Smart Phone have been developed only for urban life. But now or latter, the focus of mobile app development has to be redefined and some useful app has to be developed for the rural people especially for the farmers which not only provide them better livelihood, it will also strengthen our country’s economy. Proposed project will focus itself on agricultural information providing mobile app development for the nodal Indian farmers.
Problem Definitions: Even though our country has achieved phenomenal technological progress, still today, our Agricultural yield vastly depends on soil quality and climatic condition. Thus, the ever-increasing need for food to support the growing population in our country demands a systematic appraisal of its soil and climate resources in order to perform effective cultivation. The Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI), has dedicated many years in conducting Soil Survey and they have prepared Soil Fertility database area wise with details. With the Soil Fertility database, area wise, they have enlisted several vital soil parameters useful for cultivations e.g.; Soil pH, Electrical Conductance, Organic Matter, Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation, Exchangeable bases, Water Holding Capacity, Particle Density, Bulk Density, Percent Pore Space, Particle Size Distribution, Moisture Equivalent etc. Similarly, India Meteorological Department is also providing information about agriculture related weather parameters for coming months and years. But till now impact of such valuable information has not reached to the end users “the farmers” in effective manner. That’s way, every year before cultivating any crop/vegetable, still our farmers want to know;
“If they cultivate this crop/vegetable this year, will they get sufficient yield or not?”
This valuable question can be answered by effectively analyzing available soil and weather data which will help the farmer to make valuable decision. Proposed AGRI APP will be designed to answer such questions and will also provide helpful suggestions to the framers, instantly, even at the remote part of our India.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
India has various types of soil formed by weathering of rocks under different climates and deposition by denudation agents. The six main types are alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert, and mountainous soils. Alluvial soil covers over 7.7 million square km in areas like Uttar Pradesh and covers the most extensive areas. Black soil is best for cotton and found in states like Maharashtra. Red soil covers over 5.18 lakh km2 across central and southern India. Soil erosion due to deforestation, overgrazing, and unscientific farming methods affects soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Conservation methods like terracing, afforestation, check dams, and planned grazing help
This document provides information about the different types of soils found in India. It discusses 7 major soil types - alluvial soil, black soil, red and yellow soil, laterite soil, arid soil, mountain and forest soil, and desert soil. For each soil type, it provides details on characteristics, regions found, and crops that are best suited for that soil. The overall document emphasizes the importance of understanding soil types for effective agricultural practices and crop cultivation in India.
Wasteland reclamation involves reclaiming degraded or unused land to make it suitable for agriculture, habitation, or cultivation. India has significant areas of wasteland that can be reclaimed. Wastelands can be classified based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable for agriculture; reclaimable with some difficulty for agroforestry; and reclaimable with extreme difficulty only for forestry. Methods of reclamation include afforestation, reforestation, contour ploughing, and changing crop practices. A case study highlights Jatropha plantation on wastelands in Rajasthan as a promising crop that provides income while reclaiming land.
This document provides an overview of land and soil resources in India. It discusses the different types of resources including biotic, abiotic, renewable and non-renewable resources. It outlines India's approach to resource planning and conservation. It describes the different types of land resources in India and the current land use pattern. It also discusses issues of land degradation and conservation measures. Finally, it covers the different types of soils found in India including alluvial, black, laterite, arid and forest soils and issues of soil erosion and conservation techniques.
Social science Geography Chapter 1- Resources and Development ManthanJhamb
This document provides an overview of land and soil resources in India. It discusses the different types of resources including biotic, abiotic, renewable and non-renewable resources. It outlines India's approach to resource planning and conservation. It describes the different types of land resources in India and the current land use pattern. It also discusses issues of land degradation and conservation measures. Finally, it covers the different types of soils found in India including alluvial, black, laterite, arid and forest soils and issues of soil erosion and conservation techniques.
This document summarizes a study on the soil fertility status of three villages in Chilika Block, Odisha, India. Soil samples were collected from uplands, medium lands, and low lands in each village. Testing found that organic carbon and available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were generally highest in low land soils, while potassium levels varied. Specifically:
- Organic carbon levels ranged from low to very high, and were highest in Vellery village due to black soil.
- Nitrogen levels were low and positively correlated with organic carbon. Levels were highest in Chasangara village low lands.
- Phosphorus levels were moderate overall, but highest in V
Organic farming involves holistic management practices that promote ecosystem health. It focuses on biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil health while avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document outlines principles, tools, and management practices for organic farming, including crop selection and rotations, pest and disease control using cultural and biological methods, and marketing of organic produce. It also discusses initiatives by the Odisha government to promote organic farming through schemes and policies aimed at developing sustainable agriculture.
The document summarizes the negative effects of chemical fertilizers on soil health and the environment. It states that earthworms died within 24 hours when exposed to a dose of urea fertilizer, and that they exhibited lesions on their skin. Meanwhile, earthworms in soil with organic fertilizer remained healthy. It also mentions that chemical fertilizers can contaminate groundwater and cause health issues in humans, and that they contain acids that can harm microorganisms and destroy soil structure.
Land, water, and soil are important natural resources. Land covers 30% of the Earth's surface but supports 90% of the human population. Water is essential for all life but only 1% is available for human use. Soil formation depends on local factors and supports plant growth. Maintaining ecological balance through sustainable land and resource use is important.
this presentation focuses on the different types of land and soils found in India along with attractive images and graphs and has a short questionnaire at the end.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Land is a basic natural resource, significantly contributing to a nation’s economy. Balances the Ecological and environmental factors to sustain all life. Economic resource-has a value as property. Most of the human activities are on lands. Land supports agriculture, transport, urbanization, etc. Encompasses all other natural resources, like water, oil, rocks, plants, animals and minerals. Land is a valuable natural resource utilized for cultivation of crops, settlements of population, creation of Dams and reservoirs, development of industries and maintaining forests and the Wildlife. India has divers range of landforms. They vary from the rainforest of Kerala in the south to the alpine pastures of Ladakh hills in the north, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to the evergreen forests in the north-east. Any kind of permanent or cyclic intervention of a land is called as landuse. It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear purpose, at a given time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has transcends traditional boundaries by embracing a multi-disciplinary approach. The journal serves as a melting pot for diverse research areas within agricultural science and technology, ensuring a holistic exploration of the subject.
This file contains details on hydroponics system- a hi-tech farming method. It comprises of its history, advantages and disadvantages, types and some success stories which will help you to have a general idea on this topic
This document provides images of the larvae and adult forms of several types of Chilo moths, including Chilo suppressalis, Chilo polychrysus, Chilo partellus, Chilo infuscatellus, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus, and Chilo auricillus. For each type of moth, there is a picture of the larva and adult stages presented on the page.
PHEROMONE LURES AND TRAPS USED TO MANAGE CROP PESTJAY KUMAR
Pheromone lures and traps are used to manage crop pests. The document was prepared by Jay Kumar and discusses how pheromone lures and traps work to control insect populations that damage crops. Pheromones are chemicals released by insects to communicate and attract mates, which traps exploit to capture and reduce pest numbers.
Banana plants are susceptible to several pests including the banana aphid, banana rhizome weevil, and banana pseudostem weevil. These pests each have distinct lifecycle stages where they damage banana plants, from the grub stage that feeds within the plant to the adult stage above ground.
This file contains images of major pest of coconut with their nymph/larva, adult and nature and symptom of damage on thr crop. Files are verified by the professor of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, SOA, Bhubneshwar.
This file contains images of larva, adult and damage symptoms caused by pests of some major and minor pests of citrus fruit. This will not only help in educational purposes but also in identification in field.
The file is verified by professors of institute of Agricultural Sciences, SOADU.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of mango. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Jasmine plants are affected by several pests including the jasmine thrips, whose nymphs and adults feed on the leaves; the jasmine leaf web worm, whose larvae and adults cause damage by webbing leaves together; and the jasmine budworm, whose larvae and adults feed within flower buds damaging blooms.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of rose. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of sweet potato. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of cucurbit. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of black pepper and turmeric . It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Cardamom is affected by several pests including the banana aphid, cardamom thrips, and cardamom capsule borer. The banana aphid and cardamom thrips go through nymph and adult stages that can damage cardamom plants. The cardamom capsule borer also has larva and adult stages that are harmful to cardamom.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cashew trees, including the tea mosquito bug, cashew mealy bug, cashew thrips, cashew leaf miner, and cashew tree borer. For each pest, brief descriptions are provided of the nymph and adult forms, as well as the type of damage they cause to cashew trees.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of coffee. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of tea. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of onion. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of potato. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of pea. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of brinjal. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
1. ASSIGNMENT
ON
Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic
Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
Assignment submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Coursework of
SMALL ORGANIC CULTIVATOR
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
Submitted By
JAY KUMAR
Candidate ID: CAN_23031188
Submitted to:
Dr. BISHNUPRIYA PATRA
Dr. MD RITON CHOWDHURY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN
(Deemed to be University)
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA, INDIA
2023
2. [1]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my professors as well as our Dean, who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Different types of soils
in Odisha and type of organic farming done in that soil”, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this
project within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME
3. [2]
INDEX
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODCTION .........................................................................................................................................4
SOILS OF ODISHA ...................................................................................................................................5
1. RED SOIL.............................................................................................................................................6
2. MIXED RED AND YELLOW SOIL ...................................................................................................6
3. BLACK SOIL .......................................................................................................................................7
4. LATERITE SOIL..................................................................................................................................7
5. DELTAIC ALLUVIAL SOILS ............................................................................................................8
6. COASTAL SALINE AND ALLUVIAL SOIL ....................................................................................8
7. BROWN FOREST SOIL......................................................................................................................9
8. MIXED RED AND BLACK SOIL ......................................................................................................9
FOCUS AREAS FOR ORGANIC FARMING IN ODISHA................................................................10
CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................12
4. [3]
ABSTRACT
This abstract provides an overview of the different soil types in Odisha, India, and highlights the
corresponding organic farming practices that can be employed in each soil type. Understanding
the diverse soils of Odisha is essential for optimizing agricultural productivity and sustainability
through organic farming methods. This abstract summarizes the key soil types, including alluvial
soils, red and red-yellow soils, laterite soils, coastal soils, and black soils. It emphasizes the
importance of implementing specific organic farming techniques, such as crop rotation, green
manuring, composting, soil amendment with organic matter, pH adjustment, saline soil
reclamation, water management, organic pest and disease management, and agroforestry systems.
By tailoring organic farming practices to suit the characteristics of each soil type, farmers in Odisha
can enhance soil fertility, conserve resources, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Key words: Odisha, Organic farming practices, Alluvial soils, Red and red-yellow soils, Laterite
soils, Coastal soils, Black soils, Crop rotation, Water management, Organic pest and disease
management, Soil fertility & Sustainable agriculture
5. [4]
INTRODCTION
Odisha, situated in eastern India, boasts a rich agricultural landscape comprising diverse soil types,
each necessitating specific organic farming practices for optimal productivity. Alluvial soils, found
in river valleys, thrive with crop rotation, green manuring, and composting to enhance fertility.
Red and red-yellow soils, characterized by acidity, benefit from soil amendment and pH
adjustment using organic matter and fertilizers. Laterite soils, abundant in iron and aluminum
oxides, can be managed through organic pest control, water conservation, and the adoption of
agroforestry systems. Coastal soils, prone to salinity, require soil reclamation using organic
amendments, crop diversification with salt-tolerant varieties, and organic mulching for moisture
conservation. Black soils, also known as regur or black cotton soils, benefit from organic
mulching, efficient water management, and crop rotation to maintain nutrient balance and combat
diseases.
By tailoring organic farming techniques to the unique properties of each soil type, farmers in
Odisha can promote soil fertility, resource conservation, and sustainable agricultural practices.
Organic farming methods offer numerous advantages, including improved soil health, reduced
reliance on synthetic inputs, and the production of safe and nutritious crops. Embracing organic
farming practices not only supports the well-being of farmers and consumers but also contributes
to the preservation of the environment for future generations. By implementing organic farming
techniques suitable for each soil type, Odisha can unlock the full potential of its agricultural
resources while fostering ecological balance and sustainability in its farming practices.
6. [5]
SOILS OF ODISHA
The State of Odisha covering geographical area of 15.57 million ha. lies in the tropical belt in the
eastern regions of India between 170 .47'-220 33' N latitude and 810 31'-87030' E longitudes. The
climate is characterized by high temperature and medium rainfall. The average annual rainfall of
the State is 1500mm and the mean annual temperature is 26.20°C. The mean summer and winter
temperatures are 30.30°C and 21.30°C respectively. The physiographic classifications of the State
are (1) The Northern Plateau, (2) Central Table land, (3) Eastern Ghat, and (4) Coastal plain.
Integrating the effect of land-form, topography, climate, soil and crop adaptability, the state has
been divided into ten (10) agro climatic zones. The soils of Odisha have been divided in to 8 broad
soil groups. Taxonomically these 8 broad groups of soil come under 4 orders, 10 suborders and 18
great groups. Each soil group is associated with specific characters and problems posing
constraints for higher agriculture production. These characters have been identified and special
attentions are made to increase the productivity. The characters of each soil along with their
management practices are discussed below.
7. [6]
1. RED SOIL:
Red soil covers about 7.14m. ha of lands and being the highest coverage of all soil groups of the
state, extend to the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Nawrangpur, Malkanagiri, Keonjhar, Ganjam,
Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Dhenkanal and Mayurbhanj. Presence of excess amounts of oxides
of iron imparts red colours to the soil. The soils of the former four districts are heavier in texture
and the rest of the districts have light textured soil. The soils have angular or sub angular blocky
strucuture. The clay fraction of these soils is dominated by kaolinites and illites.
The soils are strongly to moderately acidic with low to medium organic matter status and poor
water retentive capacity. These soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Micronutrients like
boron and molybdenum are highly deficient in these soils. These soils have low cation exchange
capacity with high phosphate and sulphur absorption property and deficient in calcium and
magnesium. Water soluble phosphates get fixed and become non-available to crop plants.
Organic farming practices for red soils involve soil amendment with organic matter (like compost
and manure) to improve fertility, adjusting pH levels using organic amendments, and managing
nutrient requirements through organic fertilizers and composting.
Crops like rice, finger millet, minor millets, niger, potato, brinjal and fruit trees such as mango,
jack fruit, guava, papaya and sapota are grown successfully in these soils.
2. MIXED RED AND YELLOW SOIL:
These soils occupy 5.5m ha of lands being the second highest in area. These soils occur in the
district of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Deogarh, and Sundargarh. Mixed red and yellow soils occur as a
catenary associations in undulating and rolling terrains which differ in depth, texture, and colour.
The soils are moderately shallow in depth and coarse-textured. The upland soils are shallower and
lighter in texture than the low land soils. Presence of ferruginous concretions and fluctuation of
water table imparts the mixed red and yellow colour to the soil. The upland soils are moderately
acidic whereas, low land soils are slightly acidic. The low land soils are formed mainly by colluvial
deposits.
The upland soils are low in nitrogen and phosphorous wheras, the low land soils are medium in
phosphate and high in potassium. Upland light textured soils are deficient in boron and lowland
soils with rice-rice cropping system under Hirakud command area are deficient in zinc.
Organic farming practices for yellow soils involve soil amendment with organic matter (like
compost and manure) to improve fertility, adjusting pH levels using organic amendments, and
managing nutrient requirements through organic fertilizers and composting.
The upland soils are suitable for crops like rice, finger millet sugarcane, potato, brinjal, tomato and
pointed guard. The low and soils are suitable for paddy following pulse as pyra crops. Fruit trees
like mango, guava and banana grow well in these soils.
8. [7]
3. BLACK SOIL:
These soils occur sporadically in the districts of Puri, Ganjam, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nuapada,
Bolangir, Sonepur, Boudh, Sambalpur, Bargarh and Angul covering an area of 0.96 m. ha. of lands.
The black colour of the soil is due to presence of titaniferous magnetite, humins, bitumins etc.
These soils are formed due to weathering of basic rocks in the low lying areas. These soils are
heavier in texture having clay content more than 30 percent. Clay minerals are dominated with
smectites for which deep cracks are observed during summer. The effective soil depth extends to
more than 90 cm. The soils swell on wetting holding maximum amount of moisture. Permeability
of these soils is slow which result in severe surface soil erosion.
The soil pH is neutral to alkaline having free calcium carbonate nodules in the profile. The soil is
rich in calcium but deficient in phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron. Upland rice suffers from
iron deficiency.
Groundnut, mustard and safflower are found to respond to application of sulphur. Ammonia
volatilization is higher in paddy fields. Soil moisture stress conditions set early under drought.
Either at low or high moisture conditions the soil could not be ploughed.
Management of these soils is difficult. Tillage operations should be completed at right moisture
consistency. Green manuring and application of bulky organic manures help in increasing water
infiltration rates. Recycling of rice straw improves the aggregability of these soils. Organic farming
practices for black soils include organic mulching to conserve moisture, water management
techniques like efficient irrigation, and crop rotation to prevent nutrient depletion.
The soil is suitable for growing rice, jowar, bajra, maize, Bengal gram, safflower, mustard and
cotton.
4. LATERITE SOIL:
Lateritic soils occupy 0.70m. ha of lands in the districts of Puri, Khurda, Nayagarh, Cuttack,
Dhenkanal, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanja and Sambalpur. Lateritic soils are characterised by compact
vesicular structure and rich in hydrated oxides of iron and aluminum with small amounts of
manganese, titanium and quartz. Degraded laterites are honey combed structure and found in the
districts of Khurda and Cuttack. These soils are loamy sand to sandy loam in the surface having
hard clay pan in the subsoil, crusting is its problem in upland laterite. Presence of higher amount
of exchangeable aluminum and manganese results in slightly acidic to strongly acidic soil with pH
ranging between 4.5 to 5.8. These soils are poorly fertile with low organic matter. Available
nitrogen and phosphate are low and potash is medium.
Nitrogen is lost due to leaching and phosphate becomes unavailable due to fixation by Fe and AI
oxides. Cation exchange capacity of the soil is low and it is low in percentage base saturation.
Sulphur is absorbed as pyrites or zine sulphide. Medium and low land soils adjacent to uplands
suffer from iron toxicity due to literal movement of soluble iron from upper ridges.
Crops can be raised better in these soils through proper soil management such as, liming,
application of organic manure, growing green manure crops and applying balanced fertilizer with
application of paper mill sludge (1 to 2 t/ha).
9. [8]
Groundnut and pulses could be grown successfully in these soil. Potato and other vegetables can
grow well without liming. Rice, finger millet, miner millets and sesamum can grow well with
proper fertilizer application. Fruit trees like mango, jack fruit, banana, guava, and sapota grow well
in this soil.
5. DELTAIC ALLUVIAL SOILS:
These soils cover 0.67m. ha of lands and occur in the deltaic regions of the rivers such as
Mahanadi, Brahamani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha and Rushikullya in the districts of Balasore,
Bhadrak, Jajpur, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Puri, Gajapati and Ganjam. Textural class
of the soil varies from coarse sand to clay and is mostly dependent on geomorphology of the flood
plain and the type of alluvial material carried by river water. The structure may be granular or
platy. The latter structured soil is difficult to handle. Alluvial soils of clayey texture crack upon
drying and becomes sticky when wet. The plough-share is loaded with heavy clay and becomes
difficult to work. Water holding capacity of this type of soil is high. Once water-logged, the clay
soil takes more time to become ploughable. Drainage is difficult due to slow permeability.
Deltaic alluvial soils are generally fertile but fertility decreases if the soil is not recharged regularly
by flood. pH is acidic to neutral. The coarse textured soils are deficient with N, P, K and S.
Organic farming techniques such as crop rotation, green manuring (growing nitrogen-fixing cover
crops and incorporating them into the soil), and composting (using organic waste materials as
fertilizers) can be implemented to enhance soil fertility and productivity.
Deltaic alluvial soils are suitable for rice in kharif and for groundnut, mustard, sesamum, potato
and vegetables in Rabi. With residual soil moisture, groundnut, green gram and black gram are
grown very successfully.
6. COASTAL SALINE AND ALLUVIAL SOIL:
Alluvial soils with high total soluble salts (EC-4ds/m) are included in this group. These soils occur
along the coastal belt of the state in a narrow strip extending 5-25 km inward. The salinity occurs
due to litteral deposits of esturial intrusion of brackish tidal water from sea through creeks. Nearly
0.254m ha. of saline soils are distributed in the districts of Balasore, Bhadrak Jagatsinghpur,
Kendrapara, Puri, Khurda and Ganjam. Saline soils are rich in soluble salts of chloride and sulphate
in conjunction with sodium and magnesium. Soils of lacustrine sediments of Lake Chilika also get
affected by salts due to flooding of brackish lake water in the districts of Puri, Khurda and Ganjam.
During monsoon a build-up of subsoil salinity occurs due to high ground water table under low
lying situation. These soils are mostly clay to clay loam in texture and columnar in structure. The
pH of these soils varies between 6.0 to 8.0 with a conductivity of 10-40 dS/m in the summer. The
exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 18 to 27. The soils are rich in nitrogen, potassium
and low to medium in phosphorus.
The saline soils are sufficient in sulphate, boron, molybdenum and chloride. Failure of crops
normally occurs due to (i) plasmolysis of germinating seeds and roots (ii) death of young seedlings,
(iii) reduced uptake of K, Ca and Mg due to presence of excess Na, (iv) toxicity due to B and (v)
hydrogen sulphide injury. However, during rainy seasons the salinity hazards are low due to
10. [9]
dilution and flushing of soluble salts by heavy rains. Rice is the main kharif crop with usual and
well distributed rainfall.
Organic farming practices for coastal soils involve soil reclamation through organic amendments,
crop diversification to include salt-tolerant varieties, and implementing practices like organic
mulching and proper water management.
Although kharif rice does not suffer very much from salinity, very often early drought and cyclonic
sea water inundation cause hazards to rice. Salt tolerant high yielding rice varieties like Lunisharee,
SR-26B and Mohan out yield the local saline resistant varieties like Sola, Pateni and Cuttack
Chandi. Salt tolerant rabi crops such as safflower, mustard, barley, linseed, chilli, sugarbeet,
tomato, spinach and some cucurbits grow well in these soils. Cotton is a successful crop in saline
soil if managed properly.
7. BROWN FOREST SOIL:
These soils being associated with forest areas are distributed in the districts of Phulbani,
Kandhamal, Rayagada and parts of Ganjam and Nayagarh and cover about 0.17 m.ha. These are
brown to gray brown in colour, light texture and acidic in reaction. Organic matter and nitrogen
content of the soils are medium to high. Phosphorus and potash content are medium. The contents
of most of the micronutrient are high barring molybdenum. Under slopy terrain soil erosion occurs
making lands barren. Shifting cultivation is regular practice causing land degradation. Land
shapping and checking 'podu cultivation' would improve the soil and land management. With
proper moisture conservation, soil are most suitable for growing ginger, turmeric and tapioca.
Maize, wheat and mustard grow well in this soil. In the marginal lands niger comes up successfully
with use of nitrogen fertilizer.
Horticultural crops like jackfruit, mango, guava and citrus are the established fruit crops in these
soils. Social forestry plantations are taken up successfully in the degraded soils.
8. MIXED RED AND BLACK SOIL:
These soils occur as association of both red and black soil together in which black soil occurs in
patches within the predominant red soil. The red and black soils are so intermixed that red soils
are found in upper ridges whereas, black soils occur in lower ridges. The soil occupies about 0.16
m.ha of lands in the western districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur and Bolangir. The soils are
light to medium textured having neutral pH. Black soils are rich in calcium and red soils are
dominant with iron-giving catenary formation to the soil. The soils are deep with medium fertility
status. The lowland soils growing rice are deficient in zinc.
Rice, sugarcane maize, ragi, groundnut, sesamum and all types of vegetable crops are cultivated
successfully with adequate fertilizer application.
11. [10]
FOCUS AREAS FOR ORGANIC FARMING IN ODISHA
The four strategic focus areas for this purpose are as follows;
Stream 1: Default organic areas of the state – Accelerate agro-ecological perspectives in default
organic areas including natural agro-environmental benefits (and ecologically sensitive) should be
converted into large-scale organic farming areas to improve the environment and increase growth
and livelihoods while improving the ecology. Strategic interventions under stream 1 will be
designed for strategic interventions in the state’s agro-ecologically well-off tribal areas with
limited access to chemical technologies.
Stream 2: Areas – where the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides is moderate and
INM methods are being promoted: promote an agro-ecological approach to restore soil health ii
chemicals pest management without the use of these efforts will help reduce the chemical load on
large-scale consumer food containers.
Stream 3: Areas where organic certification continues targeting organic export markets and
specific markets: Certified organic areas and products for exports or specific markets will be
supported by the government. Farmers’ collectives, start-ups, NGOs, businessmen, and some
others who intend to develop commercial organic farms will be facilitated.
Stream 4: Areas where the use of chemical fertilizers, herbs, and pesticides is high: In these areas,
every effort will be made with an awareness campaign to encourage farmers to stay away from the
methods of chemical farming. For these four different series, implementation strategies will be
developed according to local needs.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Odisha's diverse soil types offer unique opportunities and challenges for organic
farming. By understanding the characteristics of each soil type and implementing appropriate
organic farming practices, farmers can enhance soil fertility, productivity, and environmental
sustainability.
Alluvial soils, characterized by fertility, can benefit from crop rotation, green manuring, and
composting to maintain nutrient balance and maximize crop yields.
Red and red-yellow soils, which tend to be acidic, require soil amendment, pH adjustment, and
organic fertilizers to improve fertility and create a conducive environment for crop growth.
Laterite soils, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, can be managed through organic pest control,
water conservation measures, and the integration of agroforestry systems to optimize their
productivity while preserving their unique characteristics.
Coastal soils, affected by salinity, demand soil reclamation, crop diversification with salt-tolerant
varieties, and organic mulching to overcome the challenges posed by high salt levels.
Black soils, known for their moisture retention properties, benefit from organic mulching, water
management, and crop rotation to maintain soil moisture, prevent nutrient depletion, and manage
diseases.
Implementing these organic farming practices in Odisha's diverse soil types promotes soil health,
reduces dependence on synthetic inputs, and contributes to sustainable agriculture. Organic
farming methods not only produce nutritious and safe crops but also protect the environment,
conserve resources, and support the long-term well-being of farmers and consumers.
It is crucial for farmers to work closely with agricultural experts, extension services, and local
communities to adapt organic farming techniques to their specific soil types and farming
objectives. By harnessing the potential of Odisha's soils through organic farming, the state can
achieve sustainable agricultural development and contribute to a healthier and more resilient food
system.
13. [12]
REFERENCES
The following were used to complete this assignment:
1. Research papers and publications by Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
(OUAT)
2. Research papers and publications by Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI)
The following websites were used to complete this assignment:
1. https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Soil_of_Orissa_and_Its_
Management.pdf
2. https://www.agrifarming.in/organic-farming-in-odisha-how-to-start#crops-are-grown-
under-organic-farming-in-odisha
3. https://www.tractorjunction.com/blog/types-of-soil-in-india-and-their-uses-for-different-
crops/